A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm

Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Illustrations
Abbreviations
Notes on Contributors
Introduction: Contexts, Controversies, and Developing Perspectives
	1 Byzantine Iconoclasm: Controversies Medieval and Modern
	2 The Context: Byzantium before and during Iconoclasm
		2.1 The Christian Roman Empire from Constantine i to Justinian i
		2.2 The Empire That Almost Died
		2.3 The Isaurian Recovery
		2.4 The Return of Instability
	3 Byzantine Iconoclasm
		3.1 Images, Idols, and Iconoclasm before Byzantine Iconoclasm
			3.1.1 The Biblical Legacy
			3.1.2 The Classical World
			3.1.3 The Emergence of Christian Art
			3.1.4 The Rise of the Icon?
		3.2 The Sources for Byzantine Iconoclasm
			3.2.1 Histories, Chronicles, and Letters
			3.2.2 Church Acta, Treatises, and Hagiography
			3.2.3 The Material Evidence
		3.3 Byzantine Iconoclasm in Action
			3.3.1 First Iconoclasm
			3.3.2 The Iconophile Intermission and Second Iconoclasm
		3.4 The Theology of Iconoclasm
			3.4.1 The Theological Debate in the Eighth Century
			3.4.2 The Theological Debate in the Ninth Century
			3.4.3 The Problem of the Holy: Saints, Relics, and Monks
		3.5 Iconoclasm East and West
			3.5.1 Images and Iconoclasm in the Caliphate
			3.5.2 Iconoclasm, Images, and the West
		3.6 The Aftermath
Part 1 Images before Iconoclasm
	Chapter 1 Figural Images in Christian Thought and Practice before ca. 500
		1 Modern Scholarship and the Lack of Early Christian Art
			1.1 Second- and Third-Century Christian Objections to Images and Idols
			1.2 Christian Apologists’ Acknowledgement of Philosophical Aniconism
			1.3 The Earliest Christian Art
			1.4 Fourth-Century Controversies over Christian Devotional Portraits
			1.5 Afterword
	Chapter 2 Images in Byzantine Thought and Practice, ca. 500–700
		1 Texts
		2 Images
		3 Art and the Origins of Iconoclasm
Part 2 The Sources
	Chapter 3 Chronicles, Histories, and Letters
		1 Chronicles and Chronographies
			1.1 Theophanes and George the Synkellos
			1.2 The Successors of George the Synkellos and Theophanes
			1.3 Syriac and Arabic Chronicles
			1.4 Case Study: The Latins and the Origins of Iconoclasm in the Chronography
		2 Histories
			2.1 The Short History of Nikephoros
			2.2 The Armenian Tradition
			2.3 The Latin “Histories”
			2.4 Case Study: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai and Constantinople’s Topography of Images
		3 Letters
			3.1 Letter Collections, Byzantine and Modern
			3.2 Case Study: The Letters of Theodore Studites as a Collection on Iconoclasm?
		4 Conclusions
	Chapter 4 Acta, Treatises, and Hagiography
		1 Acta
			1.1 Iconoclast acta
			1.2 Iconophile acta
		2 Treatises
			2.1 John Damascene
			2.2 The Adversus Constantinum Caballinum
			2.3 Patriarch Nikephoros
			2.4 Theodore the Stoudite
			2.5 Popular Treatises
			2.6 The Letter of the Three Patriarchs
			2.7 The Nouthesia Gerontos
			2.8 The Libri Carolini and the Frankish Contribution
		3 Hagiography
			3.1 The Main Iconophile Lives
			3.2 “Iconoclast” Lives
			3.3 Other Iconophile Lives
	Chapter 5 Material Culture
Part 3 Byzantine Iconoclasm in Action
	Chapter 6 First Iconoclasm, ca. 700–780
		1 The Reign of Leo iii before Iconoclasm
		2 Iconoclasm during the Reign of Leo iii: The Sources
		3 Iconoclasm under Leo iii: What, Who, and Why?
		4 Iconoclasm under Constantine v: Accession to Hiereia
			4.1 Iconoclasm from Hiereia to the Death of Leo iv
		5 Conclusions
	Chapter 7 The Iconophile Intermission and Second Iconoclasm, 780–843
Part 4 The Theology of Byzantine Iconoclasm
	Chapter 8 The Theological Argument about Images in the 8th Century
		1 The Letters of Germanos of Constantinople
		2 St John of Damascus
		3 Iconoclast Arguments
		4 The Council of Nicaea ii
	Chapter 9 The Theological Argument about Images in the 9th Century
		1 The Situation in Constantinople
		2 Theodore the Stoudite (759–826)
		3 Theodore the Stoudite, Three Refutations against the Iconoclasts (Antirrhetici tres Adversus Iconomachus)
			3.1 Defining Christ’s Icon
			3.2 Prototype and Icon
			3.3 Who Can Be Depicted in an Icon?
			3.4 Unwritten Tradition
			3.5 Venerating the Icon
		4 Patriarch Nikephoros (758–828)
		5 Patriarch Nikephoros, Three Refutations against Constantine v (Antirrhetici tres adversus Constantinum Copronymum)
			5.1 Defining Christ’s Icon
			5.2 Prototype and Icon
			5.3 Idol and Icon
			5.4 Icons of Angels
			5.5 Cross and Eucharist
			5.6 Icons of the Resurrection
			5.7 Venerating the Icon
		6 The Situation in Syria-Palestine
		7 Theodore Abū Qurrah (ca. 755–ca. 830)
		8 Theodore Abū Qurrah, Treatise on the Veneration of Icons (Maymar fī Ikrām al-Aiqūnāt)163
			8.1 Enemies of the Icons
			8.2 Idolatry
			8.3 Prostration and Intention
			8.4 Prototype and Image
			8.5 Defacement and Consecration
		9 Conclusion
	Chapter 10 The Problem of the Holy: Iconoclasm, Saints, Relics and Monks
		1 Saints
		2 Relics
		3 Monks
Part 5 Iconoclasm East and West
	Chapter 11 Images and Iconoclasm in Islam, ca. 600–850
		1 Introduction
		2 The Qurʾan
		3 Islamic Coins of the 7th Century
		4 Marwānid Sanctuaries and the Rivalry with Christianity
		5 The Iconoclastic Edict of Yazīd
		6 Iconoclastic Mosaics
		7 Images and Context
		8 The Prohibition on Images in Islamic Law and Tradition
		9 Conclusion
	Chapter 12 Iconoclasm, Images, and the West
Bibliography
	Primary Sources
	Secondary Sources
Index