Acquired language disorders : a case-based approach

Introduction
Acknowledgments
Contributor
Chapter 1. An Overview of Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Related to Acquired Language Disorders (ALD)
	The Neuron
	Neurotransmitters
	Sensory
	The Brain: A Brief Review of Structure and Function
		The Coverings of the Brain, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
		Cerebral Cortex
		The Brainstem
		Subcortical Structures
		The Cerebellum
	Neural Pathways
	Cerebral Blood Flow
		Cerebrovascular Accidents
	Brain Imaging and Selected Medical Tests for Acquired Language Disorders
		CAT Scan or CT Scan
		MRI
		fMRI
		PET Scan
		SPECT Scan
		ASL (Arterial Spin Labeling)
		Examination of the Carotids: Doppler Ultrasound or Auscultation of the Carotids
		Endocardiography
		Angiography
	References
Chapter 2. Assessment and Service Delivery in Acquired Language Disorders
	Approaches to Assessment in Acquired Language Disorders
	Purpose of Assessment
		Assessment of Language Functions
	Characteristics of Aphasia
		Definitions of the Clinical Characteristics of the Major Aphasias
	Areas to Consider Using the ALD Target Assessment Model
		The Target Assessment Snapshot in Acquired Language Disorders
	Screening and Diagnostic Assessment
		Screening Tests
		Diagnostic Assessment in Acquired Language Disorders: Making Sound Decisions
		Selected Assessments for Acquired Language Disorders
		Modifications to Standard Assessments
	Goal Setting Based on Diagnostic Results
	Service Delivery and the World Health Organization
		The International Classification of Functioning (ICF) and Living with Aphasia: Framework for Outcome Measurement (A-FROM model)
	Service Delivery for People with Acquired Language Disorders
		The Acute Care Setting
		The Rehabilitation Setting
		The Home Care Setting
		The Outpatient Setting
		The Long-Term Care (LTC) Setting
		Monitoring Change and Continuation of Services
	Documentation of Progress
	Summary
	References
	Appendix 2–A: Functional Communication Connections Octagon
	Appendix 2–B: Quick Reference Diagnostic Chart for Acquired Language Disorders
Chapter 3. The Major Nonfluent Aphasias
	Introduction
	Broca’s Type Aphasia
		Characteristics
		A Functional Analysis of Maurice
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	Transcortical Motor Aphasia
		Characteristics
		A Functional Analysis of Vincent
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals with A-FROM
	Global Aphasia
		Characteristics
		A Functional Case Analysis for Elizabeth
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals with A-FROM
	References
Chapter 4. The Fluent Aphasias
	Introduction
	Wernicke’s Type Aphasia
		Characteristics
		A Functional Analysis of Mildred’s Wernicke’s Aphasia
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
		Characteristics
		A Functional Analysis of John’s TSA
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	Conduction Aphasia
		Characteristics
		A Functional Analysis of Miriam’s Aphasia
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	Anomic Aphasia
		Characteristics
		A Functional Analysis of Sophie’s Aphasia
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	References
Chapter 5. Other Aphasic Syndromes
	Subcortical Aphasia
		Introduction
		Characteristics of Subcortical Aphasias
		A Functional Analysis of Winnie’s Subcortical Aphasia
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	Primary Progressive Aphasia
		Introduction
		Characteristics
		A Functional Analysis of Luis’s Primary Progressive Aphasia
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	Acquired Alexia and Agraphia
		Characteristics
		Alexia
		Agraphia
		A Functional Analysis of Sue’s Alexia
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	Aphasia in the Bilingual Person
		Recovery Patterns in Bilingual Aphasia
		Cognitive Control in Differential Aphasia
		A Functional Analysis of Hamid’s Bilingual Aphasia
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	References
Chapter 6. Right Hemisphere Disorder
	Introduction
	Characteristics
		Communication Deficits
		RHD and Pragmatic Impairment
		Visual-Perceptual Deficits
		Visuomotor Deficits
		Auditory Perceptual Deficits
		Cognitive Deficits
		A Functional Analysis of Debra
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	References
Chapter 7. Traumatic Brain Injury
	Introduction
	Characteristics
		Types of Brain Injury
		Symptoms Related to Localization of the TBI
		Prognostic Considerations in Head Injury
		Premorbid Intelligence
		Age at the Time of Injury
		Duration of Coma
		Posttraumatic Amnesia
		Medical Complications
		Posttraumatic Seizures
		Hydrocephalus
		Spasticity
	Cognitive-Linguistic Impairment Due to TBI
		Establishing Goals for the Therapeutic Course
	Postconcussive Syndrome
	Mild TBI (mTBI)
	Rating Scales for Functional Outcomes
		Rancho Los Amigos (RLA)
		Disability Rating Scale (DRS)
	General Treatment Issues
		Errorless Learning
		A Note About Generalization in People with TBI
		A Functional Analysis of Samuel’s TBI
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	References
Chapter 8. Dementia
	Introduction
	Characteristics
		Diagnostic Factors
		The Stages of Dementia
		Memory Systems and Dementia
	Types of Dementia
		Vascular Dementia (VaD)
		Parkinson’s Dementia
		Frontotemporal Dementias (FTD)
		Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
		Huntington’s Disease
	Overview of Research on Treatment for Dementia
		A Functional Analysis of Max’s Dementia
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	References
Chapter 9. Encephalopathy
	Introduction
	Characteristics
		Drug and Alcohol Intoxication: Two Common Etiologies for Encephalopathy
		A Functional Analysis of Tommy
		Critical Thinking/Learning Activity
		Treatment Considerations
		Therapeutic Goals Using A-FROM
	References
Chapter 10. Selected Treatment Programs and Approaches
	Historical Overview of Efficacy and Evidence in the Treatment of Acquired Language Disorders (ALD) in Adults
		Randomized Controlled Trials (rCTs) and Aphasia Treatment
	Trends in Treatment for Acquired Language Disorders
		Biological and Pharmacologic Interventions
		Using Neuroimaging to Predict Recovery in People with Aphasia
		Intensity of Treatment
		Computer-Assisted Technology and Treatment of Aphasia
		AAC for Adults with ALD: Aphasia, PPA, TBI, and Dementia
		The Use of Applications (Apps) in the Rehabilitation of the ALD Patient
	Selected Treatment Programs for Acquired Language Disorders
		A Treatment Sequence for Phonological Alexia/Agraphia
		Anagram, Copy, and Recall Therapy (ACRT)
		Concurrent Treatment for Reading and Spelling in Aphasia: Oral Reading Treatment (ORT) and Copy and Recall Treatment (CART)
		Constraint-Induced Language Therapy (CILT)
		Conversational Coaching
		Divergent Word Retrieval
		Life Participation Approach to Aphasia (LPAA)
		Lingraphica®
		Mapping Therapy
		Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT)
		MossTalk Words (MTW)
		Narrative Story Cards
		Nonsymbolic Movements for Activation of Intention (NMAI)
		Normal Sentence Production
		Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia (ORLA) and ORLA with Virtual Therapist (ORLA-VT)
		Promoting Aphasics’ Communicative Effectiveness (PACE)
		Response Elaboration Training (RET)
		Schuell’s Stimulation Approach
		Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)
		Sentence Production Program for Aphasia (SPPA)
		SentenceShaper®
		Speech Entrainment
		Treatment of Underlying Forms (TUF)
		Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST)
		Visual Action Therapy (VAT)
	References
Appendix A. Case History Form
Appendix B. Seven Domains Assessment Summary Sheet
Appendix C. Cognitive-Linguistic Evaluation
Appendix D. T he World Health Organization and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
Appendix E. T he Octagon Worksheet for Functional Communication
Appendix F. Test Your Knowledge
Index