The business of tourism

Cover......Page 1
The Business of Tourism......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface to the seventh edition......Page 14
List of abbreviations......Page 16
Part I Defining and analyzing tourism and its impacts......Page 22
Defining tourism......Page 24
The tourist product......Page 29
The nature of tourism......Page 30
The tourist destination......Page 33
Introduction: the early years......Page 41
Travel in the Middle Ages......Page 45
Developments in road transport in the seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries......Page 46
The Grand Tour......Page 47
Authorization to travel......Page 48
Other political hindrance to travel......Page 49
The development of the spas......Page 50
The rise of the seaside resort......Page 52
Conditions favouring the expansion of travel in the nineteenth century......Page 53
The age of steam......Page 55
Early tourism in North America......Page 58
Other late-nineteenth-century developments......Page 60
1900–1950 and the origins of mass tourism......Page 61
Tourism since World War II......Page 69
Government policy in the mass-market era......Page 78
The growing importance of business travel......Page 79
The all-inclusive holiday......Page 81
Mass-market tourism in its maturity......Page 82
Introduction......Page 85
The tourist’s needs and wants......Page 86
General and specific motivation......Page 88
Segmenting the tourism market......Page 92
Motivators and facilitators......Page 103
Factors influencing changes in tourism demand......Page 104
Introduction......Page 112
The international tourist market......Page 113
Britain’s place in world tourism......Page 117
The value of economic data......Page 120
The economic impact of tourism......Page 122
Statistical measurement of tourism......Page 131
Introduction......Page 138
Legislation and guidance protecting the tourism destination......Page 140
The sociocultural effects of tourism......Page 144
The exploitation of indigenous populations......Page 151
Managing the social impact of tourism......Page 152
Bringing economic benefits to locals......Page 153
The impact of travel on tourist health......Page 154
Politico-cultural impacts......Page 156
Introduction......Page 158
The environmental effects of tourism......Page 159
Public-sector planning for control and conservation......Page 176
The public–private sector interface in sustainable tourism development......Page 180
Part II The travel and tourism product......Page 186
The tourism chain of distribution......Page 188
Common-interest organizations......Page 192
Integration in the tourism industry......Page 199
Introduction: what defines a destination?......Page 207
Coastal tourism......Page 210
Urban tourism......Page 214
Rural tourism......Page 220
Spa tourism......Page 230
The successful destination......Page 232
Introduction: defining the attraction......Page 235
Cultural tourism......Page 263
Religious tourism......Page 271
Retail shopping......Page 272
Gastronomic tourism......Page 276
Other site attractions......Page 277
Events......Page 278
The growth and promotion of ‘dark tourism’......Page 282
Introduction......Page 291
The structure of the accommodation sector......Page 292
The nature of demand for accommodation facilities......Page 305
The distribution of accommodation......Page 320
Environmental issues......Page 321
Introduction......Page 324
The airline business......Page 325
The organization of air transport......Page 329
Air transport regulation......Page 341
Deregulation of air transport......Page 349
The economics of airline operation......Page 354
The marketing of air services......Page 361
Introduction......Page 369
The ocean liners......Page 370
Cruising......Page 373
Ferry services......Page 390
Coastal and inland waterways tourism......Page 400
Seagoing pleasure craft......Page 407
The role of the railways in tourism......Page 410
Coach travel......Page 424
The private car......Page 431
Cycling and tourism......Page 435
Tourists on foot......Page 437
Part III Intermediaries in the provision of travel and tourism services......Page 442
Introduction......Page 444
The nature of government involvement......Page 445
Planning and facilitating tourism......Page 449
Control and supervision in tourism......Page 456
The organization of public-sector tourism......Page 460
Public-sector tourism in Britain: a historical overview......Page 462
National heritage bodies......Page 477
Functions of the UK tourist boards......Page 479
The role of the tour operator......Page 488
The specialized roles of tour operators......Page 493
The British tour-operating scene......Page 498
Tour operating within the European Union......Page 507
The nature of tour operating......Page 513
Control over tour operating......Page 517
Planning, marketing and operating package tours......Page 520
The role of the resort representative......Page 524
Pricing the package tour......Page 528
The tour brochure......Page 535
The reservations system......Page 540
The distribution network......Page 542
Direct-sell operators......Page 545
The IT revolution and its impact on tour operating......Page 546
Introduction......Page 551
The role of travel agents......Page 553
Setting up and running a travel agency......Page 554
Travel agency skills and competences......Page 563
Travel agency appointments......Page 570
Profitability of travel agents......Page 573
Distribution policy......Page 577
The impact of computer technology......Page 581
Introduction......Page 587
Services to the tourist......Page 588
Services to the supplier......Page 596
Marketing services......Page 602
Technical services......Page 603
Part IV Travel and tourism management today and tomorrow......Page 606
Introduction......Page 608
The role of design in tourism......Page 609
The management of tourism sites......Page 622
Can we predict the future?......Page 633
How will society change?......Page 634
How will technology change?......Page 639
How will the world change?......Page 645
Part V Case studies......Page 648
Case study 1 The Land of Lost Content: the appeal of the eccentric......Page 650
Case study 2 Strategies for national and local audience development at the Currency Museum of the Bank of Canada......Page 655
Case study 3 Brilliant Weekends: the concept and development of a new holiday programme......Page 661
Case study 4 Marketing Michigan’s Heritage Route......Page 665
Case study 5 Ensuring visitor satisfaction\rat Warwick Castle......Page 675
Case study 6 Steppes Travel: a mid-size specialist operator facing the challenge of change......Page 678
Case study 7 Ludlow Marches Food and Drink Festival......Page 682
Case study 8 Crime, safety and security: tourists’ perceptions of South Africa......Page 689
Bibliography......Page 700
Index......Page 718