2021 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals

I-P_F2021 FrontMatter.fm
	2021 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals
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			Preface
		CHAPTERS
			--- CHAPTER 01: PSYCHROMETRICS ---
				1. Composition of Dry and Moist Air
				2. U.S. Standard Atmosphere
				3. Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
				4. Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
				5. Humidity Parameters
					Basic Parameters
					Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation
				6. Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air
				7. Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature
				8. Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties
					Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure
				9. Psychrometric Charts
				10. Typical Air-Conditioning Processes
					Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling
					Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification
					Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams
					Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air
					Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains
				11. Transport Properties of Moist Air
				12. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Standard Atmospheric Data for Altitudes to 30,000 ft
					Table 2 Thermodynamic Properties of Saturated Moist and Dry Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure, 14.696 psia
					Table 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
					Table 4 Calculated Diffusion Coefficients for Water/Air at 14.696 psia Barometric Pressure
				Figures
					Fig. 1 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1
					Fig. 2 Schematic of Device for Heating Moist Air
					Fig. 3 Schematic Solution for Example 2
					Fig. 4 Schematic of Device for Cooling Moist Air
					Fig. 5 Schematic Solution for Example 3
					Fig. 6 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams
					Fig. 7 Schematic Solution for Example 4
					Fig. 8 Schematic Showing Injection of Water into Moist Air
					Fig. 9 Schematic Solution for Example 5
					Fig. 10 Schematic of Air Conditioned Space
					Fig. 11 Schematic Solution for Example 6
					Fig. 12 Viscosity of Moist Air
					Fig. 13 Thermal Conductivity of Moist Air
			---CHAPTER 02: THERMODYNAMICS AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES---
				1. Thermodynamics
					1.1 Stored Energy
					1.2 Energy in Transition
					1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
					1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
					1.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles
					1.6 Equations of State
					1.7 Calculating Thermodynamic Properties
						Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems
				2. Compression Refrigeration Cycles
					2.1 Carnot Cycle
					2.2 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture
					2.3 Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle
					2.4 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture
					2.5 Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles
					2.6 Actual Refrigeration Systems
				3. Absorption Refrigeration Cycles
					3.1 Ideal Thermal Cycle
					3.2 Working-Fluid Phase Change Constraints
						Temperature Glide
					3.3 Working Fluids
					3.4 Effect of Fluid Properties on Cycle Performance
					3.5 Absorption Cycle Representations
					3.6 Conceptualizing the Cycle
					3.7 Absorption Cycle Modeling
						Analysis and Performance Simulation
						Double-Effect Cycle
					3.8 Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycles
				4. Adsorption Refrigeration Systems
					4.1 Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Thermodynamic Property Data for Example 2
					Table 2 Thermodynamic Property Values for Example 4
					Table 3 Measured and Computed Thermodynamic Properties of R-22 for Example 5
					Table 4 Energy Transfers and Irreversibility Rates for Refrigeration System in Example 5
					Table 5 Refrigerant/Absorbent Pairs
					Table 6 Assumptions for Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Model (Figure 20)
					Table 7 Design Parameters and Operating Conditions for Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller
					Table 8 Simulation Results for Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Chiller
					Table 9 Inputs and Assumptions for Double-Effect Water-Lithium Bromide Model (Figure 21)
					Table 10 State Point Data for Double-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Cycle (Figure 21)
					Table 11 Inputs and Assumptions for Single-Effect Ammonia/Water Cycle (Figure 22)
					Table 12 State Point Data for Single-Effect Ammonia/Water Cycle (Figure 22)
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Energy Flows in General Thermodynamic System
					Fig. 2 Mixture of i and j Components in Constant-Pressure Container
					Fig. 3 Temperature-Concentration (T-x) Diagramfor Zeotropic Mixture
					Fig. 4 Azeotropic Behavior Shown on T-x Diagram
					Fig. 5 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
					Fig. 6 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carnot Refrigeration Cycle of Example 1
					Fig. 7 Carnot Vapor Compression Cycle
					Fig. 8 Theoretical Single-Stage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
					Fig. 9 Schematic p-h Diagram for Example 2
					Fig. 10 Areas on T- s Diagram Representing Refrigerating Effect and Work Supplied for Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle
					Fig. 11 Processes of Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle
					Fig. 12 Areas on T-s Diagram Representing Refrigerating Effect and Work Supplied for Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Mixture as Refrigerant
					Fig. 13 Schematic and Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Dual-Compression, Dual-Expansion Cycle of Example 4
					Fig. 14 Schematic of Real, Direct-Expansion, Single-Stage Mechanical Vapor-Compression Refrigeration System
					Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram of Actual System and Theoretical Single-Stage System Operating Between Same Inlet Air Temperatures tR and t0
					Fig. 16 Thermal Cycles
					Fig. 17 Single-Effect Absorption Cycle
					Fig. 18 Double-Effect Absorption Cycle
					Fig. 19 Generic Triple-Effect Cycles
					Fig. 20 Single-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Cycle Dühring Plot
					Fig. 21 Double-Effect Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption Cycle with State Points
					Fig. 22 Single-Effect Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycle
			--- CHAPTER 03: FLUID FLOW ---
				1. Fluid Properties
					Density
				2. Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics
					Continuity in a Pipe or Duct
					Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction
					Laminar Flow
					Turbulence
				3. Basic Flow Processes
					Wall Friction
					Boundary Layer
					Flow Patterns with Separation
					Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts
					Nonisothermal Effects
				4. Flow Analysis
					Generalized Bernoulli Equation
					Conduit Friction
					Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses
					Control Valve Characterization for Liquids
					Incompressible Flow in Systems
					Flow Measurement
					Unsteady Flow
					Compressibility
					Compressible Conduit Flow
					Cavitation
				5. Noise in Fluid Flow
				6. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Drag Coefficients
					Table 2 Effective Roughness of Conduit Surfaces
					Table 3 Fitting Loss Coefficients of Turbulent Flow
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Velocity Profiles and Gradients in Shear Flows
					Fig. 2 Dimensions for Steady, Fully Developed Laminar Flow Equations
					Fig. 3 Velocity Fluctuation at Point in Turbulent Flow
					Fig. 4 Velocity Profiles of Flow in Pipes
					Fig. 5 Pipe Factor for Flow in Conduits
					Fig. 6 Flow in Conduit Entrance Region
					Fig. 7 Boundary Layer Flow to Separation
					Fig. 8 Geometric Separation, Flow Development, and Loss in Flow Through Orifice
					Fig. 9 Examples of Geometric Separation Encountered in Flows in Conduits
					Fig. 10 Separation in Flow in Diffuser
					Fig. 11 Effect of Viscosity Variation on Velocity Profile of Laminar Flow in Pipe
					Fig. 12 Blower and Duct System for Example 1
					Fig. 13 Relation Between Friction Factor and Reynolds Number
					Fig. 14 Diagram for Example 2
					Fig. 15 Valve Action in Pipeline
					Fig. 16 Effect of Duct Length on Damper Action
					Fig. 17 Matching of Pump or Blower to System
					Fig. 18 Differential Pressure Flowmeters
					Fig. 19 Flowmeter Coefficients
					Fig. 20 Temporal Increase in Velocity Following Sudden Application of Pressure
					Fig. 21 Cavitation in Flows in Orifice or Valve
			--- CHAPTER 04: HEAT TRANSFER ---
				1. Heat Transfer Processes
					Conduction
					Convection
					Radiation
					Combined Radiation and Convection
					Contact or Interface Resistance
					Heat Flux
					Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient
				2. Thermal Conduction
					One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
					Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors
					Extended Surfaces
					Transient Conduction
				3. Thermal Radiation
					Blackbody Radiation
					Actual Radiation
					Angle Factor
					Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces
					Radiation in Gases
				4. Thermal Convection
					Forced Convection
				5. Heat Exchangers
					Mean Temperature Difference Analysis
					NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis
					Plate Heat Exchangers
					Heat Exchanger Transients
				6. Heat Transfer Augmentation
					Passive Techniques
					Active Techniques
				7. Symbols
					Greek
					Subscripts
				References
				Bibliography
					Fins
					Heat Exchangers
					Heat Transfer, General
				Tables
					Table 1 Heat Transfer Coefficients by Convection Type
					Table 2 One-Dimensional Conduction Shape Factors
					Table 3 Multidimensional Conduction Shape Factors
					Table 4 Values of c1 and 1 in Equations (14) to (17)
					Table 5 Emissivities and Absorptivities of Some Surfaces
					Table 6 Emissivity of CO2 and Water Vapor in Air at 75°F
					Table 7 Emissivity of Moist Air and CO2 in Typical Room
					Table 8 Forced-Convection Correlations
					Table 9 Natural Convection Correlations
					Table 10 Equations for Computing Heat Exchanger Effectiveness, N = NTU
					Table 11 Single-Phase Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Correlations for Plate Exchangers
					Table 12 Equations for Augmented Forced Convection (Single Phase)
					Table 13 Microchannel Dimensions
					Table 14 Active Heat Transfer Augmentation Techniques and
Most Relevant Heat Transfer Modes
					Table 15 Worldwide Status of Active Techniques
					Table 16 Selected Studies on Mechanical Aids, Suction, and Injection
					Table 17 Selected Studies on Rotation
					Table 18 Selected Previous Work with EHD Enhancement of Single-Phase Heat Transfer
				Figures
					Fig. 1 (A) Conduction and (B) Convection
					Fig. 2 Interface Resistance Across Two Layers
					Fig. 3 Thermal Circuit
					Fig. 4 Thermal Circuit Diagram for Insulated Water Pipe
					Fig. 5 Efficiency of Annular Fins of Constant Thickness
					Fig. 6 Efficiency of Annular Fins with Constant Metal Area for Heat Flow
					Fig. 7 Efficiency of Several Types of Straight Fins
					Fig. 8 Efficiency of Four Types of Spines
					Fig. 9 Rectangular Tube Array
					Fig. 10 Hexagonal Tube Array
					Fig. 11 Transient Temperatures for Infinite Slab, m = 1/Bi
					Fig. 12 Transient Temperatures for Infinite Cylinder, m = 1/Bi
					Fig. 13 Transient Temperatures for Sphere, m = 1/Bi
					Fig. 14 Solid Cylinder Exposed to Fluid
					Fig. 15 Radiation Angle Factors for Various Geometries
					Fig. 16 Diagram for Example 8
					Fig. 17 Diagrams for Example 9
					Fig. 18 External Flow Boundary Layer Build-up
(Vertical Scale Magnified)
					Fig. 19 Boundary Layer Build-up in Entrance Region of
Tube or Channel
					Fig. 20 Typical Dimensionless Representation of Forced-
Convection Heat Transfer
					Fig. 21 Heat Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent Flow of
Water Inside Tubes
					Fig. 22 Regimes of Free, Forced, and Mixed Convection—
Flow in Horizontal Tubes
					Fig. 23 Diagram for Example 12
					Fig. 24 Cross Section of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger in  Example 13
					Fig. 25 Plate Parameters
					Fig. 26 Overall Air-Side Thermal Resistance and Pressure
Drop for One-Row Coils
					Fig. 27 Typical Tube-Side Enhancements
					Fig. 28 Turbulators for Fire-Tube Boilers
					Fig. 29 Enhanced Surfaces for Gases
					Fig. 30 Typical Refrigerant and Air-Side Flow Passages in Compact Automotive Microchannel Heat Exchanger
					Fig. 31 Microchannel Dimensions
					Fig. 32 Ratio of Heat Transfer Coefficient with EHD
to Coefficient Without EHD as Function of Distance
from Front of Module
					Fig. 33 Heat Transfer Coefficients (With and Without EHD)
as Functions of Reynolds Number
			--- CHAPTER 05: TWO-PHASE FLOW ---
				1. Boiling
					Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems
					Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling
					Boiling/Evaporation in Tube Bundles
					Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes
					Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs)
				2. Condensing
					Condensation on Inner Surface of Tubes
					Other Impurities
				3. Pressure Drop
					Friedel Correlation
					Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation
					Grönnerud Correlation
					Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation
					Wallis Correlation
					Recommendations
					Pressure Drop in Microchannels
					Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers
				4. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Equations for Natural Convection Boiling Heat Transfer
					Table 2 Correlations for Local Heat Transfer Coefficients in Horizontal Tube Bundles
					Table 3 Equations for Forced Convection Boiling in Tubes
					Table 4 Heat Transfer Coefficient/Nusselt Number Correlations for Film-Type Condensation
					Table 5 Constants in Equation (29d) for Different Void Fraction Correlations
					Table 6 Constant and Exponents in Correlation of Lee and Lee (2001)
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Characteristic Pool Boiling Curve
					Fig. 2 Effect of Surface Roughness on Temperature in Pool Boiling of Pentane
					Fig. 3 Correlation of Pool Boiling Data in Terms of Reduced Pressure
					Fig. 4 Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficients for Flooded Evaporator
					Fig. 5 Flow Regimes in Typical Smooth Horizontal Tube Evaporator
					Fig. 7 Film Boiling Correlation
					Fig. 8 Origin of Noncondensable Resistance
					Fig. 9 Qualitative Pressure Drop Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow Regime
					Fig. 10 Pressure Drop Characteristics of Two-Phase Flow: Variation of Two-Phase Multiplier with 
Lockhart-Martinelli Parameter
					Fig. 11 Schematic Flow Representation of a Typical Force-Fed Microchannel Heat Sink (FFMHS)
					Fig. 12 Thermal Performance Comparison of Different High-Heat-Flux Cooling Technologies
					Fig. 13 Scanning Electron Microscope Images of Various Nanostructures: (A) Silicon Nanopillars (Enright et al. 2012),(B) High-Aspect-Ratio Silicon Nanopillars (Enright et al. 2012), (C) Silicon Micropost-Pyramids with Silicon Nanograss onSurface (Chen et al. 2011), (D) CuO Nanoblades (Miljkovic et al. 2013), (E) Tobacco Mosaic Virus Template Nanostructure (McCarthy et al. 2012), (F) Zinc Oxide Nanowires (Miljkovic et al. 2013), (G) Boehmitized Aluminum (Kim et al. 2013) and(H) Carbon Nanotubes (Enright et al. 2014)
			--- CHAPTER 06 : MASS TRANSFER ---
				1. Molecular Diffusion
					Fick’s Law
					Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures
					Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media)
					Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient
					Diffusion Coefficient
					Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas
					Equimolar Counterdiffusion
					Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids
				2. Convection of Mass
					Mass Transfer Coefficient
					Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
					Lewis Relation
				3. Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air
					Enthalpy Potential
					Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment
					Air Washers
					Cooling Towers
					Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
				4. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Mass Diffusivities for Gases in Air
					Table 2 Material Values for Example 4
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Diffusion of Water Vapor Through Stagnant Air
					Fig. 2 Pressure Profiles for Diffusion of Water Vapor Through Stagnant Air
					Fig. 3 Equimolar Counterdiffusion
					Fig. 4 Composite Wall for Example 4
					Fig. 5 Nomenclature for Convective Mass Transfer from External Surface at Location x Where Surface Is Impermeable to Gas A
					Fig. 6 Nomenclature for Convective Mass Transfer from Internal Surface Impermeable to Gas A
					Fig. 7 Water-Saturated Flat Plate in Flowing Airstream
					Fig. 8 Mass Transfer from Flat Plate
					Fig. 9 Vaporization and Absorption in Wetted-Wall Column
					Fig. 10 Mass Transfer from Single Cylinders in Crossflow
					Fig. 11 Mass Transfer from Single Spheres
					Fig. 12 Sensible Heat Transfer j-Factors for Parallel Plate Exchanger
					Fig. 13 Air Washer Spray Chamber
					Fig. 14 Air Washer Humidification Process on Psychrometric Chart
					Fig. 15 Graphical Solution for Air-State Path in Parallel-Flow Air Washer
					Fig. 16 Graphical Solution of  dh/(hi – h)
					Fig. 17 Graphical Solution for Air-State Path in Dehumidifying Coil with Constant Refrigerant Temperature
			--- CHAPTER 07: FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTROL ---
				1. GENERAL
					1.1 Terminology
					1.2 Types of Control Action
						Two-Position Action
						Modulating Control
						Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating
					1.3 Classification of Control Components by Energy Source
						Computers for Automatic Control
				2. CONTROL COMPONENTS
					2.1 Control Devices
						Valves
						Dampers
						Pneumatic Positive (Pilot) Positioners
					2.2 Sensors and Transmitters
						Temperature Sensors
						Humidity Sensors and Transmitters
						Pressure Transmitters and Transducers
						Flow Rate Sensors
						Indoor Air Quality Sensors
						Lighting Level Sensors
						Power Sensing and Transmission
					2.3 Controllers
						Digital Controllers
						Electric/Electronic Controllers
						Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers
						Thermostats
					2.4 Auxiliary Control Devices
						Relays
						Equipment Status
						Other Switches
						Time Switches
						Transducers
						Other Auxiliary Control Devices
				3. COMMUNICATION NETWORKS FOR BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
					3.1 Communication Protocols
					3.2 OSI Network Model
					3.3 Network Structure
						BAS Three-Tier Network Architecture
						Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks
						Transmission Media
					3.4 Specifying Building Automation System Networks
						Communication Tasks
					3.5 Approaches to Interoperability
						Standard Protocols
						Gateways and Interfaces
				4. SPECIFYING BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS
				5. COMMISSIONING
					5.1 Tuning
						Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers
						Tuning Digital Controllers
						Computer Modeling of Control Systems
					5.2 Codes and Standards
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Comparison of Fiber Optic Technology
					Table 2 Some Standard Communication Protocols Applicable to BAS
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Example of Feedback Control: Discharge Air Temperature Control
					Fig. 2 Block Diagram of Discharge Air Temperature Control
					Fig. 3 Process Subjected to Step Input
					Fig. 4 Two-Position Control
					Fig. 5 Proportional Control Showing Variations in Controlled Variable as Load Changes
					Fig. 6 Proportional plus Integral (PI) Control
					Fig. 7 Floating Control Showing Variations in Controlled Variable as Load Changes
					Fig. 8 Typical Three-Way Mixing and Diverting Globe Valves
					Fig. 9 Typical Single- and Double-Seated Two-Way Globe Valves
					Fig. 10 Typical Flow Characteristics of Valves
					Fig. 11 Typical Valve Authority Performance Curves for Linear Devices at Various Percentages of Total System Pressure Drop
					Fig. 12 Typical Multiblade Dampers
					Fig. 13 Characteristic Curves of Installed Dampers in an AMCA 5.3 Geometry
					Fig. 14 Inherent Curves for Partially Ducted and Louvered Dampers (RP-1157)
					Fig. 15 Inherent Curves for Ducted and Plenum-Mounted Dampers (RP-1157)
					Fig. 16 Dead-Band Thermostat
					Fig. 17 Electronic and Pneumatic Control Components Combined with Electronic-to-Pneumatic Transducer (EPT)
					Fig. 18 Retrofit of Existing Pneumatic Control with Electronic Sensors and Controllers
					Fig. 19 OSI Reference Model
					Fig. 20 Hierarchical Network for Three-Tier System Architecture
					Fig. 21 Response of Discharge Air Temperature to Step Change in Set Points at Various Proportional Constants with No Integral Action
					Fig. 22 Open-Loop Step Response Versus Time
					Fig. 23 Response of Discharge Air Temperature to Step Change in Set Points at Various Integral Constants with Fixed Proportional Constant
			--- CHAPTER 08: SOUND AND VIBRATION ---
				1. Acoustical Design Objective
				2. Characteristics of Sound
					Levels
					Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level
					Frequency
					Speed
					Wavelength
					Sound Power and Sound Power Level
					Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level
					Combining Sound Levels
					Resonances
					Absorption and Reflection of Sound
					Room Acoustics
					Acoustic Impedance
				3. Measuring Sound
					Instrumentation
					Time Averaging
					Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths
					Sound Measurement Basics
					Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level
					Measurement of Acoustic Intensity
				4. Determining Sound Power
					Free-Field Method
					Reverberation Room Method
					Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method
					Sound Intensity Method
					Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power
				5. Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure
				6. Sound Transmission Paths
					Spreading Losses
					Direct Versus Reverberant Fields
					Airborne Transmission
					Ductborne Transmission
					Room-to-Room Transmission
					Structureborne Transmission
					Flanking Transmission
				7. Typical Sources of Sound
					Source Strength
					Directivity of Sources
					Acoustic Nearfield
				8. Controlling Sound
					Terminology
					Enclosures and Barriers
					Partitions
					Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums
					Standards for Testing Duct Silencers
				9. System Effects
				10. Human Response to Sound
					Noise
					Predicting Human Response to Sound
					Sound Quality
					Loudness
					Acceptable Frequency Spectrum
				11. Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals
					A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA)
					Noise Criteria (NC) Method
					Room Criterion (RC) Method
					Criteria Selection Guidelines
				12. Fundamentals of Vibration
					Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model
					Mechanical Impedance
					Natural Frequency
					Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations
				13. Vibration Measurement Basics
				14. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Typical Sound Pressures and Sound Pressure Levels
					Table 2 Examples of Sound Power Outputs and Sound Power Levels
					Table 3 Combining Two Sound Levels
					Table 4 Midband and Approximate Upper and Lower Cutoff Frequencies for Octave and 1/3 Octave Band Filters
					Table 5 A-Weighting for 1/3 Octave and Octave Bands
					Table 6 Combining Decibels to Determine Overall Sound Pressure Level
					Table 7 Guidelines for Determining Equipment Sound Levels in the Presence of Contaminating Background Sound
					Table 8 Subjective Effect of Changes in Sound Pressure
Level, Broadband Sounds (Frequency  250 Hz)
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Curves Showing A- and C-Weighting Responses for Sound Level Meters
					Fig. 2 Sound Transmission Loss Spectra for Single Layers of Some Common Materials
					Fig. 3 Contour for Determining Partition’s STC
					Fig. 4 Free-Field Equal Loudness Contours for Pure Tones
					Fig. 5 Equal Loudness Contours for Relatively Narrow Bands of Random Noise
					Fig. 6 Frequencies at Which Various Types of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Generally Control Sound Spectra
					Fig. 7 NC (Noise Criteria) Curves and Sample Spectrum (Curve with Symbols)
					Fig. 8 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System
					Fig. 9 Vibration Transmissibility T as Function of fd / fn
					Fig. 10 Effect of Mass on Transmitted Force
					Fig. 11 Two-Degrees-of-Freedom System
					Fig. 12 Transmissibility T as Function of fd/fn1 with k2/k1 = 2 and M2/M1 = 0.5
					Fig. 13 Transmissibility T as Function of fd/fn1 with k2/k1 = 10 and M2/M1 = 40
			--- CHAPTER 09: THERMAL COMFORT ---
				1. Human Thermoregulation
				2. Energy Balance
				3. Thermal Exchanges with Environment
					Body Surface Area
					Sensible Heat Loss from Skin
					Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin
					Respiratory Losses
					Alternative Formulations
					Total Skin Heat Loss
				4. Engineering Data and Measurements
					Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency
					Heat Transfer Coefficients
					Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency
					Total Evaporative Heat Loss
					Environmental Parameters
				5. Conditions for Thermal Comfort
					Thermal Complaints
				6. Thermal Comfort and Task Performance
				7. Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort
					Asymmetric Thermal Radiation
					Draft
					Vertical Air Temperature Difference
					Warm or Cold Floors
				8. Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort
					Day-to-Day Variations
					Age
					Adaptation
					Sex
					Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms
				9. Prediction of Thermal Comfort
					Steady-State Energy Balance
					Two-Node Model
					Multisegment Thermal Physiology and Comfort Models
					Adaptive Models
					Zones of Comfort and Discomfort
				10. Environmental Indices
					Effective Temperature
					Humid Operative Temperature
					Heat Stress Index
					Index of Skin Wettedness
					Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature
					Wet-Globe Temperature
					Wind Chill Index
				11. Special Environments
					Infrared Heating
					Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating
					Personal Environmental Control (PEC) Systems
					Hot and Humid Environments
					Extremely Cold Environments
				12. Symbols
					Codes and Standards
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Parameters Used to Describe Clothing
					Table 2 Relationships Between Clothing Parameters
					Table 3 Skin Heat Loss Equations
					Table 4 Typical Metabolic Heat Generation for
Various Activities
					Table 5 Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption at
Different Activity Levels
					Table 6 Equations for Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
					Table 7 Typical Insulation and Permeation Efficiency Values
for Western Clothing Ensembles
					Table 8 Insulation and Permeability Values for a Selection of
Non-Western Clothing Ensembles
					Table 9 Garment Insulation Values
					Table 10 Equations for Predicting Thermal Sensation Y of
Men, Women, and Men and Women Combined
					Table 11 Model Parameters
					Table 12 Evaluation of Heat Stress Index
					Table 13 Equivalent Wind Chill Temperatures of Cold Environments
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Thermal Interaction of Human Body and Environment
					Fig. 2 Constant Skin Heat Loss Line and Its Relationship to toh and ET
					Fig. 3 Mean Value of Angle Factor Between Seated Person and Horizontal or Vertical Rectangle when Person Is Rotated Around Vertical Axis
					Fig. 4 Analytical Formulas for Calculating Angle Factor for Small Plane Element
					Fig. 5 ASHRAE Summer and Winter Comfort Zones
					Fig. 6 Air Speed to Offset Temperatures Above Warm-Temperature Boundaries of Figure 5
					Fig. 7 Predicted Rate of Unsolicited Thermal Operating Complaints
					Fig. 8 Relative Performance of Office Work Performance versus Deviation from Optimal Comfort Temperature Tc
					Fig. 9 Percentage of People Expressing Discomfort Caused by Asymmetric Radiation
					Fig. 10 Percentage of People Dissatisfied as Function of Mean Air Velocity
					Fig. 11 Draft Conditions Dissatisfying 15% of Population (PD = 15%)
					Fig. 12 Percentage of Seated People Dissatisfied as Function of Air Temperature Difference Between Head and Ankles
					Fig. 13 Percentage of People Dissatisfied as Function of Floor Temperature
					Fig. 14 Air Velocities and Operative Temperatures at 50% rh Necessary for Comfort (PMV = 0) of Persons in Summer Clothing at Various Levels of Activity
					Fig. 15 Air Temperatures and Mean Radiant Temperatures Necessary for Comfort (PMV = 0) of Sedentary Persons in Summer Clothing at 50% rh
					Fig. 16 Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) as Function of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
					Fig. 17 Effect of Environmental Conditions on Physiological Variables
					Fig. 18 Effect of Thermal Environment on Discomfort
					Fig. 19 Effective Temperature ET and Skin Wettedness w
					Fig. 20 Recommended Heat Stress Exposure Limits for Heat Acclimatized Workers
					Fig. 21 Variation in Skin Reflection and Absorptivity for Blackbody Heat Sources
					Fig. 22 Comparing Thermal Inertia of Fat, Bone, Moist Muscle, and Excised Skin to That of Leather and Water
					Fig. 23 Thermal Inertias of Excised, Bloodless, and Normal Living Skin
					Fig. 24 Recommended Temperature Set Points for HVAC with PEC Systems and Energy Savings from Extending HVAC Temperature Set Points
					Fig. 25 Schematic Design of Heat Stress and Heat Disorders
					Fig. 26 Acclimatization to Heat Resulting from Daily Exposure of Five Subjects to Extremely Hot Room
			--- CHAPTER 10: INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ---
				1. Background
					1.1 Health Sciences Relevant to Indoor Environment
						Epidemiology and Biostatistics
						Industrial, Occupational, and Environmental Medicine or Hygiene
						Microbiology
						Toxicology
					1.2 Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control
						Hazard Control
				2. Airborne Contaminants
					2.1 Particles
						Industrial Environments
						Synthetic Vitreous Fibers
						Combustion Nuclei
						Particles in Nonindustrial Environments
						Bioaerosols
					2.2 Gaseous Contaminants
						Industrial Environments
						Nonindustrial Environments
				3. Physical Agents
					3.1 Thermal Environment
						Range of Healthy Living Conditions
						Hypothermia
						Hyperthermia
						Seasonal Patterns
						Climate Change
						Increased Deaths in Heat Waves
						Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases
						Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces
					3.2 Electrical Hazards
					3.3 Mechanical Energies
						Vibration
						Standard Limits
						Sound and Noise
					3.4 Electromagnetic Radiation
						Ionizing Radiation
						Nonionizing Radiation
					3.5 Ergonomics
					3.6 Outdoor Air Ventilation and Health
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Selected Illnesses Related to Exposure in Buildings
					Table 2 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for Particlesa
					Table 3 Primary and Secondary Standards for Particle Pollution
					Table 4 Pathogens with Potential for Airborne Transmission
					Table 5 Comparison of Indoor Environment Standards and Guidelines
					Table 6 Selected SVOCs Found in Indoor Environments
					Table 7 Indoor Concentrations and Body Burden of Selected Semivolatile Organic Compounds
					Table 8 Inorganic Gas Comparative Criteria
					Table 9 Approximate Surface Temperature Limits to Avoid Pain and Injury
					Table 10 Ratios of Acceptable to Threshold Vibration Levels
					Table 11 Energy, Wavelength, and Frequency Ranges for Electromagnetic Radiation
					Table 12 2015 Action Levels for Radon Concentration Indoors
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Related Human Sensory, Physiological, and Health Responses for Prolonged Exposure
					Fig. 2 Isotherms for Comfort, Discomfort, Physiological Strain, Effective Temperature (ET), and Heat Stroke Danger Threshold
					Fig. 3 Factors Affecting Acceptability of Building Vibration
					Fig. 4 Acceleration Perception Thresholds and Acceptability Limits for Horizontal Oscillations
					Fig. 5 Median Perception Thresholds to Horizontal (Solid Lines) and Vertical (Dashed Line) Vibrations
					Fig. 6 Mechanical Energy Spectrum
					Fig. 7 Electromagnetic Spectrum
					Fig. 8 Maximum Permissible Levels of Radio Frequency Radiation for Human Exposure
			--- CHAPTER 11: AIR CONTAMINANTS ---
				1. Classes of Air Contaminants
				2. Particulate Contaminants
					2.1 Particulate Matter
						Solid Particles
						Liquid Particles
						Complex Particles
						Sizes of Airborne Particles
						Particle Size Distribution
						Units of Measurement
						Harmful Effects of Particulate Contaminants
						Measurement of Airborne Particles
						Typical Particle Levels
						Bioaerosols
						Controlling Exposures to Particulate Matter
				3. Gaseous Contaminants
					Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants
					Units of Measurement
					Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants
					3.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
						Controlling Exposure to VOCs
					3.2 Semivolatile Organic Compounds
					3.3 Inorganic Gases
						Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases
				4. Air Contaminants by Source
					4.1 Outdoor Air Contaminants
					4.2 Industrial Air Contaminants
					4.3 Commercial, Institutional, and Residential Indoor Air Contaminants
					4.4 Flammable Gases and Vapors
					4.5 Combustible Dusts
					4.6 Radioactive Air Contaminants
						Radon
					4.7 Soil Gases
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Approximate Particle Sizes and Time to Settle 1 m
					Table 2 Relation of Screen Mesh to Sieve Opening Size
					Table 3 Common Molds on Water-Damaged Building Materials
					Table 4 Example Case of Airborne Fungi in Building and Outdoor Air
					Table 5 Major Chemical Families of Gaseous Air Contaminants
					Table 6 Characteristics of Selected Gaseous Air Contaminants
					Table 7 Gaseous Contaminant Sample Collection Techniques
					Table 8 Analytical Methods to Measure Gaseous Contaminant Concentration
					Table 9 Classification of Indoor Organic Contaminants by Volatility
					Table 10 VOCs Commonly Found in Buildings
					Table 11 Typical U.S. Outdoor Concentrations of Selected Gaseous Air Contaminants
					Table 12 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for the United States
					Table 13 Sources and Indoor and Outdoor Concentrations of Selected Indoor Contaminants
					Table 14 Flammable Limits of Some Gases and Vapors
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction
					Fig. 2 Relative Deposition Efficiencies of Different-Sized Particles in the Three Main Regions of the Human Respiratory System, Calculated for Moderate Activity Level
					Fig. 3 Sizes of Indoor Particles
					Fig. 4 Typical Urban Outdoor Distributions of Ultrafine or Nuclei (n) Particles, Fine or Accumulation (a) Particles, and Coarse (c) Particles
			--- CHAPTER 12: ODORS ---
				1. Odor Sources
				2. Sense of Smell
					Olfactory Stimuli
					Anatomy and Physiology
					Olfactory Acuity
				3. Factors Affecting Odor Perception
					Humidity and Temperature
					Sorption and Release of Odors
					Emotional Responses to Odors
				4. Odor Sensation Attributes
					Detectability
					Intensity
					Character
					Hedonics
				5. Dilution of Odors by Ventilation
				6. Odor Concentration
					Analytical Measurement
					Odor Units
				7. Olf Units
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Odor Thresholds, ACGIH TLVs, and TLV/Threshold Ratios of Selected Gaseous Air Pollutants
					Table 2 Examples of Category Scales
					Table 3 Sensory Pollution Load from Different Pollution Sources
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Standardized Function Relating Perceived Magnitude
to Concentration of 1-Butanol
					Fig. 2 Labeled Magnitude Scale
					Fig. 3 Panelist Using Dravnieks Binary Dilution Olfactometer
					Fig. 4 Matching Functions Obtained with Dravnieks
Olfactometer
					Fig. 5 Percentage of Dissatisfied Persons as a Function of Ventilation Rate per Standard Person (i.e., per Olf)
			--- CHAPTER 13: INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING ---
				1. Computational Fluid Dynamics
					Mathematical and Numerical Background
					Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches
					Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
					Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS)
					1.1 Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics
						Structured Grids
						Unstructured Grids
						Grid Quality
						Immersed Boundary Grid Generation
						Grid Independence
					1.2 Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics
						Inlet Boundary Conditions
						Outlet Boundary Conditions
						Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions
						Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions
						Fixed Sources and Sinks
						Modeling Considerations
					1.3 CFD Modeling Approaches
						Planning
						Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details
						CFD Simulation Steps
					1.4 Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results
						Verification
						Validation
						Reporting CFD Results
				2. Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling
					2.1 Multizone Airflow Modeling
						Theory
						Solution Techniques
					2.2 Contaminant Transport Modeling
						Fundamentals
						Solution Techniques
					2.3 Multizone Modeling Approaches
						Simulation Planning
						Steps
					2.4 Verification and Validation
						Analytical Verification
						Intermodel Comparison
						Empirical Validation
					2.5 Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Summary of Multizone Model Validation Reports
					Table 2 Leakage Values of Model Airflow Components
				Figures
					Fig. 1 (A) Grid Point Distribution and (B) Control Volume Around Grid Point P
					Fig. 2 Two-Dimensional CFD Structured Grid Model for Flow Through 90° Elbow
					Fig. 3 Block-Structured Grid for Two-Dimensional Flow Simulation Through 90° Elbow Connected to Rectangular Duct
					Fig. 4 Unstructured Grid for Two-Dimensional Meshing Scheme Flow Simulation Through 90° Elbow Connected to Rectangular Duct
					Fig. 5 Circle Meshing
					Fig. 6 Boundary Condition Locations Around Diffuser Used in Box Method
					Fig. 7 Prescribed Velocity Field Near Supply Opening
					Fig. 8 Simplified Boundary Conditions for Supply Diffuser Modeling for Square Diffuser
					Fig. 9 Typical Velocity Distribution in Near-Wall Region
					Fig. 10 Wall Surface Temperature Ts, Influenced by Conduction Tw , Radiation Trad , and Local Air Temperature TP
					Fig. 11 Combination CFD and BEPS
					Fig. 12 Duct with Symmetry Geometry
					Fig. 13 Airflow Path Diagram
					Fig. 14 Floor Plan of Living Area Level of Manufactured House
					Fig. 15 Schematic of Ventilation System and Envelope Leakage
					Fig. 16 Multizone Representation of First Floor
					Fig. 17 Multizone Representation of Duct work in Belly and Crawlspace
					Fig. 18 Test Simulation of Concentration of Tracer Gas Decay in Manufactured House 30 min After Injection
					Fig. 19 Measured and Predicted Air Change Rates for Wind Speeds less than 4.5 mph
			--- CHAPTER 14: CLIMATIC DESIGN INFORMATION ---
				1. Climatic Design Conditions
					Annual Design Conditions
					Monthly Design Conditions
					Data Sources
					Calculation of Design Conditions
					Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions
					Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions
				2. Calculating Clear-sky Solar Radiation
					Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
					Equation of Time and Solar Time
					Declination
					Sun Position
					Air Mass
					Clear-Sky Solar Radiation
				3. Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations
					Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces
					Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident On Receiving Surface
				4. Generating Design-Day Data
				5. Estimation of Degree-Days
					Monthly Degree-Days
					Annual Degree-Days
				6. Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty
					Representativeness of Data
					Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record
					Effects of Climate Change
					Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature
				7. Other Sources of Climatic Information
					Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions
					Degree Days and Climate Normals
					Typical Year Data Sets
					Sequences of Extreme Temperature and Humidity Durations
					Global Weather Data Source Web Page
					Observational Data Sets
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Design Conditions for Atlanta, GA, USA (see Table 1A for Nomenclature)
					Table 2 Approximate Astronomical Data for 21st Day of Each Month
					Table 3 Time Zones in United States and Canada
					Table 4 Surface Orientations and Azimuths, Measured from South
					Table 5 Ground Reflectance of Foreground Surfaces
					Table 6 Fraction of Daily Temperature Range
					Table 7 Input Sources for Design-Day Generation
					Table 8 Derived Hourly Temperatures for Atlanta, GA for July for 5% Design Conditions, °F
					Table 9 Locations Representing Various Climate Types
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Locations of Weather Stations
					Fig. 2 Motion of Earth around Sun
					Fig. 3 Solar Angles for Vertical and Horizontal Surfaces
					Fig. 4 Uncertainty versus Period Length for Various Dry-Bulb Temperatures, by Climate Type
					Fig. 5 Frequency and Duration of Episodes Exceeding Design Dry-Bulb Temperature for Indianapolis, IN
			--- CHAPTER 15: FENESTRATION ---
				1. Fenestration Components
					1.1 Glazing Units
					1.2 Framing
					1.3 Shading
				2. Determining Fenestration Energy Flow
				3. U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance)
					Comparison Between Area-Weighted and Length-Weighted Methods
					3.1 Determining Fenestration U-Factors
						Center-of-Glass U-Factor
						Edge-of-Glass U-Factor
						Frame U-Factor
						Curtain Wall Construction
					3.2 Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients
					3.3 Representative U-Factors for Doors
				4. Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance
					4.1 Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing
						Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers
						Optical Properties of Glazing Systems
					4.2 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
						Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
						Diffuse Radiation
						Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements
						Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values
						Airflow Windows
						Skylights
						Glass Block Walls
						Plastic Materials for Glazing
					4.3 Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
						Opaque Fenestration Elements
				5. Shading and Fenestration Attachments
					5.1 Shading
						Overhangs and Glazing Unit Recess: Horizontal and Vertical Projections
					5.2 Fenestration Attachments
						Simplified Methodology
						Slat-Type Sunshades
						Drapery
						Roller Shades and Insect Screens
				6. Visual and Thermal Controls
					Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices
					Indoor Shading Devices
					Double Drapery
				7. Air Leakage
					Infiltration Through Fenestration
					Indoor Air Movement
				8. Daylighting
					8.1 Daylight Prediction
					8.2 Light Transmittance and Daylight Use
				9. Selecting Fenestration
					9.1 Annual Energy Performance
						Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance
						Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings
					9.2 Condensation Resistance
					9.3 Occupant Comfort and Acceptance
						Sound Reduction
						Strength and Safety
						Life-Cycle Costs
					9.4 Durability
					9.5 Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows
					9.6 Codes and Standards
						National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
						United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct)
						ICC’s 2015 International Energy Conservation Code
						ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2016
						ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014
						ICC’s 2015 International Green Construction Code™
						Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
						Building Code of Australia/National Construction Code
						Complex Glazings and Window Coverings
					9.7 Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Representative Fenestration Frame U-Factors in Btu/h· ft2· °F, Vertical Orientation
					Table 2 Indoor Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient hi in Btu/h· ft2· °F, Vertical Orientation (Still Air Conditions)
					Table 3 Air Space Coefficients for Horizontal Heat Flow
					Table 4 U-Factors for Various Fenestration Products in Btu/h· ft2· °F
					Table 5 Glazing U-Factors for Various Wind Speeds in Btu/h·ft2·°F
					Table 6 Design U-Factors of Swinging Doors in Btu/h·ft2·°F
					Table 7 Design U-Factors for Revolving Doors in Btu/h·ft2·°F
					Table 8 Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Emergency Exit Doors in Btu/h· ft2· °F
					Table 9 Design U-Factors for Double-Skin Steel Sectional, Tilt-Up, and Aircraft Hangar Doors in Btu/h· ft2· °F
					Table 10 Visible Transmittance Tv, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), Solar Transmittance T , Front Reflectance Rf , Back Reflectance Rb, and Layer Absorptance A for Glazing and Window Systems
					Table 11 Solar Heat Gain Coefficients for Domed Horizontal Skylights
					Table 12 Performance Characteristics of Typical TDDs
					Table 13 Solar Heat Gain Coefficients for Standard Hollow Glass Block Wall Panels
					Table 14A IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Uncoated Single Glazings
					Table 14B IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Uncoated Double Glazings
					Table 14C IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Coated Double Glazings with 0.2 Low-e
					Table 14D IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Coated Double Glazings with 0.1 Low-e
					Table 14E IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Double Glazings with 0.05 Low-e
					Table 14F IAC Values for Louvered Shades: Triple Glazing
					Table 14G IAC Values for Draperies, Roller Shades, and Insect Screens
					Table 15 Summary of Environmental Control Capabilities of Draperies
					Table 16 Spectral Selectivity of Several Glazings
					Table 17 Sound Transmittance Loss for Various Types of Glass
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Construction Details of Typical Double-Glazing Unit
					Fig. 2 Various Framing Configurations for Residential Fenestration
					Fig. 3 Center-of-Glass U-Factor for Vertical Double- and Triple-Pane Glazing Units
					Fig. 4 Frame Widths for Standard Fenestration Units
					Fig. 5 Details of Stile-and-Rail Door
					Fig. 6 Optical Properties of a Single Glazing Layer
					Fig. 7 Transmittance and Reflectance of Glass Plate
					Fig. 8 Variations with Incident Angle of Solar-Optical Properties for (A) Clear 0.125 in. Glass, (B) Clear 0.25 in. Glass, and (C) 0.25 in. Typical Heat-Absorbing (Tinted) Glass
					Fig. 9 Normalized Solar Transmittance for Five Common Glass Substrates as Function of Incidence Angle in Degrees
					Fig. 10 Normalized Solar Transmittance, as Function of Incidence Angle in Degrees, for 10 Glazing Systems (Single-, Double-. and Triple-Pane) as Developed forSimple Window Model
					Fig. 11 Spectral Transmittances of Commercially Available Glazings
					Fig. 12 Spectral Transmittances and Reflectances of Strongly Spectrally Selective Commercially Available Glazings
					Fig. 13 Solar Spectrum, Human Eye Response Spectrum, Scaled Blackbody Radiation Spectrum, and Idealized Glazing Reflectance Spectrum
					Fig. 14 Demonstration of Two Spectrally Selective Glazing Concepts, Showing Ideal Spectral Transmittances for Glazings Intended for Hot and Cold Climates
					Fig. 15 Components of Solar Radiant Heat Gain with Double-Pane Fenestration, Including Both Frame and Glazing Contributions
					Fig. 16 Generalized Tubular Daylighting Device
					Fig. 17 Transmittance of Straight Tube (Light Pipe) as Function of Reflectivity and Aspect Ratio (Length/Diameter)
					Fig. 18 Instantaneous Heat Balance for Sunlit Glazing Material
					Fig. 19 Profile Angle for South-Facing Horizontal Projections
					Fig. 20 Vertical and Horizontal Projections and Related Profile Angles for Vertical Surface Containing Fenestration
					Fig. 21 Comparison of IAC and Solar Transmission Values from ASHWAT Model Versus Measurements
					Fig. 22 Geometry of Slat-Type Sunshades
					Fig. 23 Designation of Drapery Fabrics
					Fig. 24 Drapery Fabric Properties
					Fig. 25 Geometry of Drapery Fabrics
					Fig. 26 Noise Reduction Coefficient Versus Openness Factor for Draperies
					Fig. 27 Window-to-Wall Ratio Versus Annual Electricity Use in kWh/ft2·floor·year
					Fig. 28 Visible Transmittance Versus SHGC for Several Glazings with Different Spectral Selectivities
					Fig. 29 Visible Transmittance Versus SHGC at Various Spectral Selectivities
					Fig. 30 Temperature Distribution on Indoor Surfaces of Glazing Unit
					Fig. 31 Minimum Indoor Surface Temperatures Before Condensation Occurs
					Fig. 32 Minimum Condensation Resistance Requirements (th = 68°F)
					Fig. 33 Location of Fenestration Product Reveals and Blinds/Drapes and Their Effect on Condensation Resistance
					Fig. 34 Fenestration Effects on Thermal Comfort: Long-Wave Radiation, Solar Radiation, Convective Draft
			--- CHAPTER 16: VENTILATION AND INFILTRATION ---
				Sustainable Building Standards and Rating Systems
				1. Basic Concepts and Terminology
					Ventilation and Infiltration
					Ventilation Air
					Forced-Air Distribution Systems
					Outdoor Air Fraction
					Room Air Movement
					Air Change Rate
					Time Constants
					Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Rates
					Age of Air
					Air Change Effectiveness
				2. Tracer Gas Measurements
					Decay or Growth
					Constant Concentration
					Constant Injection
					Multizone Air Change Measurement
				3. Driving Mechanisms for Ventilation and Infiltration
					Stack Pressure
					Wind Pressure
					Mechanical Systems
					Combining Driving Forces
					Neutral Pressure Level
					Thermal Draft Coefficient
				4. Indoor Air Quality
					Protection from Extraordinary Events
				5. Thermal Loads
					Effect on Envelope Insulation
					Infiltration Degree-Days
				6. Natural Ventilation
					Natural Ventilation Openings
					Ceiling Heights
					Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control
					Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings
					Flow Caused by Wind Only
					Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only
					Natural Ventilation Guidelines
					Hybrid Ventilation
				7. Residential Air Leakage
					Envelope Leakage Measurement
					Airtightness Ratings
					Conversion Between Ratings
					Building Air Leakage Data
					Air Leakage of Building Components
					Leakage Distribution
					Multifamily Building Leakage
					Controlling Air Leakage
				8. Residential Ventilation
					Shelter in Place
					Safe Havens
				9. Residential IAQ Control
					Source Control
					Local Exhaust
					Whole-House Ventilation
					Air Distribution
					Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems
				10. Simplified Models of Residential Ventilation and Infiltration
					Empirical Models
					Multizone Models
					Single-Zone Models
					Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects
					Residential Calculation Examples
					Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation
					Typical Practice
				11. Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage
					Envelope Leakage
					Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions
					Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors
					Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors
					Air Exchange Through Air Curtains
				12. Commercial and Institutional Ventilation
					Ventilation Rate Procedure
					Multiple Spaces
					Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings
				13. Office Building Example
					Location
					Building
					Occupancy
					Infiltration
					Local Exhausts
					Ventilation
				14. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Continuous Exhaust Airflow Rates
					Table 2 Intermittent Exhaust Airflow Rates
					Table 3 Total Ventilation Air Requirements
					Table 4 Basic Model Stack Coefficient Cs
					Table 5 Local Shelter Classes
					Table 6 Basic Model Wind Coefficient Cw
					Table 7 Enhanced Model Wind Speed Multiplier G
					Table 8 Enhanced Model Stack and Wind Coefficients
					Table 9 Enhanced Model Shelter Factor s
					Table 10 Summary of Building Airtightness Data
					Table 11 Air Leakage Areas for Internal Partitions in Commercial Buildings (at 0.30 in. of water and CD = 0.65)
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Two-Space Building with Mechanical Ventilation,Infiltration, and Exfiltration
					Fig. 2 Simple All-Air Air-Handling Unit with Associated Airflows
					Fig. 3 Displacement Flow Within a Space
					Fig. 4 Entrainment Flow Within a Space
					Fig. 5 Underfloor Air Distribution to Occupied Space Above
					Fig. 6 Distribution of Indoor and Outdoor Pressures over Height of Building
					Fig. 7 Compartmentation Effect in Buildings
					Fig. 8 Increase in Airflow by Increasing Area of One Opening
					Fig. 9 Airflow Rate Versus Pressure Difference Data from Whole-House Pressurization Test
					Fig. 10 Envelope Leakage Measurements
					Fig. 11 Histogram of Infiltration Values forThen-New Construction
					Fig. 12 Histogram of Infiltration Values for Low-Income Housing
					Fig. 13 Air Leakage Rates of Elevator Shaft Walls
					Fig. 14 Air Leakage Rate of Door Versus Average Crack Width
					Fig. 15 Airflow Coefficient for Automatic Doors
					Fig. 16 Pressure Factor for Automatic Doors
			--- CHAPTER 17: RESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS ---
				1. Residential Features
				2. Calculation Approach
				3. Other Methods
				4. Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method
				5. Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method
				6. Common Data and Procedures
					General Guidelines
					Basic Relationships
					Design Conditions
					Building Data
					Load Components
				7. Cooling Load
					Peak Load Computation
					Opaque Surfaces
					Slab Floors
					Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space
					Transparent Fenestration Surfaces
					Infiltration and Ventilation
					Internal Gain
					Air Distribution System: Heat Gain
					Total Latent Load
					Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations
				8. Heating Load
					Exterior Surfaces Above Grade
					Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces
					Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space
					Ventilation and Infiltration
					Humidification
					Pickup Load
					Summary of Heating Load Procedures
				9. Load Calculation Example
					Solution
				10. Symbols
				References
				Tables
					Table 1 RLF Limitations
					Table 2 Typical Fenestration Characteristics
					Table 3 Unit Leakage Areas
					Table 4 Evaluation of Exposed Surface Area
					Table 5 Typical IDF Values, cfm/in2
					Table 6 Typical Duct Loss/Gain Factors
					Table 7 Opaque Surface Cooling Factor Coefficients
					Table 8 Roof Solar Absorptance roof
					Table 9 Peak Irradiance Equations
					Table 10 Peak Irradiance, Btu/h·ft2
					Table 11 Exterior Attachment Transmission
					Table 12 Shade Line Factors (SLFs)
					Table 13 Fenestration Solar Load Factors FFs
					Table 14 Interior Attenuation Coefficients (IACcl)
					Table 15 Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations
					Table 16 Summary of Heating Load Calculation Equations
					Table 17 Example House Characteristics
					Table 18 Example House Design Conditions
					Table 19 Example House Component Quantities
					Table 20 Example House Opaque Surface Factors
					Table 21 Example House Window Factors
					Table 22 Example House Envelope Loads
					Table 23 Example House Total Sensible Loads
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Example House
			--- CHAPTER 18: NONRESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATIONS ---
				1. Cooling Load Calculation Principles
					1.1 Terminology
						Heat Flow Rates
						Time Delay Effect
					1.2 Cooling Load Calculation Methods
						Cooling Load Calculations in Practice
					1.3 Data Assembly
				2. Internal Heat Gains
					2.1 People
					2.2 Lighting
						Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting
					2.3 Electric Motors
						Overloading or Underloading
						Radiation and Convection
					2.4 Appliances
						Cooking Appliances
						Hospital and Laboratory Equipment
						Office Equipment
				3. Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains
					3.1 Infiltration
						Standard Air Volumes
						Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values
						Elevation Correction Examples
					3.2 Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion
					3.3 Other Latent Loads
				4. Fenestration Heat Gain
					4.1 Fenestration Direct Solar , Diffuse Solar , and Conductive Heat Gains
					4.2 Exterior Shading
				5. Heat Balance Method
					5.1 Assumptions
					5.2 Elements
						Outdoor-Face Heat Balance
						Wall Conduction Process
						Indoor-Face Heat Balance
						Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain
						Air Heat Balance
					5.3 General Zone for Load Calculation
					5.4 Mathematical Description
						Conduction Process
						Heat Balance Equations
						Overall HB Iterative Solution
					5.5 Input Required
				6. Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method
					6.1 Assumptions and Principles
					6.2 Overview
					6.3 RTS Procedure
					6.4 Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces
						Sol-Air Temperature
						Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series
					6.5 Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces
						Floors
					6.6 Calculating Cooling Load
				7. Heating Load Calculations
					7.1 Heat Loss Calculations
						Outdoor Design Conditions
						Indoor Design Conditions
						Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses
						Infiltration
					7.2 Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances
					7.3 Other Heating Considerations
				8. System Heating and Cooling Load Effects
					8.1 Zoning
					8.2 Ventilation
					8.3 Air Heat Transport Systems
						On/Off Control Systems
						Variable-Air-Volume Systems
						Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems
						Mixed Air Systems
						Heat Gain from Fans
						Duct Surface Heat Transfer
						Duct Leakage
						Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures
						Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns
						Underfloor Air Distribution Systems
						Plenums in Load Calculations
					8.4 Central Plant
						Piping
						Pumps
				9. Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations
					9.1 Single-Room Example
						Room Characteristics
						Cooling Loads Using RTS Method
					9.2 Single-Room Example Peak Heating Load
					9.3 Whole-Building Example
						Design Process and Shell Building Definition
						Tenant Fit Design Process and Definition
						Room-by-Room Cooling and Heating Loads
						Conclusions
				10. Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods
				11. Building Example Drawings
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Representative Rates at Which Heat and Moisture Are Given Off by Human Beings in Different States of Activity
					Table 2 Lighting Power Densities Using Space-by-Space Method
					Table 3 Lighting Heat Gain Parameters for Typical Operating Conditions
					Table 4A Minimum Nominal Full-Load Efficiency for 60 Hz NEMA General-Purpose Electric Motors (Subtype I) Rated 600 V or Less (Random Wound)
					Table 4B Minimum Average Full-Load Efficiency for Polyphase Small Electric Motors
					Table 5A Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Unhooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions
					Table 5B Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Unhooded Electric Appliances during Cooking Conditions
					Table 5C Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Electric Appliances During Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions
					Table 5D Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Gas Appliances during Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions
					Table 5E Recommended Rates of Radiant Heat Gain from Hooded Solid-Fuel Appliances during Idle (Ready-to-Cook) Conditions
					Table 5F Recommended Rates of Radiant and Convective Heat Gain from Warewashing Equipment during Idle (Standby) or Washing Conditions
					Table 6 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Medical Equipment
					Table 7 Recommended Heat Gain from Typical Laboratory Equipment
					Table 8A Recommended Heat Gain for Typical Desktop Computers
					Table 8B Recommended Heat Gain for Typical Laptops and Laptop Docking Station
					Table 8C Recommended Heat Gain for Typical Tablet PC
					Table 8D Recommended Heat Gain for Typical Monitors
					Table 9 Recommended Heat Gain for Typical Printers
					Table 10 Recommended Heat Gain for Miscellaneous Equipment
					Table 11 Recommended Load Factors for Various Types of Offices
					Table 12 Diversity Factor for Different Equipment
					Table 13 Single-Layer Glazing Data Produced by WINDOW 7.4.6
					Table 14 Recommended Radiative/Convective Splits for Internal Heat Gains
					Table 15 Solar Absorptance Values of Various Surfaces
					Table 16 Wall Conduction Time Series (CTS)
					Table 17 Roof Conduction Time Series (CTS)
					Table 18 Thermal Properties and Code Numbers of Layers Used in Wall and Roof Descriptions for Tables 16 and 17
					Table 19 Representative Nonsolar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction
					Table 20 Representative Solar RTS Values for Light to Heavy Construction
					Table 21 RTS Representative Zone Construction for Tables 19 and 20
					Table 22 Average U-Factor for Basement Walls with Uniform Insulation
					Table 23 Average U-Factor for Basement Floors
					Table 24 Heat Loss Coefficient Fp of Slab Floor Construction
					Table 25 Common Sizing Calculations in Other Chapters
					Table 26 Summary of RTS Load Calculation Procedures
					Table 27 Monthly/Hourly 5% Design Temperatures for Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, °F
					Table 28 Cooling Load Component: Lighting, Btu/h
					Table 29A Conduction: Wall Component of Solar Irradiance (Month 7)
					Table 29B Conduction: Wall Component of Sol-Air Temperatures, Heat Input, Heat Gain, Cooling Load (Month 7)
					Table 30 Window Component of Heat Gain (No Blinds or Overhang) (Month7)
					Table 31 Window Component of Cooling Load (No Blinds or Overhang) (Month 7)
					Table 32 Window Component of Cooling Load (with Blinds, No Overhang) (Month 7)
					Table 33 Window Component of Cooling Load (with Blinds and Overhang) (Month 7)
					Table 34 Single-Room Example Cooling Load (July 3:00 PM) for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA
					Table 35 Single-Room Example Peak Cooling Load (Sept. 5:00 PM) for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA
					Table 36 Block Load Example: Envelope Area Summary, ft2
					Table 37 Block Load Example—First Floor Loads for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA
					Table 38 Block Load Example—Second Floor Loads for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA
					Table 39 Block Load Example—Overall Building Loads for ASHRAE Example Office Building, Atlanta, GA
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Origin of Difference Between Magnitude of Instantaneous Heat Gain and Instantaneous Cooling Load
					Fig. 2 Thermal Storage Effect in Cooling Load from Lights
					Fig. 3 Lighting Heat Gain Parameters for Recessed Fluorescent Luminaire Without Lens
					Fig. 4 Office Equipment Load Factor Comparison
					Fig. 5 Schematic of Heat Balance Processes in Zone
					Fig. 6 Schematic of Wall Conduction Process
					Fig. 7 Schematic View of General Heat Balance Zone
					Fig. 8 Overview of Radiant Time Series Method
					Fig. 9 CTS for Light to Heavy Walls
					Fig. 10 CTS for Walls with Similar Mass and Increasing Insulation
					Fig. 11 RTS for Light to Heavy Construction
					Fig. 12 Heat Flow from Below-Grade Surface
					Fig. 13 Ground Temperature Amplitude
					Fig. 14 Below-Grade Parameters
					Fig. 15 Schematic Diagram of Typical Return Air Plenum
					Fig. 16 Single-Room Example Office
					Fig. 17 First Floor Shell and Core Plan
					Fig. 18 Second Floor Shell and Core Plan
					Fig. 19 East/West Elevations, Elevation Details, and Perimeter Section
					Fig. 20 First Floor Tenant Plan
					Fig. 21 Second Floor Tenant Plan
					Fig. 22 3D View
			--- CHAPTER 19: ENERGY ESTIMATING AND MODELING METHODS ---
				1. General Considerations
					1.1 Models and Approaches
						Forward (Classical) Approach
						Data-Driven (Inverse) Approach
					1.2 Overall Modeling Strategies
					1.3 Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems
					1.4 History of Simulation Method Development
					1.5 Using Energy Models
						Typical Applications
						Choosing Measures for Evaluation
						When to Use Energy Models
						Energy Modelers
					1.6 Uncertainty in Modeling
					1.7 Choosing an Analysis Method
						Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs
				2. Degree-Day and Bin Methods
					2.1 Degree-Day Method
						Variable-Base Degree-Day Method
						Sources of Degree-Day Data
					2.2 Bin and Modified Bin Methods
				3. Thermal Loads Modeling
					3.1 Space Sensible Load Calculation Methods
						Heat Balance Method
						Weighting-Factor Method
						Comprehensive Room Transfer Function
						Thermal-Network Methods
						3.2 Envelope Component Modeling
							Above-Grade Opaque Surfaces
							Below-Grade Opaque Surfaces
							Fenestration
							Infiltration
						3.3 Inputs to Thermal Loads Models
							Choosing Climate Data
							Internal Heat Gains
							Occupant Behavior
							Thermal Zoning Strategies
				4. HVAC Component Modeling
					4.1 Modeling Strategies
						Empirical (Regression-Based) Models
						First-Principles Models
					4.2 Terminal Components
						Terminal Units and Controls
						Underfloor Air Distribution
						Thermal Displacement Ventilation
						Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems
					4.3 Secondary System Components
						Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems
						Heat and Mass Transfer Components
						Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
					4.4 Primary System Components
						Boilers
						Chillers
						Cooling Tower Model
						Variable-Speed Vapor-Compression Heat Pump Model
						Ground-Coupled Systems
					4.5 Modeling of System Controls
					4.6 Integration of System Models
				5. Low-Energy System Modeling
					5.1 Natural and Hybrid Ventilation
						Natural Ventilation
						Hybrid Ventilation
					5.2 Daylighting
					5.3 Passive Heating
				6. Data-Driven Modeling
					6.1 Categories of Data-Driven Methods
						Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach
						Gray-Box Approach
					6.2 Types of Data-Driven Models
						Steady-State Models
						Dynamic Models
					6.3 Model Accuracy and Goodness of Fit
					6.4 Examples Using Data-Driven Methods
						Modeling Utility Bill Data
						Neural Network Models
					6.5 Model Selection
				7. Model Calibration
					7.1 Bayesian Analysis
					7.2 Pattern-based Approach
					7.3 Multiobjective Optimization
				8. Validation and Testing
					8.1 Methodological Basis
						Empirical Validation
						External Error Types
						Analytical Verification
						Combining Empirical, Analytical, and Comparative Techniques
						Testing Model Calibration Techniques Using Synthetic Data
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Sample Annual Bin Data
					Table 2 Calculation of Annual Heating Energy Consumption for Example 2
					Table 3 Correlation Coefficients for Off-Design Relationships
					Table 4 Single-Variate Models Applied to Utility Billing Data
					Table 5 Capabilities of Different Forward and Data-Driven Modeling Methods
					Table 6 Calibration Methods and Techniques
					Table 7 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140 Validation Test Matrix
					Table 8 Validation Techniques
					Table 9 Types of Extrapolation
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Overall Modeling Strategy
					Fig. 2 Variation of Balance Point Temperature and Internal Gains for Typical House
					Fig. 3 Uncounted Ventilation Degree-Hours versus Counted Cooling Degree-Hours
					Fig. 4 Heat Pump Capacity and Building Load
					Fig. 5 Possible Part-Load Power Curves
					Fig. 6 Part-Load Curves for Typical Fan Operating Strategies
					Fig. 7 Fan Part-Load Curve Obtained from Measured Field Data under ASHRAE RP-823
					Fig. 8 Psychrometric Schematic of Cooling Coil Processes
					Fig. 9 Example Boiler Model: Efficiency as Function of Part-Load Ratio
					Fig. 10 Example Boiler Model: Efficiency as Function of Part-Load Ratio and Entering Water Temperature
					Fig. 11 Schematic of Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat
					Fig. 12 Algorithm for Calculating Performance of VAV with System Reheat
					Fig. 13 Split-Flux Method
					Fig. 14 Forward Ray-Tracing Method
					Fig. 15 Backward Ray-Tracing Method
					Fig. 16 Steady-State, Single-Variate Models for Modeling Energy Use in Residential and Commercial Buildings
					Fig. 17 Variable-Base Degree-Day Model Identification Using Electricity Utility Bills at Hospital
					Fig. 18 Neural Network Prediction of Whole-Building, Hourly Chilled-Water Consumption for Commercial Building
					Fig. 19 Validation Method
					Fig. 20 Calibration Cases Conceptual Flow
			--- CHAPTER 20: SPACE AIR DIFFUSION ---
				1. Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability
				2. Terminology
					Outlet Types and Characteristics
				3. Principles of Jet Behavior
					Air Jet Fundamentals
					Isothermal Radial Flow Jets
					Nonisothermal Jets
					Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet
					Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet
					Air Curtain Units
					Multiple Jets
					Air Movement in Occupied Zone
				4. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Generic Values for Centerline Velocity Constant Kc3 a for Commercial Supply Outlets for Fully and Partially Mixed Systems, Except UFAD
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Classification of Air Diffusion Methods
					Fig. 2 Example Airflow Patterns of Outlet Group A1
					Fig. 3 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group A1
					Fig. 4 Example Airflow Patterns (Isothermal) of Outlet Group A2
					Fig. 5 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group B AR
					Fig. 6 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group C
					Fig. 7 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group D (High Velocity)
					Fig. 8 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group D (Low Velocity)
					Fig. 9 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group E (High Velocity)
					Fig. 10 Example Airflow Patterns (Nonisothermal) of Outlet Group E (Low Velocity)
					Fig. 11 Zones of Expansion for Axial or Radial Air Jets
					Fig. 12 Zones of Expansion for Linear Air Jets
					Fig. 13 Cross-Sectional Velocity Profiles for Straight-Flow Turbulent Jets
					Fig. 14 Thermal Plume from Point Source
					Fig. 15 Schematic Diagram of Major Flow Elements in Room with Displacement Ventilation
			--- CHAPTER 21: DUCT DESIGN ---
				1. Bernoulli Equation
					1.1 Head and Pressure
						Static Pressure
						Velocity Pressure
						Total Pressure
						Pressure and Velocity Measurements
				2. System Analysis
					2.1 Pressure Changes in System
				3. Fluid Resistance
					3.1 Friction Losses
						Darcy and Colebrook Equations
						Roughness Factors
						Friction Chart
						Noncircular Ducts
					3.2 Dynamic Losses
						Local Loss Coefficients
						Duct Fitting Database
					3.3 Ductwork Sectional Losses
						Darcy-Weisbach Equation
				4. Fan/System Interface
					Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions
					Fan System Effect Coefficients
				5. Mechanical Equipment Rooms
					Outdoor Air Intake and Exhaust Air Discharge Locations
					Equipment Room Locations
				6. Duct Design
					6.1 Design Considerations
						HVAC System Air Leakage
						Fire and Smoke Control
						Duct Insulation
						Physical Security
						Louvers
						Duct Shape Selection
						Testing and Balancing
					6.2 Design Recommendations
					6.3 Design Methods
						Noise Control
						Goals
						Design Method to Use
					6.4 Industrial Exhaust Systems
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Duct Roughness Factors
					Table 2 Solution for Example 6
					Table 3 Equivalent Rectangular Duct Dimensions for Equal Friction and Airflow
					Table 4 Equivalent Flat Oval Dimensions
					Table 5 Duct Fitting Codes
					Table 6 8 in. VAV Box Data
					Table 7 ED7-2 Loss Coefficients (see Figure 15)
					Table 8 Solution for Example 7
					Table 9 Maximum Airflow of Round, Flat Oval and Rectangular Ducts as Function of Available Ceiling Space
					Table 10 Options for Selecting 90° Takeoff
					Table 11 Options for Selecting 45° Takeoff (Wye)
					Table 12 Recommended Maximum Airflow Velocities to Achieve 
Specified Acoustic Design Criteria
					Table 13 Guide for Selecting Low-Pressure System 
Friction Rate
					Table 14 Example 8, Equal Friction Design
					Table 15 Example 8, Static Regain Design
					Table 16 Static Regain Iteration Process for Section 4
					Table 17 Summary of System Duct Sizes
					Table 18 System Unbalance
					Table 19 Total Pressure Loss Calculations by Sections for Example 9
					Table 20 Loss Coefficient Summary by Sections for Example 9
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Thermal Gravity Effect for Example 1
					Fig. 2 Multiple Stacks for Example 2
					Fig. 3 Illustrative 6-Path, 9-Section System
					Fig. 4 Single Stack with Fan for Examples 3 and 4
					Fig. 5 Triple Stack System for Example 5
					Fig. 6 Pressure Changes During Flow in Ducts
					Fig. 7 Pressure Loss Correction Factor for Flexible Duct Not Fully Extended
					Fig. 8 Diffuser Installation Suggestions
					Fig. 9 Friction Chart for Round Duct
					Fig. 10 Plot Illustrating Relative Resistance of
Roughness Categories
					Fig. 11 VAV Box Loss Coefficient Plot
					Fig. 12 Deficient System Performance with
System Effect Ignored
					Fig. 13 Establishment of Uniform Velocity Profile in Straight Fan Outlet Duct
					Fig. 14 Inlet Duct Connections Causing Inlet Spin
					Fig. 15 Fitting ED7-2 (Fan Inlet, Centrifugal Fan, SISW, with
4-Gore Elbow)
					Fig. 16 Comparison of Various Mechanical Equipment Room Locations
					Fig. 17 Duct Layout for Example 7
					Fig. 18 Criteria for Louver Sizing
					Fig. 19 Relative Weight of Rectangular Duct to Round
Spiral Duct
					Fig. 20 Maximum Airflow of Round, Flat Oval, and
Rectangular Ducts as Function of Available Ceiling Space
					Fig. 21 Guidelines For Minimizing Regenerated Noise in Takeoff
					Fig. 22 Guidelines for Centrifugal Fan Installations
					Fig. 23 Guidelines for VAV Terminal Unit Installation
					Fig. 24 Economizer Duct System Shown
					Fig. 25 System Layout for Example 8
					Fig. 26 Air Density for Example 8
					Fig. 27 Sizing Section 2 for EF and SR Design Examples
					Fig. 28 EF Design: Sizing Sections 4, 6, and 8 Knowing Design Friction Rate (Section 4 Shown)
					Fig. 29 Metalworking Exhaust System for Example 9
					Fig. 30 System Schematic with Section Numbers for
Example 9
					Fig. 31 Total Pressure Grade Line for Example 9
			--- CHAPTER 22: PIPE DESIGN ---
				1. Fundamentals
					1.1 Codes and Standards
					1.2 Design Considerations
					1.3 General Pipe Systems
						Metallic Pipe Systems
						Nonmetallic (Plastic) Pipe Systems
						Special Systems
					1.4 Design Equations
						Darcy-Weisbach Equation
						Hazen-Williams Equation
						Valve and Fitting Losses
						Losses in Multiple Fittings
						Calculating Pressure Losses
						Stress Calculations
					1.5 Sizing Procedure
					1.6 Pipe-Supporting Elements
						Hanger Spacing and Pipe Wall Thickness
					1.7 Pipe Expansion and Flexibility
					1.8 Pipe Bends and Loops
						L Bends
						Z Bends
						U Bends and Pipe Loops
						Expansion and Contraction Control of Other Materials
						Cold Springing of Pipe
						Analyzing Existing Piping Configurations
				2. Pipe and Fitting Materials
					2.1 Pipe
						Steel Pipe
						Copper Tube
						Ductile Iron and Cast Iron
						Nonmetallic (Plastic)
					2.2 Fittings
					2.3 Joining Methods
						Threading
						Soldering and Brazing
						Flared and Compression Joints
						Flanges
						Welding
						Integrally Reinforced Outlet Fittings
						Solvent Cement
						Rolled-Groove Joints
						Bell-and-Spigot Joints
						Press-Connect (Press Fit) Joints
						Push-Connect Joints
						Unions
					2.4 Expansion Joints and Expansion Compensating Devices
						Packed Expansion Joints
						Packless Expansion Joints
				3. Applications
					3.1 Water Piping
						Flow Rate Limitations
						Noise Generation
						Erosion
						Allowances for Aging
						Water Hammer
					3.2 Service Water Piping
						Plastic Pipe
						Procedure for Sizing Cold-Water Systems
						Hydronic System Piping
						Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts
						Air Separation
						Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop
					3.3 Steam Piping
						Pipe Sizes
						Sizing Charts
					3.4 Low-Pressure Steam Piping
						High-Pressure Steam Piping
						Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts
					3.5 Steam Condensate Systems
						Two-Pipe Systems
						One-Pipe Systems
					3.6 Gas Piping
					3.7 Fuel Oil Piping
						Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Common Applications of Pipe, Fittings, and Valves for Heating and Air Conditioning
					Table 2 Manufacturers’ Recommendations^a,b for Plastic Materials
					Table 3 K Factors: Threaded Steel Pipe Fittings
					Table 4 K Factors: Flanged Welded Steel Pipe Fittings
					Table 5 Approximate Range of Variation for K Factors of Steel Fittings
					Table 6 Summary of K Values for Steel Ells, Reducers, and Expansions
					Table 7 Summary of Test Data for Loss Coefficients K for Steel Pipe Tees
					Table 8 Test Summary for Loss Coefficients K and Equivalent Loss Lengths
					Table 9 Test Summary for Loss Coefficients K of PVC Tees
					Table 10 Capacities of ASTM A36 Steel Threaded Rods
					Table 11 Suggested Hanger Spacing and Rod Size for Straight Horizontal Runs
					Table 12 Suggested Maximum Spacing Between Hangers/Support for PVC and CPVC Pipe
					Table 13 Thermal Expansion of Metal Pipe
					Table 14 Pipe Loop Design for A53 Grade B Carbon Steel Pipe Through 400°F
					Table 15 Allowable Stresses for Pipe and Tube
					Table 16 Steel Pipe Data
					Table 17 Copper Tube Data
					Table 18 Properties of Pipe Materials
					Table 19 Applicable Standards for Fittings
					Table 20 Internal Working Pressure for Copper Tube Joints
					Table 21 Piping System Design Maximum Flow Rate for Energy Conservation
					Table 22 Water Velocities Based on Type of Service
					Table 23 Maximum Water Velocity to Minimize Erosion
					Table 24 Proper Flow and Pressure Required During Flow for Different Fixtures
					Table 25 Demand Weights of Fixtures in Fixture Units
					Table 26 Allowable Number of 1 in. Flush Valves Served by Various Sizes of Water Pipe
					Table 27 Equivalent Length in Feet of Pipe for 90° Elbows
					Table 28 Iron and Copper Elbow Equivalents
					Table 29 Pressure Drops Used for Sizing Steam Pipe
					Table 30 Comparative Capacity of Steam Lines at Various Pitches for Steam and Condensate Flowing in Opposite Directions
					Table 31 Equivalent Length of Fittings to Be Addedto Pipe Run
					Table 32 Flow Rate of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe
					Table 33 Steam Pipe Capacities for Low-Pressure Systems
					Table 34 Return Main and Riser Capacities for Low-Pressure Systems, lb/h
					Table 35 Vented Dry Condensate Return for Gravity Flow Based on Manning Equation
					Table 36 Vented Wet Condensate Return for Gravity Flow Based on Darcy-Weisbach Equation
					Table 37 Flow Rate for Dry-Closed Returns
					Table 38 Flash Steam from Steam Trap on Pressure Drop
					Table 39 Estimated Return Line Pressures
					Table 40 Maximum Capacity of Gas Pipe in Cubic Feet per Hour
					Table 41 Recommended Nominal Size for Fuel Oil Suction Lines from Tank to Pump (Residual Grades No. 5 and No. 6)
					Table 42 Recommended Nominal Size for Fuel Oil Suction Lines from Tank to Pump (Distillate Grades No. 1 and No. 2)
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Close-Coupled Test Configurations
					Fig. 2 Summary Plot of Effect of Close-Coupled Configurations for 2 in. Ells
					Fig. 3 Summary Plot of Effect of Close-Coupled Configurations for 4 in. Ells
					Fig. 4 Guided Cantilever Beam
					Fig. 5 Z Bend in Pipe
					Fig. 6 Multiplane Pipe System
					Fig. 7 Packed Slip Expansion Joint
					Fig. 8 Flexible Ball Joint
					Fig. 9 Demand Versus Fixture Units, Mixed System, High Part of Curve
					Fig. 10 Estimate Curves for Demand Load
					Fig. 11 Section of Figure 10 on Enlarged Scale
					Fig. 12 Pressure Losses in Disk-Type Water Meters
					Fig. 13 Variation of Pressure Loss with Flow Rate for Various Faucets and Cocks
					Fig. 14 Friction Loss for Water in Commercial Steel Pipe (Schedule 40)
					Fig. 15 Friction Loss for Water in Copper Tubing (Types K, L, M)
					Fig. 16 Friction Loss for Water in Plastic Pipe (Schedule 80)
					Fig. 17 Elbow Equivalents of Tees at Various Flow Conditions
					Fig. 18 Flow Rate and Velocity of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe at Saturation Pressure of 0 psig
					Fig. 19A Flow Rate and Velocity of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe at Saturation Pressure of 30 psig
					Fig. 19B Flow Rate and Velocity of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe at Saturation Pressure of 50 psig
					Fig. 19C Flow Rate and Velocity of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe at Saturation Pressure of 100 psig
					Fig. 19D Flow Rate and Velocity of Steam in Schedule 40 Pipe at Saturation Pressure of 150 psig
					Fig. 20 Velocity Multiplier Chart for Figure 18
					Fig. 21 Types of Condensate Return Systems
					Fig. 22 Working Chart for Determining Percentageof Flash Steam (Quality)
					Fig. 23 Typical Oil Circulating Loop
			--- CHAPTER 23: INSULATION FOR MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ---
				1. Design Objectives and Considerations
					Energy Conservation
					Economic Thickness
					Personnel Protection
					Condensation Control
					Freeze Prevention
					Noise Control
					Fire Safety
					Corrosion Under Insulation
				2. Materials and Systems
					Categories of Insulation Materials
					Physical Properties of Insulation Materials
					Weather Protection
					Vapor Retarders
				3. Installation
					Pipe Insulation
					Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment
					Ducts
				4. Design Data
					Estimating Heat Loss and Gain
					Controlling Surface Temperatures
				5. Project Specifications
				Standards
				References
				Tables
					Table 1 Minimum Duct Insulation R-Value, Cooling- and Heating-Only Supply Ducts and Return Ducts
					Table 2 Minimum Pipe Insulation Thickness, in.
					Table 3 Minimum Duct Insulation R-Value, Combined Heating and Cooling Supply Ducts and Return Ducts
					Table 4 Insulation Thickness Required to Prevent Surface Condensation
					Table 5 Design Weather Data for Condensation Control
					Table 6 Time to Cool Water to Freezing, h
					Table 7 Insertion Loss for Pipe Insulation Materials, dB
					Table 8 Performance Property Guide for Insulation Materials
					Table 9 Thermal Conductivities of Cylindrical Pipe Insulation at 55 and 75°F
					Table 10 Minimum Saddle Lengths for Use with Fibrous Glass Pipe Insulation
					Table 11 Minimum Saddle Lengths for Use with 2 lb/ft3 Polyisocyanurate Foam Insulation (0.5 to 3 in. thick)
					Table 12 Emittance Data of Commonly Used Materials
					Table 13 Inner and Outer Diameters of Standard Pipe Insulation
					Table 14 Inner and Outer Diameters of Standard Tubing Insulation
					Table 15 Inner and Outer Diameters of Standard Flexible Closed-Cell Pipe Insulation
					Table 16 Inner and Outer Diameters of Standard Flexible Closed-Cell Tubing Insulation
					Table 17 Heat Loss from Bare Steel Pipe to Still Air at 80°F, Btu/h· ft
					Table 18 Heat Loss from Bare Copper Tube to Still Air at 80°F, Btu/h·ft
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Determination of Economic Thickness of Insulation
					Fig. 2 Relative Humidity Histogram for Charlotte, NC
					Fig. 3 ASHRAE Psychrometric Chart No. 1
					Fig. 4 Time to Freeze Nomenclature
					Fig. 5 Insertion Loss Versus Weight of Jacket
					Fig. 6 Insulating Pipe Hangers
					Fig. 7 R-Value Required to Prevent Condensation on Surface with Emittance ɛ = 0.1
					Fig. 8 R-Value Required to Prevent Condensation on Surface with Emittance ɛ = 0.9
			--- CHAPTER 24: AIRFLOW AROUND BUILDINGS ---
				1. Flow Patterns
					Flow Patterns Around Isolated, Rectangular Block- Type Buildings
					Flow Patterns Around Building Groups
				2. Wind Pressure on Buildings
					Approach Wind Speed
					Local Wind Pressure Coefficients
					Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures
					Roof Pressures
					Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures
				3. Sources of Wind Data
					Wind at Recording Stations
					Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations
				4. Wind Effects on System Operation
					Natural and Mechanical Ventilation
					Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Flow Rate
					Chemical Hood Operation
				5. Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control
					Pressure Balance
					Internal Flow Control
				6. Environmental Impacts of Building External Flow
					Pollutant Dispersion and Exhaust Reentrainment
					Pedestrian Wind Comfort and Safety
					Wind-Driven Rain on Buildings
				7. Physical and Computational Modeling
					Physical Modeling
					Similarity Requirements
					Wind Simulation Facilities
					Designing Model Test Programs
					Computational Modeling
				8. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Parameters
					Table 2 Typical Relationship of Hourly Wind Speed Umet to Annual Average Wind Speed Uannual
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Wind Flow Pattern Around High-Rise Building Slab
					Fig. 2 Wind Flow Pattern Around Isolated Building
					Fig. 3 Surface Flow Patterns for Normal and Oblique Winds
					Fig. 4 Flow Recirculation Regions
					Fig. 5 Buildings in (A) Converging and (B) Diverging Configuration
					Fig. 6 Amplification Factor K in Horizontal Plane at y = 2 m above Ground for Converging and Diverging Arrangement with H = 30 m and w = 75 m and 20 m
					Fig. 7 Flow Regimes Associated with Airflow over Building Arrays of Increasing H/W
					Fig. 8 Local Pressure Coefficients (Cp x 100) for High-Rise Building with Varying Wind Direction
					Fig. 9 Local Pressure Coefficients for Low-Rise Building with Varying Wind Direction
					Fig. 10 Surface-Averaged Wall Pressure Coefficients for High-Rise Buildings
					Fig. 11 Surface-Averaged Wall Pressure Coefficients for Low-Rise Buildings
					Fig. 12 Surface-Averaged Roof Pressure Coefficients for Tall Buildings
					Fig. 13 Local Roof Pressure Coefficients for Roof of Low-Rise Buildings
					Fig. 14 Frequency Distribution of Wind Speed and Direction
					Fig. 15 Sensitivity of System Volume to Locations of Building Openings, Intakes, and Exhausts
					Fig. 16 Intake and Exhaust Pressures on Exhaust Fan in Single-Zone Building
					Fig. 17 Effect of Wind-Assisted and Wind-Opposed Flow
					Fig. 18 Flow Patterns Around Rectangular Block Building
			---CHAPTER 25: HEAT, AIR, AND MOISTURE CONTROL IN BUILDING
ASSEMBLIES—FUNDAMENTALS ---
				1. Fundamentals
					1.1 Terminology and Symbols
						Heat
						Air
						Moisture
					1.2 Hygrothermal Loads and Driving Forces
						Ambient Temperature and Humidity
						Indoor Temperature and Humidity
						Solar Radiation
						Exterior Condensation
						Wind-Driven Rain
						Construction Moisture
						Ground- and Surface Water
						Air Pressure Differentials
				2. Heat Transfer
					2.1 Steady-State Thermal Response
						Surface-to-Surface Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly
						Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Heat Transfer
						Heat Flow Across an Air Space
						Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly
						Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly
						Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component
						Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths
						Thermal Bridging and Thermal Performance of Multidimensional Construction
						Linear and Point Thermal Transmittances
					2.2 Transient Thermal Response
				3. Airflow
					Heat Flux with Airflow
				4. Moisture Transfer
					4.1 Moisture Storage in Building Materials
					4.2 Moisture Flow Mechanisms
						Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion
						Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement
						Water Flow by Capillary Suction
						Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content
						Transient Moisture Flow
				5. Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer
				6. Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses
					6.1 Surface Humidity and Condensation
					6.2 Interstitial Condensation and Drying
						Dew-Point Method
				7. Transient Computational Analysis
					7.1 Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results
						Thermal Comfort
						Perceived Air Quality
						Human Health
						Durability of Finishes and Structure
						Energy Efficiency
						References
						Bibliography
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Hygrothermal Loads and Alternating Diurnal or Seasonal Directions Acting on Building Envelope
					Fig. 2 Solar Vapor Drive and Interstitial Condensation
					Fig. 3 Typical Wind-Driven Rain Rose for Open Ground
					Fig. 4 Measured Reduction in Catch Ratio Close to Façade of One-Story Building at Height of 6 ft
					Fig. 5 Heat Flux by Thermal Radiation and Combined Convection and Conduction Across Vertical or Horizontal Air Layer
					Fig. 6 Examples of Airflow Patterns
					Fig. 7 Sorption Isotherms for Porous Building Materials
					Fig. 8 Sorption Isotherm and Suction Curve for Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)
					Fig. 9 Capillary Rise in Hydrophilic Materials
					Fig. 10 Moisture Fluxes by Vapor Diffusion and Liquid Flow in Single Capillary of Exterior Wall under Winter Conditions
			--- CHAPTER 26: HEAT, AIR, AND MOISTURE CONTROL IN BUILDING ASSEMBLIES—MATERIAL PROPERTIES ---
				1. Insulation Materials and Insulating Systems
					1.1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity
						Influencing Conditions
					1.2 Materials and Systems
						Glass Fiber and Mineral Wool
						Cellulose Fiber
						Plastic Foams
						Cellular Glass
						Capillary-Active Insulation Materials (CAIMs)
						Transparent Insulation
						Vacuum Insulation Panels
						Reflective Insulation Systems
				2. Air Barriers
				3. Water Vapor Retarders
				4. Data Tables
					4.1 Thermal Property Data
					4.2 Surface Emissivity and Emittance Data
					4.3 Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces
					4.4 Air Permeance Data
					4.5 Water Vapor Permeance Data
					4.6 Moisture Storage Data
					4.7 Soils Data
					4.8 Surface Film Coefficients/ Resistances
					4.9 Codes and Standards
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Building and Insulating Materials: Design Values
					Table 2 Emissivity of Various Surfaces and Effective Emittances of Facing Air Spaces
					Table 3 Effective Thermal Resistance of Plane Air Spaces h·ft2·°F/Btu
					Table 4 Air Permeability of Different Materials
					Table 5 Typical Water Vapor Permeance and Permeability for Common Building Materials
					Table 6 Water Vapor Permeance at Various Relative Humidities and Capillary Water Absorption Coefficient
					Table 7 Sorption/Desorption Isotherms of Building Materials at Various Relative Humidities
					Table 8 Typical Apparent Thermal Conductivity Valuesfor Soils, Btu· in/h·ft2 ·°F
					Table 9 Typical Apparent Thermal Conductivity Valuesfor Rocks, Btu· in/h·ft2· °F
					Table 10 Surface Film Coefficients/Resistances
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Apparent Thermal Conductivity Versus Density of Several Thermal Insulations Used as Building Insulations
					Fig. 2 Variation of Apparent Thermal Conductivity with Fiber Diameter and Density
					Fig. 3 Working Principle of Capillary-Active Interior Insulation
					Fig. 4 Permeability of Wood-Based Sheathing Materials at Various Relative Humidities
					Fig. 5 Sorption/Desorption Isotherms, Cement Board
					Fig. 6 Trends of Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Moist Soils
			--- CHAPTER 27: HEAT, AIR , AND MOISTURE CONTROL IN BUILDING
ASSEMBLIES—EXAMPLES ---
				1. Heat Transfer
					1.1 One-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation
						Wall Assembly U-Factor
						Roof Assembly U-Factor
						Attics
						Basement Walls and Floors
					1.2 Two-Dimensional Assembly U-Factor Calculation
						Wood-Frame Walls
						Masonry Walls
						Constructions Containing Metal
						Zone Method of Calculation
						Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities
						Complex Assemblies
						Windows and Doors
				2. Moisture Transport
					2.1 Wall with Insulated Sheathing
					2.2 Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis
						Winter Wall Wetting Examples
				3. Transient Hygrothermal Modeling
				4. Air Movement
					Equivalent Permeance
				References
				Bibliography
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Structural Insulated Panel Assembly (Example 1)
					Fig. 2 Roof Assembly (Example 2)
					Fig. 3 (A) Wall Assembly for Example 3, with Equivalent Electrical Circuits: (B) Parallel Path and (C) Isothermal Planes
					Fig. 4 Insulated Concrete Block Wall (Example 4)
					Fig. 5 Wall Section and Equivalent Electrical Circuit (Example 5)
					Fig. 6 Modified Zone Factor for Calculating R-Value of Metal Stud Walls with Cavity Insulation
					Fig. 7 Corner Composed of Homogeneous Material Showing Locations of Isotherms
					Fig. 8 Insulating Material Installed on Conductive Material, Showing Temperature Anomaly (Point A) at Insulation Edge
					Fig. 9 Brick Veneer Shelf for Example 6
					Fig. 10 Dew-Point Calculation in Wood-Framed Wall (Example 8)
					Fig. 11 Drying Wet Sheathing, Winter (Example 9)
					Fig. 12 Drying Wet Sheathing, Summer (Example 9)
			--- CHAPTER 28: COMBUSTION AND FUELS ---
				1. Principles of Combustion
					Combustion Reactions
					Flammability Limits
					Ignition Temperature
					Combustion Modes
					Heating Value
					Altitude Compensation
				2. Fuel Classification
				3. Gaseous Fuels
					Types and Properties
				4. Liquid Fuels
					Types of Fuel Oils
					Characteristics of Fuel Oils
					Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines
				5. Solid Fuels
					Types of Coals
					Characteristics of Coal
				6. Combustion Calculations
					Air Required for Combustion
					Theoretical CO2
					Quantity of Flue Gas Produced
					Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas
					Sample Combustion Calculations
				7. Efficiency Calculations
					Seasonal Efficiency
				8. Combustion Considerations
					Air Pollution
					Portable Combustion Analyzers (PCAs)
					Condensation and Corrosion
					Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances
					Soot
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Combustion Reactions of Common Fuel Constituents
					Table 2 Flammability Limits and Ignition Temperatures of Common Fuels in Fuel/Air Mixtures
					Table 3 Heating Values of Substances Occurring in Common Fuels
					Table 4 Propane/Air and Butane/Air Gas Mixtures
					Table 5 Components of Organic Portion of Municipal Solid Waste
					Table 6 Landfill Gas Composition
					Table 7 Typical Compounds and Concentrations in Biogasfrom Anaerobic Digester
					Table 8 Typical Compounds and Concentrations Found in Syngas from Thermal Gasification
					Table 9 Sulfur Content of Marketed Fuel Oils
					Table 10 Typical API Gravity, Density, and Higher Heating Value of Standard Grades of Fuel Oil
					Table 11 Classification of Coals by Ranka
					Table 12 Typical Ultimate Analyses for Coals
					Table 13 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuels by Category
					Table 14 Theoretical Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Various Fuels
					Table 15 Approximate Maximum Theoretical (Stoichiometric) CO2 Values, and CO2 Values of Various Fuels with Different Percentages of Excess Air
					Table 16 NOx Emission Factors for Combustion Sources
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances
					Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils
					Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue G
					Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels
					Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point
					Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels
					Fig. 7 Feedback Loop Stability Model Defined by Baade (1978, 2004)
			--- CHAPTER 29: REFRIGERANTS ---
				1. Refrigerant Properties
					Global Environmental Properties
					Physical Properties
					Electrical Properties
					Sound Velocity
				2. Refrigerant Performance
				3. Safety
				4. Leak Detection
					Electronic Detection
					Bubble Method
					Pressure Change Methods
					UV Dye Method
					Ammonia Leaks
				5. Compatibility with Construction Materials
					Metals
					Elastomers
					Plastics
					Additional Compatibility Reports
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Refrigerant Data and Safety Classifications
					Table 2 Data and Safety Classifications for Refrigerant Blends
					Table 3A Refrigerant Environmental Properties
					Table 3B Refrigerant Environmental Properties
					Table 4 Environmental Properties of Refrigerant Blends; based on Montreal Protocol Reporting ODP and IPCC AR4and AR5 GWP100 of Components
					Table 5 Physical Properties of Selected Refrigerantsa
					Table 6 Electrical Properties of Liquid Refrigerants
					Table 7 Electrical Properties of Refrigerant Vapors
					Table 8 Comparative Refrigerant Performance per Ton of Refrigeration
					Table 9 Swelling of Elastomers in Liquid Refrigerants at Room Temperature, % Linear Swell
			--- CHAPTER 30: THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS ---
				1. Refrigerant 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane)
					Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				2. Refrigerant 22 (chlorodifluoromethane)
					Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				3. Refrigerant 23 (trifluoromethane)
					Refrigerant 23 (Trifluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				4. Refrigerant 32 (difluoromethane)
					Refrigerant 32 (Difluoromethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				5. Refrigerant 123 (2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane)
					Refrigerant 123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				6. Refrigerant 124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)
					Refrigerant 124 (2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				7. Refrigerant 125 (pentafluoroethane)
					Refrigerant 125 (Pentafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				8. Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)
					Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
					Refrigerant 134a Properties of Superheated Vapor
				9. Refrigerant 143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane)
					Refrigerant 143a (1,1,1-Trifluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				10. Refrigerant 152a (1,1-difluoroethane)
					Refrigerant 152a (1,1-Difluoroethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				11. Refrigerant 245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane)
					Refrigerant 245fa (1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				12. Refrigerant 1233zd(E) (trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene)
					Refrigerant 1233zd(E) (trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				13. Refrigerant 1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene)
					Refrigerant 1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				14. Refrigerant 1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene)
					Refrigerant 1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				15. Refrigerant 404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)]
					Refrigerant 404A [R-125/143a/134a (44/52/4)] Properties of Liquid on Bubble Line and Vapor on Dew Line
				16. Refrigerant 407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)]
					Refrigerant 407C [R-32/125/134a (23/25/52)] Properties of Liquid on Bubble Line and Vapor on Dew Line
				17. Refrigerant 410A [R-32/125 (50/50)]
					Refrigerant 410A [R-32/125 (50/50)] Properties of Liquid on Bubble Line and Vapor on Dew Line
				18. Refrigerant 507A [R-125/143a (50/50)]
					Refrigerant 507A [R-125/143a (50/50)] Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				19. Refrigerant 717 (ammonia)
					Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				20. Refrigerant 718 (water/steam)
					Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				21. Refrigerant 744 (carbon dioxide)
					Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				22. Refrigerant 50 (methane)
					Refrigerant 50 (Methane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
					Refrigerant 50 (Methane) Properties of Gas at 14.696 psia (one standard atmosphere)
				23. Refrigerant 170 (ethane)
					Refrigerant 170 (Ethane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				24. Refrigerant 290 (propane)
					Refrigerant 290 (Propane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				25. Refrigerant 600 (n-butane)
					Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				26. Refrigerant 600a (isobutane)
					Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				27. Refrigerant 1150 (ethylene)
					Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				28. Refrigerant 1270 (propylene)
					Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
				29. Refrigerant 704 (helium)
					Refrigerant 704 (Helium) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
					Refrigerant 704 (Helium) Properties of Gas at 14.696 psia (one standard atmosphere)
				30. Refrigerant 728 (nitrogen)
					Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
					Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) Properties of Gas at 14.696 psia (one standard atmosphere)
				31. Refrigerant 729 (air)
					Refrigerant 729 (Air) Properties of Liquid on the Bubble Line and Vapor on the Dew Line
					Refrigerant 729 (Air) Properties of Gas at 14.696 psia (one standard atmosphere)
				32. Refrigerant 732 (oxygen)
					Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
					Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) Properties of Gas at 14.696 psia (one standard atmosphere)
				33. Refrigerant 740 (argon)
					Refrigerant 740 (Argon) Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
					Refrigerant 740 (Argon) Properties of Gas at 14.696 psia (one standard atmosphere)
				34. Ammonia/Water
					Specific Volume of Saturated Ammonia-Water Solutions, ft3/lb
				35. Water/Lithium Bromide
					Refrigerant Temperature (t = °F) and Enthalpy (h = Btu/lb) of Lithium Bromide Solutions
				References
					Fig. 38 Specific Heat of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
					Fig. 39 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 12
					Fig. 2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 22
					Fig. 3 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 23
					Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 32
					Fig. 5 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 123
					Fig. 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 124
					Fig. 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 125
					Fig. 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 134a
					Fig. 9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 143a
					Fig. 10 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 152a
					Fig. 11 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 245fa
					Fig. 12 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant R-1233zd(E)
					Fig. 13 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234yf
					Fig. 14 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1234ze(E)
					Fig. 15 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 404A
					Fig. 16 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 407C
					Fig. 17 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 410A
					Fig. 18 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 507A
					Fig. 19 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia)
					Fig. 20 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam)
					Fig. 21 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide)
					Fig. 22 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 50 (Methane)
					Fig. 23 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 170 (Ethane)
					Fig. 24 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 290 (Propane)
					Fig. 25 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane)
					Fig. 26 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane)
					Fig. 27 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene)
					Fig. 28 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene)
					Fig. 29 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 704 (Helium)
					Fig. 30 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen)
					Fig. 31 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 729 (Air)
					Fig. 32 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen)
					Fig. 33 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Refrigerant 740 (Argon)
					Fig. 34 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park
					Fig. 35 Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram for Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions
					Fig. 36 Equilibrium Chart for Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
					Fig. 37 Specific Gravity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
					Fig. 38 Specific Heat of Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
					Fig. 39 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Lithium Bromide
			--- CHAPTER 31: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SECONDARY 
COOLANTS (BRINES) ---
				1. Salt-Based Brines
					Physical Properties
					Corrosion Inhibition
				2. Inhibited Glycols
					Physical Properties
					Corrosion Inhibition
					Service Considerations
				3. Halocarbons
				4. Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Properties of Pure Calcium Chloridea Brines
					Table 2 Properties of Pure Sodium Chloridea Brines
					Table 3 Physical Properties of Ethylene Glycol and Propylene Glycol
					Table 4 Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol
					Table 5 Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol
					Table 6 Density of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol
					Table 7 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol
					Table 8 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol
					Table 9 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol
					Table 10 Density of Aqueous Solutions of an Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol
					Table 11 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol
					Table 12 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol
					Table 13 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene Glycol
					Table 14 Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane Heat Transfer Fluid
					Table 15 Summary of Physical Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane Mixture and d-Limonene
					Table 16 Physical Properties of d-Limonene
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Specific Heat of Calcium Chloride Brines
					Fig. 2 Specific Gravity of Calcium Chloride Brines
					Fig. 3 Viscosity of Calcium Chloride Brines
					Fig. 4 Thermal Conductivity of Calcium Chloride Brines
					Fig. 5 Specific Heat of Sodium Chloride Brines
					Fig. 6 Specific Gravity of Sodium Chloride Brines
					Fig. 7 Viscosity of Sodium Chloride Brines
					Fig. 8 Thermal Conductivity of Sodium Chloride Brines
					Fig. 9 Density of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Ethylene Glycol (vol. %)
					Fig. 10 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Ethylene Glycol (vol. %)
					Fig. 11 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Ethylene Glycol (vol. %)
					Fig. 12 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Ethylene Glycol (vol. %)
					Fig. 13 Density of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol.%)
					Fig. 14 Specific Heat of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol.%)
					Fig. 15 Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol.%)
					Fig. 16 Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Industrially Inhibited Propylene Glycol (vol.%)
			--- CHAPTER 32: SORBENTS AND DESICCANTS ---
				1. Desiccant Applications
				2. Desiccant Cycle
				3. Types of Desiccants
					Liquid Absorbents
					Solid Adsorbents
				4. Desiccant Isotherms
				5. Desiccant Life
				6. Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Vapor Pressures and Dew-Point Temperatures Corresponding to Different Relative Humidities at 70°F
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Desiccant Water Vapor Pressure as Function of Moisture Content
					Fig. 2 Desiccant Water Vapor Pressure as Function of Desiccant Moisture Content and Temperature
					Fig. 3 Desiccant Cycle
					Fig. 4 Surface Vapor Pressure of Water/Triethylene Glycol Solutions
					Fig. 5 Surface Vapor Pressure of Water/Lithium Chloride Solutions
					Fig. 6 Adsorption and Structural Characteristics of Some Experimental Silica Gels
					Fig. 7 Sorption Isotherms of Various Desiccants
			--- CHAPTER 33: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS ---
				REFERENCES
				Tables
					Table 1 Properties of Vapor
					Table 2 Properties of Liquids
					Table 3 Properties of Solids
			--- CHAPTER 34: ENERGY RESOURCES ---
				1. Characteristics of Energy and Energy Resource Forms
					Fossil Fuels and Electricity
					Forms of On-Site Energy
					Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources
					Environmental Considerations
					1.1 On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships
						Quantifiable Relationships
						Intangible Relationships
					1.2 Summary
				2. Energy Resource Planning
					2.1 Integrated Resource Planning (IRP)
					2.2 Tradable Emission Credits
				3. Overview of Global Energy Resources
					3.1 World Energy Resources
						Production
						Reserves
						Consumption
					3.2 Carbon Emissions
					3.3 U.S. Energy Use
						Per Capita Energy Consumption
						Projected Overall Energy Consumption
						Outlook Summary
					3.4 U.S. Agencies and Associations
				References
				Bibliography
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Energy Production Trends: 2004-2014
					Fig. 2 World Primary Energy Production by Resource: 2004 Versus 2014
					Fig. 3 World Crude Oil Reserves: 2015
					Fig. 4 World Natural Gas Reserves: 2015
					Fig. 5 World Recoverable Coal Reserves: 2015
					Fig. 6 World Petroleum Consumption: 2015
					Fig. 7 World Natural Gas Consumption: 2014
					Fig. 8 World Coal Consumption: 2014
					Fig. 9 Coal Consumption in United States, China, and India, 1980-2014
					Fig. 10 World Electricity Generation by Resource: 2002 and 2012
					Fig. 11 World Electricity Generation 2014
					Fig. 12 Per Capita Energy Consumption by Selected Countries: 2011
					Fig. 13 World Carbon Emissions
					Fig. 14 Per Capita United States Energy Consumption
					Fig. 15 Projected World Energy Consumption by Resource
					Fig. 16 Projected Total U.S. Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector
					Fig. 17 Projected Total U.S. Energy Consumption by Resource
			--- CHAPTER 35: SUSTAINABILITY ---
				1. Definition
				2. Characteristics of Sustainability
					Sustainability Addresses the Future
					Sustainability Has Many Contributors
					Sustainability Is Comprehensive
					Technology Plays Only a Partial Role
				3. Factors Impacting Sustainability
				4. Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design
					Energy Resource Availability
					Fresh Water Supply
					Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water
					Material Resource Availability and Management
					Embodied Energy
					Air, Noise, and Water Pollution
					Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal
				5. Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice
					Climate Change
					Regulatory Environment
					Evolving Standards of Care
					Changing Design Process
					Other Opportunities
				6. Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use
					Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles
					Energy and Power
					Simplicity
					Self-Imposed Budgets
					Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects
					Building Energy Use Elements
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Example Benchmark and Energy Targets for University Research Laboratory
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Cooling Tower Noise Barrier
					Fig. 2 Effect of Montreal Protocol on Global Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Production
					Fig. 3 Electricity Generation by Fuel, 1980–2030
			--- CHAPTER 36: CLIMATE CHANGE ---
				1. Overview of Climate Science
					Climate vs Weather
					Global Signatures of Climate Change
					Natural and Human Drivers of Climate Change
					Causes of Observed Global Warming
					Climate Change in the Distant Past
					Feedbacks in the Climate Systems
					Changes in Climate System Related to Recent Global Warming
					Observed Changes in Global Climate Conditions
					Station-level Trend Data
					Future Changes in Climate
					Projected Climatic Information for Use in Building Design and Analysis
					Using Recent Measured Data
					Summary
				2. Mitigating Climate Change
					Reduce Carbon Emissions by Design and Construction
					Perform Deep Energy Retrofits of Existing Buildings
					Reduce Carbon Emissions from Building Operations
					Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Building Electrification
					Cost of Avoiding GHG Emissions
					Refrigerants and Fluorinated Gases (F-Gases)
					Geoengineering Technologies
					Summary
				3. Adapting to Climate Change
					An ASHRAE Framework for Risk-Aware Practice
					Adaptation and Related Terms
					Chronic vs Acute Impacts of Climate Change
					Impacts on Envelope-Driven Loads
					Impacts on HVAC Systems
					Impacts on Indoor Air Quality
					Operational Management and Design for Smoke Migration Risk from Wildfires
					Existing Professional Activities
					Design Opportunities and Strategies
					Resources for Adaptation
					Existing ASHRAE Resources
				4. Conclusion
				5. Glossary
				References
				Tables
					Table 1 System of Likelihood Terms Corresponding to Probabilities from Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) and IPCC’s 
Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) (IPCC 2014b; USGCRP 2017)
					Table 2 New source generation costs when compared to existing coal generation (Gillingham and Stock 2018)
					Table 3 Static costs of policies based on a compilation of economic studies (Gillingham and Stock 2018)
					Table 4 Refrigerant Environmental Properties. Atmospheric lifetime, ODP and GWP100 from Table A-1 of (Fahey et al. 2018) except where indicated
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Globally averaged surface temperature anomalies by decade from 1880-1889 (“1880s”) to 2010-2019 (“2010s”) (Zhang et al. 2019). Reference period is 1901-1960
					Fig. 2 Global mean energy budget of Earth under presentday climate conditions. Numbers state magnitudes of the individual energy fluxes in watts per square meter (W/m2) averaged over Earth’s surface, adjusted within their
uncertainty ranges to balance the energy budgets of the atmosphere and the surface. Numbers in parentheses attached to the energy fluxes cover the range of values in line with
observational constraints. Fluxes shown include those resulting from feedbacks. Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflected solar values given here are based on observations 2001–2010;
TOA outgoing longwave is based on 2005–2010 observations. (Figure 2-11, IPCC 2013).
					Fig. 3 Comparison of observed global mean temperature 
anomalies from three observational datasets to the fifth 
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) climate 
model historical experiments using: (a) anthropogenic and 
natural forcings combined, or (b) natural forcings only 
(Knutson et al. 2017)
					Fig. 4 Simplified diagram of the global carbon cycle. Numbers denote reservoir mass, also called \" carbon stocks \" in Pg C (1 Pg 
C = 1015 g C) and annual carbon exchange fluxes (in Pg C / yr ) between the atmosphere and its two major sinks, the land and 
ocean
					Fig. 5 Surface temperature change (in °F) for the period 1986–2015 relative to 1901–1960 from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information’s (NCEI) surface  temperature product (USGCRP 2017). Similar, interactive  maps can be found at www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag  /global/mapping
					Fig. 6 ASHRAE climate zone changes between 1980-1999 
and 2000-2019
					Fig. 7 Change in a metric of extreme precipitation by regions
used in NCA4(USGCRP 2017)
					Fig. 8 Projected change in heating degree days by the mid-21st century (2036-2065) relative to 1976-2005 under a high emissions scenario (RPC 8.5)
					Fig. 9 Projected change in cooling degree days by the mid-
21st century (2036-2065) relative to 1976-2005 under a high
emissions scenario (RPC 8.5)
					Fig. 10 CMIP5 multi-model mean geographical changes
(relative to a 1981–2000
					Fig. 11 Projected change in the annual highest maximum
temperature by the mid-21st century (2036-2065) relative to
1976-2005 under a high emissions scenario (RPC 8.5)
					Fig. 12 Projected change in the annual lowest daily minimum
temperature for 2036-2065 (relative to 1976-2005) under a high
emissions scenario (RPC 8.5).
					Fig. 13 Annual sum of HDD from Heathrow Airport,
London, and Dulles Airport, Washington, D.C
					Fig. 14 Annual sum of CDD from Heathrow Airport,
London, and Dulles Airport, Washington, D.C
					Fig. 15 Global share of buildings and construction final
energy and emissions, 2018 (Figure 2, IEA, 2019)
					Fig. 16 U.S. Commercial buildings energy use by end use,
2012
					Fig. 17 U.S. Residential electricity consumption by end use,
2015
					Fig. 18 Global CO2 emissions (fossil fuels, industry, & landuse
change) in a “well below 2°C” scenario from MESSAGE. It
is possible to split the net emissions (black line) into gross
positive and gross negative emissions
			--- CHAPTER 37: MOISTURE MANAGEMENT IN BUILDINGS ---
				1. Effects of Humidity and Dampness
				2. Elements of Moisture Management
				3. Envelope and HVAC Interactions
				4. Indoor Wetting and Drying
					Understanding Vapor Balance
					Hygric Buffering
				5. Vapor Release Related to Building Use
					Residential Buildings
					Natatoriums
				6. Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference Analysis
					Residential Buildings
					Natatoriums
					Student Residences and Schools
				7. Avoiding Moisture Problems
					HVAC Systems
					Ground Pipes
					Building Fabric
					Building Envelope
				8. Climate-Specific Moisture Management
					Temperate and Mixed Climates
					Hot and Humid Climates
					Cold Climates
				9. Moisture Management in Other Handbook Chapters
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Vapor Released by Humans, Human Activities,
and Plants
					Table 2 Daily Vapor Release by Humans, Human Activities,
and Plants: Data from Three Countries
					Table 3 Vapor Released by Fuel Burning
					Table 4 Vapor Release for Family of Two, Both Working, Weekday Schedule
					Table 5 Vapor Release for Family of Four, One Parent and One Child at Home, Weekday Schedule
					Table 6 Daily Vapor Release in Relation to Number of
Family Members
					Table 7 Vapor Release Rates by Percentile
					Table 8 Measured Surface Film Coefficients for Diffusion, Related to Pool Surface
					Table 9 Finland and Estonia, Indoor Climate, Boundaries
(Weekly Means)
					Table 10 Indoor Air Temperature and Indoor/Outdoor Vapor
Pressure Difference: Means and Extremes Measured in
Five Temperate-Climate Schools
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Dynamic Interaction Between Air, Moisture, and
Materials in HVAC Systems and Building Envelope
					Fig. 2 Measured Water Vapor Pressure Outdoors and
Indoors for Office Building
					Fig. 3 Daily Vapor Pressure in Two-Person Bedroom
					Fig. 4 Comparison of Daytime Relative Humidity for
Summer and Winter Case
					Fig. 5 Annual Monthly Averaged Indoor/Outdoor Vapor
Pressure Difference in Bedroom of Figure 3
					Fig. 6 Factor f as Function of Pool User Density
					Fig. 7 Daytime Rooms in Dwellings
					Fig. 8 Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference in
1065 U.K. Living Rooms
					Fig. 9 Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference in 916 U.K. Bedrooms
					Fig. 10 Water Vapor Pressure Excess in Relation to the
Running Weekly Mean Temperature for Northern
Europe and Canada
					Fig. 11 Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Differences for 10
German Living Rooms
					Fig. 12 Monthly Mean Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure
Difference in Relation to Monthly Mean Outdoor Air
Temperature in Three U.S. Climate Zones
					Fig. 13 Measured Monthly Mean Indoor/Outdoor Vapor
Concentration Difference in 10 Homes in Madison, WI, and
10 Homes in Knoxville, TN
					Fig. 14 Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure Difference with
Intersect at 32°F for 71 Rhode Island Homes
					Fig. 15 Weekly Mean Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure
Differences for 20 Natatoriums
(Measured Data and Least-Square Straight Line)
					Fig. 16 Natatoriums: (A) Low-Sloped Roof Damaged by
Convection-Induced Interstitial Condensation; (B) Interstitial
Condensation in Low-Sloped Roof Polyurethane Foam
Insulation; (C) Timber Beam Collapse; (D) Abundant Surface
Condensation on Window and Lintel
					Fig. 17 Weekly Mean Indoor/Outdoor Vapor Pressure
Differences in Four Student Residences
					Fig. 18 Sedlbauer’s Isopleth System for Class I Substrates:
Time Until Germination
			--- CHAPTER 38: MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTS ---
				1. Terminology
				2. Uncertainty Analysis
					Uncertainty Sources
					Uncertainty of a Measured Variable
				3. Temperature Measurement
					Sampling and Averaging
					Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature
					3.1 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
						Sources of Thermometer Errors
					3.2 Resistance Thermometers
						Resistance Temperature Devices
						Thermistors
						Semiconductor Devices
					3.3 Thermocouples
						Wire Diameter and Composition
						Multiple Thermocouples
						Surface Temperature Measurement
						Thermocouple Construction
					3.4 Optical Pyrometry
					3.5 Infrared Radiation Thermometers
					3.6 Infrared Thermography
				4. Humidity Measurement
					4.1 Psychrometers
					4.2 Dew-Point Hygrometers
						Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers
						Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers
					4.3 Mechanical Hygrometers
					4.4 Electrical Impedance and Capacitance Hygrometers
						Dunmore Hygrometers
						Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers
						Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers
						Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers
						Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor
					4.5 Electrolytic Hygrometers
					4.6 Piezoelectric Sorption
					4.7 Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers
					4.8 Gravimetric Hygrometers
					4.9 Calibration
				5. Pressure Measurement
					Units
					5.1 Instruments
						Pressure Standards
						Mechanical Pressure Gages
						Electromechanical Transducers
						General Considerations
				6. Air Velocity Measurement
					6.1 Airborne Tracer Techniques
					6.2 Anemometers
						Deflecting Vane Anemometers
						Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers
						Cup Anemometers
						Thermal Anemometers
						Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers)
						Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
					6.3 Pitot-Static Tubes
					6.4 Measuring Flow in Ducts
					6.5 Airflow-Measuring Hoods
				7. Flow Rate Measurement
					Flow Measurement Methods
					7.1 Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters
					7.2 Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters)
					7.3 Coriolis Principle Flowmeters
					7.4 Positive-Displacement Meters
					7.5 Turbine Flowmeters
					7.6 Electromagnetic (MAG) Flowmeters
					7.7 Vortex-Shedding Flowmeters
				8. Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement
					Carbon Dioxide
				9. Carbon Dioxide Measurement
					9.1 Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors
						Calibration
						Applications
					9.2 Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors
					9.3 Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors
						Open-Cell Sensors
						Closed-Cell Sensors
					9.4 Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors
					9.5 Colorimetric Detector Tubes
					9.6 Laboratory Measurements
				10. Electric Measurement
					Ammeters
					Voltmeters
					Wattmeters
					Power-Factor Meters
				11. Rotative Speed and Position Measurement
					Tachometers
					Stroboscopes
					AC Tachometer-Generators
					Optical (Shaft) Encoders
				12. Sound and Vibration Measurement
					12.1 Sound Measurement
						Microphones
						Sound Measurement Systems
						Frequency Analysis
						Sound Chambers
						Calibration
					12.2 Vibration Measurement
						Transducers
						Vibration Measurement Systems
						Calibration
				13. Lighting Measurement
				14. Thermal Comfort Measurement
					Clothing and Activity Level
					Air Temperature
					Air Velocity
					Plane Radiant Temperature
					Mean Radiant Temperature
					Air Humidity
					14.1 Calculating Thermal Comfort
					14.2 Integrating Instruments
				15. Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement
					Moisture Content
					Vapor Permeability
					Liquid Diffusivity
				16. Heat Transfer Through Building Materials
					Thermal Conductivity
					Thermal Conductance and Resistance
				17. Air Contaminant Measurement
				18. Combustion Analysis
					18.1 Flue Gas Analysis
				19. Data Acquisition and Recording
					Digital Recording
					Data-Logging Devices
				20. Mechanical Power Measurement
					Measurement of Shaft Power
					Measurement of Fluid Pumping Power
					20.1 Symbols
						Standards
				References
				Bibliography
				Tables
					Table 1 Common Temperature Measurement Techniques
					Table 2 Thermocouple Tolerances on Initial Values of Electromotive Force Versus Temperature
					Table 3 Humidity Sensor Properties
					Table 4 Air Velocity Measurement
					Table 5 Volumetric or Mass Flow Rate Measurement
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Measurement and Instrument Terminology
					Fig. 2 Errors in Measurement of Variable X
					Fig. 3 Typical Resistance Thermometer Circuit
					Fig. 4 Typical Resistance Temperature Device (RTD) Bridge Circuits
					Fig. 5 Basic Thermistor Circuit
					Fig. 6 Standard Pitot Tube
					Fig. 7 Pitot-Static Probe Pressure Coefficient Yaw Angular Dependence
					Fig. 8 Measuring Points for Rectangular and Round Duct Traverse
					Fig. 9 Typical Herschel-Type Venturi Meter
					Fig. 10 Dimensions of ASME Long-Radius Flow Nozzles
					Fig. 11 Sharp-Edge Orifice with Pressure Tap Locations
					Fig. 12 Variable-Area Flowmeter
					Fig. 13 Nondispersive Infrared Carbon Dioxide Sensor
					Fig. 14 Amperometric Carbon Dioxide Sensor
					Fig. 15 Open-Cell Photoacoustic Carbon Dioxide Sensor
					Fig. 16 Closed-Cell Photoacoustic Carbon Dioxide Sensor
					Fig. 17 Ammeter Connected in Power Circuit
					Fig. 18 Ammeter with Current Transformer
					Fig. 19 Voltmeter Connected Across Load
					Fig. 20 Voltmeter with Potential Transformer
					Fig. 21 Wattmeter in Single-Phase Circuit Measuring Power Load plus Loss in Current-Coil Circuit
					Fig. 22 Wattmeter in Single-Phase Circuit Measuring Power Load plus Loss in Potential-Coil Circuit
					Fig. 23 Wattmeter with Current and Potential Transformer
					Fig. 24 Polyphase Wattmeter in Two-Phase, Three-Wire Circuit with Balanced or Unbalanced Voltage or Load
					Fig. 25 Polyphase Wattmeter in Three-Phase, Three-Wire Circuit
					Fig. 26 Single-Phase Power-Factor Meter
					Fig. 27 Three-Wire, Three-Phase Power-Factor Meter
					Fig. 28 Madsen’s Comfort Meter
					Fig. 29 Adsorption Isotherm and Desorption Isotherm for Hygroscopic Material
			--- CHAPTER 39: ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ---
				1. Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs
					Computer Programs
				2. Letter Symbols
				3. Letter Symbols
				4. Dimensionless Numbers
				5. Mathematical Symbols
				6. Piping System Identification
					Definitions
					Method of Identification
				7. Codes and Standards
				Tables
					Table 1 Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs
					Table 2 Examples of Legends
					Table 3 Classification of Hazardous Materials and Designation of Colors
					Table 4 Size of Legend Letters
				Figures
					Fig. 1 Visibility of Pipe Markings
			--- CHAPTER 40: UNITS AND CONVERSIONS ---
				Tables
					Table 1 Conversions to I-P and SI Units
					Table 2 Conversion Factors
			--- CHAPTER 41: CODES AND STANDARDS ---
				Tables
					Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations
					ORGANIZATIONS
		--- Additions and Corrections ---
			2019 HVAC Applications
			2020 HVAC Systems and Equipment
		--- COMPOSITE INDEX: ASHRAE HANDBOOK SERIES ---
			Abbreviations, F38
			Absorbents
			Absorption
			Acoustics. See Sound
			Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12
			Activated carbon adsorption, A47.9
			Adaptation, environmental, F9.17
			ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI)
			Adsorbents
			Adsorption
			Aeration, of farm crops, A26
			Aerosols, S29.1
			AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD)
			Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8
			AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE)
			AHU. See Air handlers
			Air
			Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5
			Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7
			Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning)
			Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning)
			Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning)
			Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants)
			Aircraft, A13
			Air curtains
			Air diffusers, S20
			Air diffusion, F20
			Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6
			Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11
			Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20
			Air exchange rate
			Air filters. See Filters, air
			Airflow
			Airflow retarders, F25.9
			Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow)
			Air handlers
			Air inlets
			Air intakes
			Air jets. See Air diffusion
			Air leakage. (See also Infiltration)
			Air mixers, S4.8
			Air outlets
			Airports, air conditioning, A3.6
			Air quality. [See also Indoor air quality (IAQ)]
			Air terminal units (ATUs)
			Airtightness, F37.24
			Air-to-air energy recovery, S26
			Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13
			Air transport, R27
			Air washers
			Algae, control, A50.12
			All-air systems
			Altitude, effects of
			Ammonia
			Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7
			Anemometers
			Animal environments
			Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2
			Antifreeze
			Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5
			Apartment buildings
			Aquifers, thermal storage, S51.7
			Archimedes number, F20.6
			Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
			Arenas
			Argon, recovery, R47.17
			Asbestos, F10.5
			ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH)
			Atriums
			Attics, unconditioned, F27.2
			Auditoriums, A5.3
			Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1
			Automobiles
			Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7
			Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11
			Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14
			BACnet®, A41.9; F7.18
			Bacteria
			Bakery products, R41
			Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9
			Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing)
			BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS)
			Baseboard units
			Basements
			Bayesian analysis, F19.37
			Beer’s law, F4.16
			Behavior
			BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP)
			Bernoulli equation, F21.1
			Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8
			Beverages, R39
			BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM)
			Bioaerosols
			Biocides, control, A50.14
			Biodiesel, F28.8
			Biological safety cabinets, A17.5
			Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11
			Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
			Boilers, F19.21; S32
			Boiling
			Brake horsepower, S44.8
			Brayton cycle
			Bread, R41
			Breweries
			Brines. See Coolants, secondary
			Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14
			Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5
			Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring)
			Building envelopes
			Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18
			Building materials, properties, F26
			Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8
			Buildings
			Building thermal mass
			Burners
			Buses
			Bus terminals
			Butane, commercial, F28.5
			CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD)
			Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 19
			Calcium chloride brines, F31.1
			Candy
			Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10
			Capillary tubes
			Carbon dioxide
			Carbon emissions, F34.7
			Carbon monoxide
			Cargo containers, R25
			Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6
			Cattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments)
			CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV)
			Cavitation, F3.13
			CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
			CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER)
			Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect
			Ceilings
			Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning)
			Central plant optimization, A8.13
			Central plants
			Central systems
			Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9
			CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
			Change-point regression models, F19.28
			Charge minimization, R1.36
			Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4
			Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61
			Chemical plants
			Chemisorption, A47.10
			Chilled beams, S20.10
			Chilled water (CW)
			Chillers
			Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7
			Chimneys, S35
			Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44
			Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy)
			Choking, F3.13
			CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP)
			Cinemas, A5.3
			CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK)
			Claude cycle, R47.8
			Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces
			Clean spaces, A19
			Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8
			Climate change, F36
			Climatic design information, F14
			Clinics, A9.17
			Clothing
			CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF)
			CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS)
			Coal
			Coanda effect, A34.22; F20.2, 7; S20.2
			Codes, A66. (See also Standards)
			Coefficient of performance (COP)
			Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error [CV(RMSE)], F19.33
			Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP)
			Coils
			Colburn’s analogy, F4.17
			Colebrook equation
			Collaborative design, A60
			Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3
			Colleges and universities, A8.11
			Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3
			Combined heat and power (CHP), S7
			Combustion, F28
			Combustion air systems
			Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1
			Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans)
			Commercial and public buildings, A3
			Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34
			Commissioning, A44
			Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11
			Compressors, S38
			Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25
			Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6
			Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17
			Computers, A41
			Concert halls, A5.4
			Concrete
			Condensate
			Condensation
			Condensers, S39
			Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1
			Conduction
			Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1
			Constant air volume (CAV)
			Construction. (See also Building envelopes)
			Containers. (See also Cargo containers)
			Contaminants
			Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2
			Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control)
			Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage
			Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16
			Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control)
			Convection
			Convectors
			Convention centers, A5.5
			Conversion factors, F39
			Cooking appliances
			Coolants, secondary
			Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
			Cooling. (See also Air conditioning)
			Cooling load
			Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.57
			Cooling towers, S40
			Cool storage, S51.1
			COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)
			Corn, drying, A26.1
			Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities
			Corrosion
			Costs. (See also Economics)
			Cotton, drying, A26.8
			Courthouses, A10.5
			Courtrooms, A10.5
			CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
			Crawlspaces
			Critical spaces
			Crops. See Farm crops
			Cruise terminals, A3.6
			Cryogenics, R47
			Curtain walls, F15.6
			Dairy products, R33
			Dampers
			Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1
			Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1
			Darcy equation, F21.6
			Darcy-Weisbach equation
			Data centers, A20
			Data-driven modeling
			Daylighting, F19.26
			DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC)
			Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51
			Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50
			Defrosting
			Degree-days, F14.12
			Dehumidification, A48.15; S24
			Dehumidifiers
			Dehydration
			Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.18
			Density
			Dental facilities, A9.17
			Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1
			Design-day climatic data, F14.12
			Desorption isotherm, F26.20
			Desuperheaters
			Detection
			Dew point, A64.8
			Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5
			Diesel fuel, F28.9
			Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12
			Diffusion
			Diffusivity
			Dilution
			Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4
			DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR)
			Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11
			Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13
			Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
			Disabilities, A8.23
			Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9
			Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10
			Display cases
			Display cases, R15.2, 5
			District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC)
			District heating and cooling (DHC), S12
			d-limonene, F31.12
			DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
			DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
			Doors
			Dormitories
			Draft
			Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5
			Driers, S7.6. (See also Dryers)
			Drip station, steam systems, S12.14
			Dryers. (See also Driers)
			Drying
			DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system
			Dual-duct systems
			Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1
			DuBois equation, F9.3
			Duct connections, A64.10
			Duct design
			Ducts
			Dust mites, F25.16
			Dusts, S29.1
			Dynamometers, A18.1
			Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4
			Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1
			Economic analysis, A38
			Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2
			Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5
			Economics. (See also Costs)
			Economizers
			ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP)
			ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS)
			Eddy diffusivity, F6.7
			Educational facilities, A8
			EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
			Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22
			Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19
			Efficiency
			Eggs, R34
			Electricity
			Electric thermal storage (ETS), S51.17
			Electronic smoking devices (“e-cigarettes”), F11.19
			Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7
			Elevators
			Emissions, pollution, F28.9
			Emissivity, F4.2
			Emittance, thermal, F25.2
			Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16
			Energy
			Energy and water use and management, A37
			Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
			Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8
			Energy transfer station, S12.37
			Engines, S7
			Engine test facilities, A18
			Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils
			Enthalpy
			Entropy, F2.1
			Environmental control
			Environmental control system (ECS), A13
			Environmental health, F10
			Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
			EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI)
			Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17
			ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF)
			ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC)
			Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.24
			ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS)
			Evaluation. See Testing
			Evaporation, in tubes
			Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
			Evaporative cooling, A53
			Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid)
			Exfiltration, F16.2
			Exhaust
			Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6
			Exhibit cases
			Exhibition centers, A5.5
			Expansion joints and devices
			Expansion tanks, S12.10
			Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
			Fairs, A5.6
			Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities)
			Fan-coil units, S5.6
			Fans, F19.18; S21
			Farm crops, drying and storing, A26
			Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4
			f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20
			Fenestration. (See also Windows)
			Fick’s law, F6.1
			Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners)
			Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5
			Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25
			Fins, F4.6
			Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control
			Firearm laboratories, A10.7
			Fire management, A54.2
			Fireplaces, S34.5
			Fire safety
			Fish, R19; R32
			Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums)
			Fittings
			Fixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems)
			Fixture units, A51.1, 28
			Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1
			Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14
			Floors
			Flowers, cut
			Flowmeters, A39.26; F37.18
			Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1
			Fluid flow, F3
			Food. (See also specific foods)
			Food service
			Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1
			Forensic labs, A10.6
			Fouling factor
			Foundations
			Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15
			Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5
			Four-pipe systems, S5.5
			Framing, for fenestration
			Freeze drying, A31.6
			Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems)
			Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20
			Freezers
			Freezing
			Friction, in fluid flow
			Fruit juice, R38
			Fruits
			Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22
			Fuels, F28
			Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3
			Fungi
			Furnaces, S33
			Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
			Garages
			Gases
			Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas)
			Gas vents, S35.1
			Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30
			GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
			Generators
			Geothermal energy, A35
			Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1
			Glaser method, F25.15
			Glazing
			Global climate change, F36
			Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5
			Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50
			Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2
			Graphical symbols, F38
			Green design, and sustainability, F35.1
			Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments)
			Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4
			Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
			Ground-coupled systems, F19.23
			Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1
			Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30
			GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP)
			Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5
			GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP)
			GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP)
			Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3
			HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)
			Halocarbon
			Hartford loop, S11.3
			Hay, drying, A26.8
			Hazard analysis and control, F10.4
			Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4
			Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6
			HB. See Heat balance (HB)
			Health
			Health care facilities, A9. (See also specific types)
			Health effects, mold, A64.1
			Heat
			Heat and moisture control, F27.1
			Heat balance (HB), S9.23
			Heat balance method, F19.3
			Heat capacity, F25.1
			Heat control, F27
			Heaters, S34
			Heat exchangers, S47
			Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer)
			Heat flux, F25.1
			Heat gain. (See also Load calculations)
			Heating
			Heating load
			Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6
			Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 10
			Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
			Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14
			Heat pumps
			Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery)
			Heat storage. See Thermal storage
			Heat stress
			Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow)
			Heat transmission
			Heat traps, A51.1
			Helium
			High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3
			High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings
			High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2
			High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1
			Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
			Hoods
			Hospitals, A9.3
			Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8
			Hotels and motels, A7
			Hot-gas bypass, R1.35
			Houses of worship, A5.3
			HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI)
			HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF)
			HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization
			Humidification, S22
			Humidifiers, S22
			Humidity (See also Moisture)
			HVAC security, A61
			Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31
			Hybrid ventilation, F19.26
			Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1
			Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1
			Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3
			Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems)
			Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11
			Hygrothermal loads, F25.2
			Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10
			IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ)
			IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD)
			Ice
			Ice makers
			Ice rinks, A5.5; R44
			ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A61.9
			Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2
			IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs)
			Illuminance, F37.31
			Indoor airflow, A59.1
			Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality)
			Indoor environmental modeling, F13
			Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality)
			Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)
			Induction
			Industrial applications
			Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33
			Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners)
			Industrial hygiene, F10.3
			Infiltration. (See also Air leakage)
			Infrared applications
			In-room terminal systems
			Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications)
			Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5
			Insulation, thermal
			Integrated building design (IBD), A60.1
			Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1
			Integrated project delivery and building design,
			Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12
			Internal heat gains, F19.13
			Jacketing, insulation, R10.7
			Jails, A10.4
			Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6
			Judges’ chambers, A10.5
			Juice, R38.1
			Jury facilities, A10.5
			Justice facilities, A10
			Juvenile detention facilities, A10.1. (See also Family courts)
			K-12 schools, A8.3
			Kelvin’s equation, F25.11
			Kirchoff’s law, F4.12
			Kitchens, A34
			Kleemenko cycle, R47.13
			Krypton, recovery, R47.18
			Laboratories, A17
			Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8
			Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37
			Laminar flow
			Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13
			Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17
			Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17
			Latent energy change materials, S51.2
			Laundries
			LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR)
			LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A61.9
			LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)
			LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV)
			LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating
			Leakage
			Leakage function, relationship, F16.15
			Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9
			Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7
			Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila
			LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES)
			Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4
			Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
			Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A23.3
			Lighting
			Light measurement, F37.31
			LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS)
			Linde cycle, R47.6
			Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6
			Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5
			Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4
			Lithium bromide/water, F30.71
			Lithium chloride, S24.2
			LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
			Load calculations
			Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22
			Local exhaust. See Exhaust
			Loss coefficients
			Louvers, F15.33
			Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1
			LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
			LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system
			Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil)
			Lubrication, R12
			Mach number, S38.32
			Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance)
			Makeup air units, S28.8
			Malls, 12.7
			Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25
			Manufactured homes, A1.9
			Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes)
			Mass transfer, F6
			Mass-transit systems
			McLeod gages, F37.13
			Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9
			Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9
			Mean temperature difference, F4.22
			Measurement, F36. (See also Instruments)
			Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments)
			Meat, R30
			Mechanical equipment room, central
			Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8
			Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1
			Megatall buildings, A4.1
			Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4
			Metabolic rate, F9.6
			Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6
			Microbial growth, R22.4
			Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8
			Microbiology of foods, R22.1
			Microphones, F37.29
			Mines, A30
			Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling)
			Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6
			Moist air
			Moisture (See also Humidity)
			Mold, A64.1; F25.16
			Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7
			Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites)
			Montreal Protocol, F29.1
			Morgues, A9.1
			Motors, S45
			Movie theaters, A5.3
			MPC (model predictive control), A65.6
			MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT)
			Multifamily residences, A1.8
			Multiple-use complexes
			Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1
			Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14
			Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
			MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs)
			Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools)
			Natural gas, F28.5
			Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2
			NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves
			Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10
			Network airflow models, F19.25
			Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1
			Night setback, recovery, A43.44
			Nitrogen
			Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound)
			Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16
			Noncondensable gases
			Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33
			NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL)
			NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH)
			NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU)
			Nuclear facilities, A29
			Number of transfer units (NTU)
			Nursing facilities, A9.17
			Nuts, storage, R42.7
			Odors, F12
			ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
			Office buildings
			Oil, fuel, F28.7
			Oil. (See also Lubricants)
			Olf unit, F12.6
			One-pipe systems
			Operating costs, A38.4
			Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance)
			OPR. See Owner’s project requirements (OPR)
			Optimization, A43.4
			Outdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation)
			Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16
			Owning costs, A38.1
			Oxygen
			Ozone
			Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5
			PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy)
			Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5
			Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5
			PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
			Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16
			Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling)
			Paper
			Paper products facilities, A27
			Parallel compressor systems, R15.14
			Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5
			Passive heating, F19.27
			Pasteurization, R33.2
			Peak dew point, A64.10
			Peanuts, drying, A26.9
			PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems
			PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL)
			Performance contracting, A42.2
			Performance monitoring, A48.6
			Permafrost stabilization, R45.4
			Permeability
			Permeance
			Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5
			Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26
			Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11
			Pharmacies, A9.13
			Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S51.16, 27
			Photographic materials, A23
			Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy)
			Physical properties of materials, F33
			Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort)
			Pigs. See Swine
			Pipes. (See also Piping)
			Piping. (See also Pipes)
			Pitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17
			Places of assembly, A5
			Planes. See Aircraft
			Plank’s equation, R20.7
			Plant environments, A25.10
			Plenums
			PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV)
			Police stations, A10.1
			Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction
			Pollution
			Pollution, air, and combustion, F28.9, 17
			Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6
			Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12
			Ponds, spray, S40.6
			Pope cell, F37.12
			Positive building pressure, A64.11
			Positive positioners, F7.8
			Potatoes
			Poultry. (See also Animal environments)
			Power grid, A63.9
			Power-law airflow model, F13.14
			Power plants, A28
			PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD)
			Prandtl number, F4.17
			Precooling
			Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32
			Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18
			Preschools, A8.1
			Pressure
			Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation)
			Primary-air systems, S5.10
			Printing plants, A21
			Prisons, A10.4
			Produce
			Product load, R15.6
			Propane
			Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9
			Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.24
			Psychrometers, F1.13
			Psychrometrics, F1
			PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs)
			PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs)
			Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly
			Pumps
			Pumps, F19.18
			Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11
			PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy
			Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling)
			Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22
			Radiation
			Radiators, S36.1, 5
			Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21
			Radiosity method, F19.26
			Radon, F10.16, 22
			Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
			Railroad tunnels, ventilation
			Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4
			RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation
			Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems
			Rayleigh number, F4.20
			Ray tracing method, F19.27
			RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves
			Receivers
			Recycling refrigerants, R9.3
			Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15
			Refrigerant control devices, R11
			Refrigerants, F29.1
			Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11
			Refrigerated facilities, R23
			Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption)
			Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants)
			Refrigerators
			Regulators. (See also Valves)
			Relative humidity, F1.12
			Residential health care facilities, A9.17
			Residential systems, A1
			Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values)
			Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6
			Resistivity, thermal, F25.1
			Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2
			Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17
			Restaurants
			Retail facilities, 12
			Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4
			Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, S7.9
			Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13
			Reynolds number, F3.3
			Rice, drying, A26.9
			RMS. See Root mean square (RMS)
			Road tunnels, A16.3
			Roofs, U-factors, F27.2
			Room air distribution, A58; S20.1
			Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16
			Root mean square (RMS), F37.1
			RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs)
			RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS)
			RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU)
			RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF)
			Rusting, of building components, F25.16
			R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal)
			Safety
			Sanitation
			Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12
			Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12
			Scale
			Schneider system, R23.7
			Schools
			Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
			Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
			Seeds, storage, A26.12
			SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
			Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1
			Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15
			Sensors
			Separators, lubricant, R11.23
			Service water heating, A51
			SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program
			Set points, A65.1
			Shading
			Ships, A13
			Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8
			Short-tube restrictors, R11.31
			Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12
			Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11
			SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR)
			Skating rinks, R44.1
			Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21
			Slab heating, A52
			Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11
			SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR)
			Smart building systems, A63.1
			Smart grid, A63.9, 11
			Smoke control, A54
			Snow-melting systems, A52
			Snubbers, seismic, A56.8
			Sodium chloride brines, F31.1
			Soft drinks, R39.10
			Software, A65.7
			Soils. (See also Earth)
			Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation)
			Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16
			Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22
			Solar-optical glazing, F15.14
			Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14
			Solid fuel
			Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7
			Soot, F28.20
			Sorbents, F32.1
			Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20
			Sound, F8. (See also Noise)
			Soybeans, drying, A26.7
			Specific heat
			Split-flux method, F19.26
			Spot cooling
			Stack effect
			Stadiums, A5.4
			Stairwells
			Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1
			Standards, A66. (See also Codes)
			Static air mixers, S4.8
			Static electricity and humidity, S22.2
			Steam
			Steam systems, S11
			Steam traps, S11.7
			Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12
			Stevens’ law, F12.3
			Stirling cycle, R47.14
			Stokers, S31.17
			Storage
			Stoves, heating, S34.5
			Stratification
			Stroboscopes, F37.28
			Subcoolers
			Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3
			Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems)
			Suction risers, R2.24
			Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9
			Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5
			Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets
			Supertall buildings, A4.1
			Supervisory control, A43
			Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets)
			Surface effect. See Coanda effect
			Surface transportation
			Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3
			Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2
			SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs)
			SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs)
			SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP)
			Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)
			Swine, recommended environment, A25.7
			Symbols, F38
			Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6
			TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS)
			Tachometers, F37.28
			Tall buildings, A4
			Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2
			TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices
			Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1
			Temperature
			Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1
			Temperature index, S22.3
			Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7
			Terminology, of refrigeration, R50
			Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
			TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES)
			Testing
			Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing)
			TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA)
			TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI)
			Textile processing plants, A22
			TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM)
			Theaters, A5.3
			Thermal bridges, F25.8
			Thermal comfort. See Comfort
			Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17
			Thermal emittance, F25.2
			Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S51
			Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 34
			Thermal-network method, F19.11
			Thermal properties, F26.1
			Thermal resistivity, F25.1
			Thermal storage,
			Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S51
			Thermal transmission data, F26
			Thermal zones, F19.14
			Thermistors, R11.4
			Thermodynamics, F2.1
			Thermometers, F37.5
			Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4
			Thermosiphons
			Thermostats
			Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18
			Three-pipe distribution, S5.6
			Tobacco smoke
			Tollbooths
			Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.57
			Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5
			Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
			Transducers, F7.10, 13
			Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3
			Transmittance, thermal, F25.2
			Transmitters, F7.9, 10
			Transpiration, R19.19
			Transportation centers
			Transport properties of refrigerants, F30
			Traps
			Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
			Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30
			Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19
			Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1
			Turbines, S7
			Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34
			Turbulence modeling, F13.3
			Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3
			Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4
			Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.18
			Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20
			U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6
			U-factor
			Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3
			Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17
			Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A62
			Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems]
			Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems]
			Uncertainty analysis
			Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17
			Unitary systems, S48
			Unit heaters. See Heaters
			Units and conversions, F39
			Unit ventilators, S28.1
			Utility interface, electric, S7.43
			Utility rates, A63.11
			UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems
			UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
			Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9
			Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17
			Valves. (See also Regulators)
			Vaporization systems, S8.6
			Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2
			Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12
			Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
			Variable-frequency drives, S45.14
			Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14
			Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S51
			VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
			Vegetables, R37
			Vehicles
			Vena contracta, F3.4
			Vending machines, R16.5
			Ventilation, F16
			Ventilators
			Venting
			Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17
			Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11
			Vibration, F8.17
			Viral pathogens, F10.9
			Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3
			Viscosity, F3.1
			Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11
			Voltage, A57.1
			Volume ratio, compressors
			VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
			VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT)
			Walls
			Warehouses, A3.8
			Water
			Water heaters
			Water horsepower, pump, S44.7
			Water/lithium bromide absorption
			Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11
			Water systems, S13
			Water treatment, A50
			Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management)
			Water vapor control, A45.6
			Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18
			Water vapor retarders, F26.6
			Water wells, A35.30
			Weather data, F14
			Weatherization, F16.18
			Welding sheet metal, S19.12
			Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5
			Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9
			Whirlpools and spas
			Wien’s displacement law, F4.12
			Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data)
			Wind chill index, F9.23
			Windows. (See also Fenestration)
			Wind restraint design, A56.15
			Wineries
			Wireless sensors, A63.7
			Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10
			Wood products facilities, A27.1
			Wood pulp, A27.2
			Wood stoves, S34.5
			WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP)
			Xenon, R47.18
			Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves)