Abnormal Psychology

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 13
About the Authors......Page 20
Chapter 1: Introduction to Abnormal Behavior......Page 22
 Overview......Page 23
 Recognizing the Presence of a Disorder......Page 25
 Defining Abnormal Behavior......Page 26
  Harmful Dysfunction......Page 27
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Revising an Imperfect Manual......Page 28
  Critical Thinking matters: Is Sexual Addiction a Meaningful Concept?......Page 30
 Who Experiences Abnormal Behavior?......Page 31
  Frequency in and Impact on Community Populations......Page 32
  Cross-Cultural Comparisons......Page 34
 The Mental Health Professions......Page 35
  The Greek Tradition in Medicine......Page 36
  Worcester Lunatic Hospital: A Model Institution......Page 37
  Lessons from the History of Psychopathology......Page 38
  The Uses and Limitations of Case Studies......Page 39
  Research methods: Who Must Provide Scientific Evidence?......Page 40
  Clinical Research Methods......Page 41
 Summary......Page 42
 The Big Picture......Page 43
 Key Terms......Page 44
Chapter 2: Paradigms and Etiology of Abnormal Behavior......Page 45
 Overview......Page 46
  The Biological Paradigm......Page 47
  The Psychodynamic Paradigm......Page 48
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Diagnosis and Causes of Mental Disorders......Page 49
  The Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm......Page 50
  The Problem with Paradigms......Page 51
  Causality......Page 52
  Developmental Psychopathology......Page 54
  Neuron and Neurotransmitters......Page 55
  Mind–Body Dualism......Page 56
  Major Brain Structures......Page 57
  Psychophysiology......Page 59
  Behavior Genetics......Page 60
  Human Nature......Page 63
  Critical Thinking matters: Do Vaccinations Cause Autism?......Page 64
  Temperament......Page 65
  Learning and Cognition......Page 66
  Stages of Development......Page 67
  Gender and Gender Roles......Page 69
  Prejudice, Poverty, and Society......Page 70
 Summary......Page 71
 Key Terms......Page 72
Chapter 3: Therapeutic Techniques for Psychological Disorders......Page 73
 Overview......Page 74
  Four Views of Frances......Page 75
  Psychopharmacology......Page 76
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 77
  Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 78
  Freudian Psychoanalysis......Page 79
 Cognitive-Behavior Therapy......Page 81
  Contingency Management......Page 82
  Research methods: The Experiment: Does Treatment Cause Improvement?......Page 83
  Rational–Emotive Therapy......Page 84
  A Means, Not an End?......Page 85
  Does Psychotherapy Work?......Page 86
  Critical Thinking matters: Are All Therapies Created Equal?......Page 87
  The Allegiance Effect......Page 89
  Psychotherapy Process Research......Page 90
  Ethnic Minorities in Psychotherapy......Page 91
  Couple Therapy......Page 93
  Group Therapy......Page 94
 Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders......Page 95
 Summary......Page 96
 Key Terms......Page 97
Chapter 4: Classification, Diagnosis and Clinical Assessment of Abnormal Behavior......Page 98
 Overview......Page 99
  From Description to Theory......Page 101
  The DSM-5 System......Page 102
  Labels and Stigma......Page 103
  Culture and Classification......Page 104
  Research methods: Reliability: Agreement Regarding Diagnostic Decisions......Page 106
  Validity......Page 107
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Scientific Progress or Diagnostic Fads?......Page 108
  Problems and Limitations of the DSM-5 System......Page 109
  Purposes of Clinical Assessment......Page 111
  Evaluating the Usefulness of Assessment Procedures......Page 112
  Interviews......Page 113
  Observational Procedures......Page 115
  Personality Tests and Self-Report Inventories......Page 117
  Projective Personality Tests......Page 120
  Brain Imaging Techniques......Page 121
 Getting Help......Page 123
 The Big Picture......Page 124
 Key Terms......Page 125
Chapter 5: Causes of Mood Disorders and Suicide......Page 126
 Overview......Page 127
  Emotional Symptoms......Page 130
  Somatic Symptoms......Page 131
 Diagnosis......Page 132
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Depression or Grief Following a Major Loss?......Page 133
  Criteria for Major Depressive Episode......Page 134
  Criteria for Diagnosis of Manic Episode......Page 135
  Bipolar Disorders......Page 137
  Risk for Mood Disorders Across the Life Span......Page 138
  Cross-Cultural Differences......Page 139
  Social Factors......Page 140
  Psychological Factors......Page 142
  Biological Factors......Page 143
  Research methods: Analogue Studies: Do Rats Get Depressed, and Why?......Page 148
  Cognitive Therapy......Page 149
  Bipolar Disorders......Page 151
  Critical Thinking matters: Do Antidepressant Drugs Cause Violent Behavior?......Page 152
 Suicide......Page 153
  Classification of Suicide......Page 154
  Frequency of Suicide......Page 156
  Causes of Suicide......Page 157
  Common Elements of Suicide......Page 158
  Treatment of Suicidal People......Page 159
 Getting Help......Page 160
 Summary......Page 161
 Key Terms......Page 162
Chapter 6: Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 164
 Overview......Page 165
  Anxiety......Page 166
  Excessive Worry......Page 167
 Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders......Page 168
  Criteria for Panic Disorder......Page 169
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Splitting Up the Anxiety Disorders......Page 170
  Course and Outcome......Page 171
  Anxiety Disorders Across the Life Span......Page 172
  Adaptive and Maladaptive Fears......Page 173
  Social Factors......Page 174
  Psychological Factors......Page 175
  Biological Factors......Page 177
  Psychological Interventions......Page 179
  Biological Interventions......Page 181
  Research methods: Statistical Significance: When Differences Matter......Page 182
 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders......Page 183
  Symptoms of OCD......Page 184
  Diagnosis of OCD and Related Disorders......Page 186
  Course and Outcome of OCD......Page 188
  Causes of OCD......Page 189
  Critical Thinking matters: Can a Strep Infection Trigger OCD in Children?......Page 190
 Summary......Page 192
 Key Terms......Page 193
Chapter 7: Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders......Page 195
 Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders......Page 196
  Symptoms of ASD and PTSD......Page 197
  Diagnosis of ASD and PTSD......Page 198
  Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 199
  Criteria for Acute Stress Disorder......Page 200
  The Trauma of Sexual Assault......Page 201
  Frequency of Trauma, PTSD, and ASD......Page 202
  Causes of PTSD and ASD......Page 203
  Prevention and Treatment of ASD and PTSD......Page 205
 Dissociative Disorders......Page 207
  Hysteria and the Unconscious......Page 208
  Critical Thinking matters: Recovered Memories?......Page 209
  Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders......Page 210
  Diagnosis of Dissociative Disorders......Page 211
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: More on Diagnostic Fads......Page 213
  Causes of Dissociative Disorders......Page 215
  Research methods: Retrospective Reports: Remembering the Past......Page 216
  Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorders......Page 217
  Diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorders......Page 218
  Criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder......Page 219
  Frequency of Somatic Symptom Disorders......Page 220
  Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorders......Page 221
  Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorders......Page 223
 Getting Help......Page 224
 The Big Picture......Page 225
 Key Terms......Page 226
Chapter 8: Stress, Health and Coping......Page 227
 Overview......Page 228
 Defining Stress......Page 229
  Stress as a Life Event......Page 230
 Symptoms of Stress......Page 231
  Psychophysiological Responses to Stress......Page 232
  Coping......Page 234
  Critical Thinking matters: Resilience......Page 235
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Is the Descriptive Approach Too Literal Sometimes?......Page 238
  Criteria for Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions......Page 239
  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)......Page 240
  Sleep-Wake Disorders......Page 241
 Cardiovascular Disease......Page 242
  Causes of CVD......Page 243
  Research methods: Longitudinal Studies: Lives over Time......Page 244
  Prevention and Treatment of CVD......Page 247
 Getting Help......Page 249
 Key Terms......Page 250
Chapter 9: Personality Disorders: Types, Causes and Treatment......Page 252
 Overview......Page 253
  Social Motivation......Page 255
  Temperament and Personality Traits......Page 256
 Diagnosis......Page 258
  Critical Thinking matters: Can Personality Disorders Be Adaptive?......Page 259
  Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders......Page 260
  A Dimensional Perspective on Personality Disorders......Page 262
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Is a Dimensional Model Too Complicated?......Page 264
  Prevalence in Community and Clinical Samples......Page 266
  Stability of Personality Disorders over Time......Page 267
  Culture and Personality......Page 268
  Research methods: Cross-Cultural Comparisons: The Importance of Context......Page 269
  Symptoms......Page 270
  Treatment......Page 271
 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)......Page 272
  Symptoms......Page 273
  Causes......Page 274
  Treatment......Page 275
 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)......Page 276
  Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder......Page 277
  Causes......Page 278
 Getting Help......Page 280
 Summary......Page 281
 Key Terms......Page 282
Chapter 10: Diagnosis, Symptoms and Treatment of Eating Disorders......Page 283
 Overview......Page 284
 Eating Disorders in Males......Page 285
  Significantly Low Weight......Page 286
  Comorbid Psychological Disorders......Page 287
 Symptoms of Bulimia......Page 288
  Excessive Emphasis on Weight and Shape......Page 289
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Is Binge Eating a Mental Disorder? Is Obesity?......Page 290
  Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa......Page 291
 Frequency of Anorexia and Bulimia......Page 292
  Standards of Beauty......Page 293
  Age of Onset......Page 294
  Social Factors......Page 295
  Psychological Factors......Page 296
  Integration and Alternative Pathways......Page 298
  Course and Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa......Page 299
  Antidepressant Medications......Page 300
 Prevention of Eating Disorders......Page 301
 Summary......Page 303
 Key Terms......Page 304
Chapter 11: Substance-Related Disorders......Page 305
 Overview......Page 306
 Symptoms......Page 308
  Alcohol......Page 310
  Tobacco......Page 311
  Amphetamine and Cocaine......Page 312
  Opiates......Page 313
  Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics......Page 314
  Hallucinogens and Related Drugs......Page 315
  Brief History of Legal and Illegal Substances......Page 316
  DSM-5......Page 317
  Criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder......Page 318
 Frequency......Page 319
  Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder......Page 320
  Prevalence of Drug and Nicotine Use Disorders......Page 321
  Critical Thinking matters: Should Tobacco Products Be Illegal?......Page 322
  Social Factors......Page 323
  Biological Factors......Page 324
  Psychological Factors......Page 327
  Research methods: Studies of People at Risk for Disorders......Page 328
  Medications During Remission......Page 329
  Self-Help Groups: Alcoholics Anonymous......Page 330
  Cognitive Behavior Therapy......Page 331
  Outcome Results and General Conclusions......Page 332
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Is Pathological Gambling an Addiction?......Page 333
  Symptoms......Page 334
  Frequency......Page 335
 Summary......Page 336
 The Big Picture......Page 337
 Key Terms......Page 338
Chapter 12: Sexual Dysfunctions and Gender Identity Disorders......Page 339
 Overview......Page 340
  Symptoms......Page 342
  Diagnosis......Page 344
  Research methods: Hypothetical Constructs: What Is Sexual Arousal?......Page 346
  Frequency......Page 348
  Causes......Page 349
  Treatment......Page 351
 Paraphilic Disorders......Page 353
  Diagnosis......Page 354
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Two Sexual Problems That Did Not Become New Mental Disorders......Page 360
  Causes......Page 361
  Treatment......Page 362
  Symptoms......Page 364
  Causes......Page 365
 Getting Help......Page 366
 The Big Picture......Page 367
 Key Terms......Page 368
Chapter 13: Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: Causes and Treatment......Page 369
 Overview......Page 370
 Symptoms......Page 372
  Positive Symptoms......Page 373
  First-Person Account of Delusional Beliefs......Page 374
  Disorganization......Page 375
  DSM-5......Page 376
  Subtypes......Page 377
  Related Psychotic Disorders......Page 378
  Course and Outcome......Page 379
  Gender Differences......Page 380
  Biological Factors......Page 381
  Social Factors......Page 387
  Psychological Factors......Page 388
  Interaction of Biological and Environmental Factors......Page 390
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome Reflects Wishful Rather Than Critical Thinking......Page 391
  Antipsychotic Medication......Page 393
  Psychosocial Treatment......Page 395
 Getting Help......Page 397
 Summary......Page 398
 Key Terms......Page 399
Chapter 14: Delirium and Dementia......Page 400
 Overview......Page 401
  Criteria for Delirium......Page 404
  Major Neurocognitive Disorder......Page 405
  Memory Changes in Normal Aging......Page 406
  Brief Historical Perspective......Page 409
  Criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder......Page 410
  Critical Thinking matters: How Can Clinicians Establish an Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease?......Page 411
  Prevalence of Dementia......Page 415
  Research methods: Finding Genes that Cause Behavioral Problems......Page 416
  Neurocognitive Disorder......Page 417
  Medication......Page 420
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Will patients and their families understand "mild" neurocognitive disorder?......Page 421
  Support for Caregivers......Page 422
 Summary......Page 423
 Key Terms......Page 424
Chapter 15: Intellectual Disabilities and Autism: Causes and Treatment......Page 425
 Intellectual Disabilities......Page 426
  Criteria for Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)......Page 428
  Research methods: Central Tendency and Variability: What Do IQ Scores Mean?......Page 429
  Diagnosis of Intellectual Disabilities......Page 431
  Causes of Intellectual Disabilities......Page 432
  Treatment: Prevention and Normalization......Page 437
  Eugenics: Our History of Shame......Page 438
 Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 440
  Symptoms of ASD......Page 441
  Diagnosis of ASD......Page 445
  Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 446
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: How Far Out on the Autism Spectrum?......Page 447
  Causes of ASD......Page 448
  Treatment of ASD......Page 449
  Critical Thinking matters: The Bogus Treatment Called Facilitated Communication......Page 450
 Getting Help......Page 453
 The Big Picture......Page 454
 Key Terms......Page 455
Chapter 16: Disorders of Childhood......Page 456
 Overview......Page 457
  Symptoms of Externalizing......Page 458
  Diagnosis of Externalizing Disorders......Page 460
  Criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 461
  What Are Learning Disabillities?......Page 462
  Frequency of Externalizing......Page 463
  Causes of Externalizing......Page 464
  Research methods: Samples: How to Select the People We Study......Page 465
  Treatment of Externalizing Disorders......Page 469
  Critical Thinking matters: ADHD's False Causes and Cures......Page 473
  Symptoms of Internalizing Disorders......Page 475
  Diagnosis of Internalizing and Other Childhood Disorders......Page 477
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder......Page 478
  Frequency of Internalizing Disorders......Page 479
  Treatment of Internalizing Disorders......Page 482
 Getting Help......Page 483
 The Big Picture......Page 484
 Key Terms......Page 485
Chapter 17: adjustment disorders......Page 486
 Overview......Page 487
 Symptoms......Page 488
  Criteria for Adjustment Disorder......Page 489
 The Transition to Adulthood......Page 490
  Symptoms of the Adult Transition......Page 491
  Frequency of Identity Conflicts......Page 492
 Family Transitions......Page 493
  Symptoms of Family Transitions......Page 494
  Diagnosis of Troubled Family Relationships......Page 495
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Do Psychological Problems Reside within Individuals?......Page 496
  Causes of Difficulty in Family Transitions......Page 497
  Research methods: Genes and the Environment......Page 498
  Critical Thinking matters: A Divorce Gene?......Page 499
 The Transition to Later Life......Page 501
  Symptoms......Page 502
  Reliving the Past......Page 504
  Frequency of Aging......Page 506
  Causes of Psychological Problems in Later Life......Page 507
 Getting Help......Page 508
 Key Terms......Page 509
Chapter 18: Mental Health: Legal Perspectives......Page 510
 Overview......Page 511
  Expert Witnesses......Page 512
  The Insanity Defense......Page 513
  Competence to Stand Trial......Page 516
  The "Battered Woman Syndrome" Defense......Page 517
  Sentencing and Mental Health......Page 519
  Thinking Critically about DSM-5: Thresholds Can Be a Matter of Life or Death......Page 520
  Libertarianism Versus Paternalism......Page 521
  Involuntary Hospitalization......Page 522
  Critical Thinking matters: Violence and Mental Illness......Page 523
  Research methods: Base Rates and Prediction: Justice Blackmun's Error......Page 524
  The Rights of Mental Patients......Page 525
  Deinstitutionalization......Page 527
 Mental Health and Family Law......Page 528
  Child Custody Disputes......Page 529
  Child Abuse......Page 530
  Professional Negligence and Malpractice......Page 532
  Confidentiality......Page 533
 Summary......Page 534
 Key Terms......Page 535
Glossary......Page 536
References......Page 546
Credits......Page 582
Name Index......Page 585
Subject Index......Page 594