A Step-by-Step Guide to Qualitative Data Coding

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Brief contents
Detailed contents
Exhibits
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
Acknowledgment
1 Introduction to qualitative data analysis
	Emergence of qualitative research as an acceptable research inquiry
	What is your paradigm?
	Assumptions associated with the interpretative paradigms
	Conclusion
	References
2 Review of qualitative approaches and their data analysis methods
	Qualitative approaches and their respective data analysis processes
		Phenomenological approach
			When to use the phenomenological approach
			Giorgi’s (1975) approach towards analyzing phenomenological data
		Hermeneutic phenomenological approach
			When to use the hermeneutic phenomenological approach
			Conducting hermeneutic phenomenological analysis
		Interpretative phenomenological analysis
			When to use interpretative phenomenological analysis
			Conducting interpretative phenomenological analysis at the data analysis stage
		Transcendental phenomenological approach
			When to use the transcendental phenomenological approach
			Conducting transcendental phenomenological analysis
		Ethnography
			When to use ethnography
			Conducting analysis of ethnographic data
		Narrative approach
			When to use the narrative approach
			Conducting narrative analysis
		Case study approach
			When to use the case study approach
			Conducting case study analysis
		Grounded theory approach
			When to use the grounded theory approach
			Conducting grounded theory analysis
	Conclusion
	References
3 Understanding the art of coding qualitative data
	What is qualitative coding?
	What comprises the art of coding?
		Systematic process
			Maintaining consistency
			Promoting repeatability
			Ensuring believability
		Data reduction
		Subjectivity
		Transparency
	Orientation to the art of qualitative coding
	Qualitative coding strategies
		Description-focused coding strategy
			Characteristics of description-focused coding
			When to use description-focused coding
			Demonstration 3.1
		Interpretation-focused coding strategy
			Characteristics of interpretation-focused coding
			When to use interpretation-focused coding
			Demonstration 3.2
		Presumption-focused coding strategy
			Characteristics of presumption-focused coding
			When to use presumption-focused coding
			Demonstration 3.3
			Qualitative data for practice:
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
4 Preparing data to code
	What kind of data can be qualitatively analyzed?
	Transcribing audio files
	Using existing data for qualitative analysis demonstrations
	Using qualitative analysis tools
		Using manual qualitative analysis tools
			When to use manual qualitative analysis tools
		Using qualitative data analysis software (QDAS)
			When to use QDAS
	Conclusion
	References
5 Reflecting on, acknowledging and bracketing your perspectives and preconceptions
	Knowing the ‘self’
		Knowing your perspectives
		Knowing your preconceptions
		Knowing your lens
	Bracketing your perspectives and preconceptions
		Importance of bracketing at the data analysis stage
			Steps in engaging in Epoché (bracketing) at the data analysis stage
	Disclosing your perspectives, preconceptions, lens and expectations
		Demonstration 5.1
	Conclusion
	References
6 Documenting personal reflections and the analytical process
	Memo writing
		Importance of memo writing
	Types of memos
	Conclusion
	References
7 Manually assigning codes to data
	Overview
	Deciding on an appropriate coding strategy
		Demonstration 7.1
	Assigning labels to the research questions
		Demonstration 7.2
	Creating codes using the interpretation-focused coding strategy
		Demonstration 7.3
	Compiling codes and tallying code frequencies
		Demonstration 7.4
	Q&A about qualitative coding
	Conclusion
	References
8 Developing categories and themes
	Transforming codes into categories and themes
	Code transformation or categorization strategies
		Presumption-focused coding strategy
			Demonstration 8.1
		Individual-based sorting strategy
			Demonstration 8.2
		Group-based sorting strategy
			Demonstration 8.3
	Conclusion
	References
9 Connecting themes, and developing tables and diagrams
	When to examine the relationships among categories/themes
	How relationships among categories/themes are built
		Demonstration 9.1
	Using tables and diagrams
	Tools for designing tables and diagrams
		Demonstration 9.2
		Demonstration 9.3
		Demonstration 9.4
	Conclusion
	References
10 Using QDA Miner Lite to analyze qualitative data
	QDA Miner Lite overview
	Preparing qualitative data
		Importing the interview transcripts
			Demonstration 10.1
			Overview of the QDA Miner lite software interface (see Exhibit 10.4)
		Creating demographic variables and attributes
			Demonstration 10.2
			Demonstration 10.3
	Exploring data
	Coding empirical indicators
		Demonstration 10.4
	Developing categories/themes
		Demonstration 10.5
			List of themes and their respective codes for ‘GM concerns factors (RQ1)’
			List of themes and their respective codes for ‘GM communication strategies (RQ3)’
	Generating tables and diagrams
		Demonstration 10.6
	Conclusion
	References
11 Using NVivo 12 to analyze qualitative data
	NVivo 12 software overview
	Preparing qualitative data
		Demonstration 11.1
	Exploring data
		Demonstration 11.2
	Coding empirical indicators
		Demonstration 11.3
	Developing categories/themes
		Demonstration 11.4
	Visualizing outcomes
		Demonstration 11.5
	Exporting outcomes
		Demonstration 11.6
	Conclusion
	References
12 Using Dedoose to analyze qualitative data
	Dedoose software overview
		Functions of Dedoose across qualitative analysis stages
			Demonstration 12.1
	Preparing qualitative data
	Coding excerpts (empirical indicators)
		Demonstration 12.2
		Rating excerpts (empirical indicators)
	Developing categories/themes
		List of themes and their respective codes for ‘GM concerns factors (RQ1)’
		List of themes and their respective codes for ‘GM communication strategies (RQ3)’
		Demonstration 12.3
	Retrieving and exporting outcomes
	Conclusion
	References
13 Presenting qualitative findings
	Introduction
	Elements of a qualitative findings report
		Overview
			Example 13.1
		Context of the data and findings
			Example 13.2
		Disclosure of preconceptions, perspectives, lens and expectations
			Example 13.3
		Data analysis process
			Example 13.4
		Coding data
		Developing themes
		Presenting the main findings
			Findings presentation structures
				Example 13.5a (Individualized theme-driven format)
				Example 13.5b (Synthesized theme-driven format)
		Summary
			Example 13.6
	Conclusion
	References
14 Ensuring the credibility of the analysis process and findings
	The concept of credibility
		Ensuring consistency
		Being systematic
		Promoting transparency
	Auxiliary credibility strategies
		Implementing member checking
		Utilizing theoretical sampling
		Actively involving participants
		Having a data analysis team
	Conclusion
	References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Index