3D Imaging Technologies — Multi-dimensional Signal Processing and Deep Learning, Volume 1: Mathematical Approaches and Applications

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
A Study of Digital Camera Spectral Reconstruction Based on BP Neural Networks and Polynomial Expansions
	1 Introduction
	2 Reflectance Reconstruction Based on Expansion of Response Value of Color Digital Camera
		2.1 Response Value Expansion Method
		2.2 Spectral Reconstruction Evaluation
	3 Experimental Equipment and Environmental Conditions
	4 Experimental Results and Analysis
		4.1 Polynomial Expansion Result
		4.2 Comparison of Different Reconstruction Methods
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research Status of Motor Imagery EEG Signal Based on Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Deep Learning Algorithm in MI
		2.1 CNN Applied to Motion Imagination
		2.2 DBN Applied to Motion Imagination
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Image Recognition Based on Super-Resolution Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Nets with Gradient Penalty
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Generative Adversarial Nets
		2.2 Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Nets
		2.3 Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Nets with Gradient Penalty
	3 Super-Resolution Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Nets with Gradient Penalty
		3.1 Generator Architecture of the SRGAN-GP
		3.2 Discriminator Architecture of the SRGAN-GP
		3.3 Loss Function of SRWGAN-GP
		3.4 Image Recognition
	4 Experimental Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Overview of SAR Image Change Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Contents and Methods of SAR Image Change Detection
		2.1 Image Preprocessing
		2.2 Difference Image Generation
		2.3 Difference Image Analysis
		2.4 Accuracy Test Index
	3 Change Detection Results and Accuracy Evaluation of Some Typical Methods
	4 Expectation
	References
Overview of SAR Image Denoising Based on Transform Domain
	1 Introduction
	2 Speckle Model
	3 SAR Image Denoising Algorithm Based on Transform Domain
		3.1 Denoising Algorithm Based on Wavelet Transform
		3.2 Denoising Algorithm Based on Multi-scale Analysis
	4 Denoising Performance Parameters
		4.1 Peak Signal-To-Noise Ratio (PSNR)
		4.2 Equivalent Sight Number (ENL)
		4.3 Edge Retention Index (EPI)
	5 Simulation of the Typical Denoising Algorithm
	6 Summary and Outlook
	References
CRF-ERSVM: An Effective and Robust Support Vector Machine Based on Complete Random Forest
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 CRF
		2.2 SVM
	3 CRF-ERSVM Model
		3.1 CRF-ERSVM Framework
		3.2 Improved CRF
		3.3 Improved SVM
	4 Experiments
		4.1 UCI Datasets
		4.2 Effectiveness
	5 Conclusion
	References
Overview of Speckle Noise Suppression Methods in SAR Image Based on NLM
	1 Introduction
	2 Classic-NLM Filtering
	3 NLM Filtering Based on Mean Ratio
	4 NLM Based on Structural Similarity Index and Gradient
	5 NLM Based on Bilateral Filtering
	6 Evaluation Index
	7 Experimental Results and Analysis
	8 Conclusion and Prospect
	References
Overview of SAR Image Feature Extraction and Target Recognition
	1 Introduction
	2 SAR Image Target Recognition Process
	3 Methods of SAR Image Feature Extraction and Target Recognition
		3.1 Feature Extraction Methods Based on Optical or Visual Image Characteristics
		3.2 Feature Extraction Methods Based on Statistical Analysis or Mathematical Transformation
		3.3 Feature Extraction Methods of Scattering Mechanism Angle Based on Clear Physical Meaning
		3.4 Feature Extraction Methods Based on Deep Learning
	4 Simulation Results of Some Typical Methods
	5 Difficulties and Prospects
	References
Art Design Pattern Generation Method Based on 3D Fractal
	1 Introduction
	2 Fractal Theory and the Generation Method of Fractal Graphics
	3 3D Pattern Design
	4 Conclusions
	References
Research on Cooperative Production Planning Method Based on Factor Analysis and BP Neural Network Model
	1 Research Ideas
	2 Research Methods
	3 Model Building
		3.1 Construction of BP Neural Network in Industrial Cigarette Sales Forecast Model
		3.2 Input and Output Enterprise Factor Analysis Modeling
	4 The Application and Improvement Direction of the Model
	References
Appearance Defect Detection of Injection Parts Based on Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Selection of Image Acquisition Equipment
		2.1 Selection of Camera and Lens
		2.2 The Selection and Scheme of Light Source
	3 Image Preprocessing
		3.1 Common Defects of Injection Parts
		3.2 Data Set Expansion
		3.3 Image Enhancement
	4 Fundamentals of Convolutional Neural Networks
		4.1 Convolutional Neural Network
	5 Appearance Defect Recognition of Injection Parts Based on Convolutional Neural Network
		5.1 Comparative Analysis of Classical Convolutional Neural Networks
		5.2 A Structural Model of Convolutional Neural Network for Appearance Defect Detection of Injection Molded Parts
		5.3 A Training Method for Defect Recognition in Convolutional Neural Networks
		5.4 The Evaluation Index
		5.5 Model Hyperparameter Selection
		5.6 Comparative Experiment and Analysis with Common Classical Networks
	6 Conclusion
	References
Thresholding Method for the Sonar Image of a Seabed Target Based on Two-Dimensional Renyi's Entropy
	1 Introduction
	2 Dual-Threshold Method Based on Two-Dimensional Renyi's Entropy
	3 Thresholding Results of the Sonar Image of a Seabed Target
		3.1 Introduction to the Sonar Image of a Seabed Target
		3.2 Thresholding Steps and Results of the Sonar Image of a Seabed Target
	4 Conclusion
	References
Noise Reduction in Sonar Images of Seabed Targets Based on a Variational Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Improved Variational Method for Image Noise Reduction
	3 Experimental Results and Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Sonar Image Segmentation of Seabed Targets Using a Variational Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Improved Model for Image Segmentation
	3 Experimental Results and Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Balance the Robustness and Invisibility of Digital Watermarking by Image Entropy in Multiple Domains
	1 Introduction
	2 The Proposed Scheme
		2.1 Watermark Embedding
		2.2 Watermark Extraction
	3 Experiments
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research Progress of Electrical Resistance Tomography
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Work of This Article
	3 ERT Research Status
		3.1 Applied Research Aspects of ERT
		3.2 ERT's Image Reconstruction Unit
		3.3 ERT’s Sensor Unit
		3.4 Conductive Concrete
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on Low-Resolution Image Matching and Recognition Algorithm Based on Unified Feature Space
	1 Establishment of Low-Resolution Image Data Sets
	2 Super-Resolution Method Based on Sparse Representation
	3 Algorithm Based on Two-Layer Coupled Space Mapping
	4 To Summarize
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Realistic Representation Technology in Virtual Environment
	1 Research on 3D Entity Modeling Technology
	2 Principles of Computer 3D Modeling
		2.1 Table of Priority Algorithms
		2.2 Texture Mapping Algorithm
	3 Computer 3D Modeling Technology
		3.1 Application of Texture Technology in Modeling Process
		3.2 Application of Detail Level Model in the Modeling Process
	4 Conclusion
	References
Intelligent Customer Service Operation Management System Solution Based on Intelligent Voice Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 System Implementation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Research on Car Seat Comfort Evaluation System Based on Chinese Population
	1 Introduction
	2 Seat Comfort Evaluation System
	3 Theory and Method of Static Comfort Evaluation
		3.1 Subjective Evaluation
		3.2 Objective Evaluation
	4 Theory and Method of Dynamic Comfort Evaluation
		4.1 Subjective Evaluation
		4.2 Objective Evaluation
	5 Based on the Comfort Evaluation Verification of Chinese Population
		5.1 Implementation of Comfort Evaluation
		5.2 Construction of Seat Comfort Analysis System Database
	6 Conclusions
	References
Research on Building Extraction from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Image Based on Improved U-Net
	1 Introduction
	2 Algorithm Introduction
		2.1 Introduction to U-Net Model Architecture
		2.2 Pyramid Pooling Module
		2.3 Segmentation Model Based on Improved U-Net
	3 Experiment and Result Analysis
		3.1 Data Set and Its Preprocessing
		3.2 Model Training
		3.3 Result Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Survey of Image Classification Algorithms Based on Graph Neural Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Graph Neural Network
		2.2 Classification of Neural Networks
	3 A Survey of Image Classification Algorithms Based on Graph Neural Networks
		3.1 The Algorithm Based on Supervised Learning
		3.2 The Algorithm Based on Unsupervised Graph Neural Network
		3.3 The Algorithm of Semi-Supervised Graph Neural Networks
		3.4 The Algorithm of Weakly Supervised Graph Neural Networks
	4 Conclusions
	References
An Improved Method of Non-local Means Denoising Based on Histogram
	1 Introduction
	2 Non-Local Means Denoising Algorithm
	3 Algorithm in This Paper
	4 Evaluation Index
	5 Experimental Results and Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Short-Term Traffic Volume Prediction Based on Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm
	1 Original Model
		1.1 Feature Extraction
		1.2 Error
		1.3 Forecast Result
	2 GWO
		2.1 Standard GWO
		2.2 DGWO
		2.3 Forecast Result
	3 Conclusion
	References
Biological Particle Recognition Based on BP Neural Network Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Processing of Biological Particle Data
		3.1 Data Processing
		3.2 Data Normalization
		3.3 BP Neural Networks
	4 Experiment
	5 Conclusion
	References
ImageCube: A Low-Cost 6D Controller with Smooth Tracking for Mobile Augmented Reality
	1 Introduction
	2 System
		2.1 System Requirements
		2.2 System Design
		2.3 Tracking Algorithm
	3 Results and Applications
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Clinical Decision-Making System for COVID-19
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Our Algorithm
		2.2 Model Evaluation
	3 Results
	References
License Plate Recognition System Based on OpenCV
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Basic Concept Analysis of License Plate Recognition System
		2.2 How to Locate a License Plate
	3 Experiment
		3.1 License Plate Location
		3.2 Character Segmentation and Recognition
	4 Results
		4.1 Data Sets and Evaluation Performance
	5 Conclusions
	References
LUCC and Landscape Pattern Variation in the Lower Tarim River by Remote Sensing
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Study Area
	2 Method
		2.1 LUCC Classification
		2.2 Landscape Pattern Index
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Changes of LUCC
		3.2 Landscape Pattern Variation
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Implementation of Stereoscopic Visualization of Medical Images Based on VTK
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle
		2.1 Principle of Moving Cube Algorithm
		2.2 Principle of Ray Projection Algorithm
		2.3 Principle of Shear-Warp Algorithm
	3 Implementation and Results
		3.1 Three-Dimensional Reconstruction
		3.2 Stereo Imaging
	4 Conclusion
	References
Optical Design of Human Blood Fluorescence Scanning System
	1 Introduction
	2 Optical Design of Human Blood Fluorescence Scanning System
		2.1 Fluorescence Principle
		2.2 Basic Composition and Function of the System
	3 Design Process
		3.1 Introduction to Cylindrical Mirror
		3.2 Design Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Rendering of 3D Models Based on BSSRDF: A Survey
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of BSSRDF Function
	3 Three Models Based on BSSRDF
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future
	References
Classification Method Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis with 3D Texture Features from CT Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Steps
		2.1 Lung Image Processing
		2.2 Adaptive Threshold Selection Algorithm and Feature Extraction
		2.3 Feature Selection Strategy and SVM Classifier Design
	3 Experimental Results
	4 Conclusion and Further Work
	References
Road Defect Recognition Based on CNN
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Data Preprocessing
		2.2 Construction of CNN Network Model
		2.3 Parameter Setting
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study on Temperature Measurement of Human Head by Infrared Thermal Imager
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Precise Landing Method for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Visual Apron and Its Application
	1 Technical Background
	2 Realization of Visual Landing Technology
		2.1 Overall Technical Thinking
		2.2 Determination of the Center Point of the Visual Landing Pad Based on the RGB Color Space
		2.3 Correction of Deflection Angle of Visual Landing Pad
	3 Precise Landing Control of Drone Visual Apron
	4 Experimental Process
	5 Conclusion
	References
Unattended AI Inspection Collaborative Management Platform
	1 Introduction
	2 The Overall Architecture of the Unattended AI Inspection Collaborative Management Platform
		2.1 Overall Architecture of the Platform
		2.2 Platform Detailed Functions
	3 Platform Development and Technology Realization
		3.1 Development Framework Selection and Environment Construction
		3.2 Unattended AI Patrol and Collaborative Management Business Flow Design
		3.3 UAV Real-Time Video System Development
	4 Conclusion
	References
Visual Autopilot Decision System Based on Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Deep Learning
	3 Visual Automatic Driving Decision System Based on Deep Learning
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Research on Speech Enhancement Algorithm in Intelligent Speech System
	1 Introduction
	2 Intelligent Speech Recognition Technology
	3 Method
		3.1 LSA-MMSE Speech Enhancement Algorithm
		3.2 Environmental Noise Estimation
	4 Noise Processing Analysis
	5 Analysis of Recognition Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Author Index