Zoo and Aquarium History Ancient Animal Collections to Conservation Centers

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface: From Wilderness to Megazoo
Acknowledgments
Editor’s Biography
Contributors
Chapter 1 Ancient Collections and Menageries
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Keeping Wild Animals
		1.2.1 Environmental Knowledge
		1.2.2 Domestication of Wild Animals
		1.2.3 Beyond Domestication—Collecting Wild Animals
	1.3 Ancient Collections
		1.3.1 Mesopotamian Collections
		1.3.2 Ancient Egyptian Collections
		1.3.3 Ancient Asian Collections—India and China
		1.3.4 Greek and Roman Collections
		1.3.5 Persian and Arab Collections
		1.3.6 Medieval Collections
		1.3.7 Aztec and Inca Collections
	1.4 Menageries
		1.4.1 European Menageries
		1.4.2 Colonial Menageries
		1.4.3 Evolution of the Zoo and Aquarium
	References
	Additional Sources
Chapter 2 Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Tower of London
	2.3 Exeter ‘Change
	2.4 Zoological Society of London
	2.5 The 1830s Proliferation
	2.6 Edinburgh Zoo
	2.7 Paignton, Chester, Dudley Zoos
	2.8 Bird Gardens
	2.9 Jersey
	2.10 The 1960s Zoo Boom
	2.11 Blackpool, Marwell, Belfast Zoos
	2.12 Dublin Zoo
	2.13 Victorian Aquarium Craze to a New Aquarium Age
	2.14 The Anti-Zoo Era and a New Millennium
	References
Chapter 3 Zoological Gardens of Western Europe
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Post-Medieval Collections to Modern Zoos
		3.2.1 Game Parks, Falconries and Pheasantries
		3.2.2 Deer Moats, Bear Pits and Lion Cages
		3.2.3 Menageries
		3.2.4 Transition from Menagerie to Modern Zoo—Schönbrunn and Berlin
		3.2.5 Transition from Menagerie to Modern Zoo—Jardin des Plantes
	3.3 Early Modern Zoos
		3.3.1 The Exotic Style and the Systematic Zoo
		3.3.2 The Hagenbeck Revolution
	3.4 Modern Zoos
		3.4.1 Zoos of the Early Twentieth Century
		3.4.2 Zoos of the Late Twentieth Century
	3.5 Western European Zoological Gardens in the Twenty-First Century
	References
	Additional Sources
Chapter 4 Zoological Gardens of Eastern Europe and Russia
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Poland
		4.2.1 Wild Animal Keeping in Poland through the Nineteenth Century
		4.2.2 Origin of Modern Polish Zoos to 1939
		4.2.3 Polish Zoos during and after World War II
		4.2.4 General Characteristics and Comments on Polish Zoos
	4.3 Russia
		4.3.1 Wild Animal Keeping in Russia through the Nineteenth Century
		4.3.2 Origin of Modern Zoos in Russia to 1917
	4.4 Soviet Union
		4.4.1 Soviet Zoos—Political and Economic Realities
		4.4.2 Russian Zoos in the Soviet Union
		4.4.3 Other Zoos in the Soviet Union
		4.4.4 General Characteristics and Comments on Soviet Zoos
	4.5 Czech and Slovak Republics
	4.6 Hungary
	4.7 Bulgaria
	4.8 Eastern European and Russian Zoological Gardens Evolve
	References
	Additional Sources
Chapter 5 Zoological Gardens of the United States
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Menageries
	5.3 Nineteenth-Century Zoos and Aquariums
	5.4 Twentieth-Century Zoos and Aquariums
	5.5 Charting a New Course for the Twenty-First Century
		5.5.1 Focusing on Mission
		5.5.2 Growing Great Leaders
		5.5.3 Raising the Bar on Animal Care and Conservation
		5.5.4 Powering Up through Philanthropy and Partnerships
		5.5.5 The Future
	References
	Additional Sources
Chapter 6 Zoological Gardens of Canada
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Origins—Acclimatization to Entertainment, 1847–1950
	6.3 Development—Frivolity to Maturity, 1950–2000
	6.4 The Twenty-First Century—Reflection and Conservation
	References
	Additional Sources
Chapter 7 Zoological Gardens of Australia and New Zealand
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Foundation and Development, 1857–1920
		7.2.1 Origins
		7.2.2 Enclosure Design
		7.2.3 The Animal Collections
		7.2.4 Early Development of the Four Objectives
		7.2.5 Visitors
	7.3 Survival, 1920–1960
		7.3.1 Enclosure Design and the Animal Collection
		7.3.2 Hallstrom and Taronga Zoo
		7.3.3 Survival of the Four Objectives
	7.4 Modernization, 1960–1999
		7.4.1 Modernization of the Four Objectives
		7.4.2 Visitors
	7.5 A New Age for Australia and New Zealand Zoological Gardens
	References
Chapter 8 Zoological Gardens of the Middle East
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Afghanistan
	8.3 Cyprus
	8.4 Iran
	8.5 Iraq
	8.6 Jordan
	8.7 Kuwait
	8.8 Oman
	8.9 Saudi Arabia
	8.10 Turkey
	8.11 United Arab Emirates
	8.12 Yemen
	References
	Additional Sources
Chapter 9 Zoological Gardens of Israel
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The Early Zoos and Aquariums, 1930s–1940s
	9.3 Israeli Zoos and Aquariums, 1950s–2020
	References
Chapter 10 Zoological Gardens of Asia
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 South Asia
		10.2.1 Bangladesh
		10.2.2 Bhutan
		10.2.3 Nepal
		10.2.4 Pakistan
		10.2.5 Sri Lanka
	10.3 Southeast Asia
		10.3.1 Brunei
		10.3.2 Cambodia
		10.3.3 Laos
		10.3.4 Malaysia
		10.3.5 Myanmar
		10.3.6 Philippines
		10.3.7 Singapore
		10.3.8 Thailand
		10.3.9 Vietnam
	10.4 Indonesia
		10.4.1 Java
		10.4.2 Sumatra
	10.5 Korea
	References
Chapter 11 Zoological Gardens of India
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Ancients and Invaders
		11.2.1 The Vedic Period—Spiritual and Mystical Values
		11.2.2 The Gupta and Mogul Periods
		11.2.3 The European Period—Utilitarian or Mechanistic Values
	11.3 Nineteenth-Century Indian Zoos
		11.3.1 Calcutta’s Wild Animal Collections—Four Early Ones
		11.3.2 Old Madras State Zoos
		11.3.3 Kerala Trivandrum (Old Travancore State) and Trichur Zoos
		11.3.4 Sakkarbaug Zoo and the Gir Lions
		11.3.5 Maharastra State and the Bombay Zoo
		11.3.6 Princely Zoos
		11.3.7 Old Mysore’s Zoos
		11.3.8 Early Collections Not Normally Mentioned
	11.4 Twentieth-Century Indian Zoos
		11.4.1 Modern Zoos and the National Zoological Park
			11.4.1.1 National Zoological Park
		11.4.2 Indian Crocodile Project and Specialist Zoos
	11.5 Indian Zoos and Wildlife
		11.5.1 Indian Board for Wildlife and Wildlife Protection Act
		11.5.2 Management of Zoos in India
	11.6 The Future of Indian Zoos
	References
	Additional Sources
Chapter 12 Zoological Gardens of China
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Late Imperial China, 1644–1911
		12.2.1 Palace and Temple Menageries
		12.2.2 Imperial Game Parks and Early Wildlife Conservation
		12.2.3 The First Chinese Zoological Gardens
	12.3 Republic of China, 1912–1949
		12.3.1 Zoological Gardens in an Era of Turmoil
		12.3.2 China’s First Aquariums
		12.3.3 Enter the Panda
	12.4 People’s Republic of China, 1949–2021
		12.4.1 New Zoos for a New China
		12.4.2 Rare Animal Breeding and Safari Parks
		12.4.3 New Aquariums and Marine Animal Parks
	12.5 Taiwan, 1895–2021
	12.6 Trends and Prospects
	References
Chapter 13 Zoological Gardens of Japan
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Historical Overview
		13.2.1 Pre-Restoration Era
		13.2.2 The Emergence of Modern Zoos
		13.2.3 World War II and Beyond
	13.3 Institutional Overview
		13.3.1 The Setting
		13.3.2 Zoos
		13.3.3 Aquariums
		13.3.4 Traveling Menageries and Safari Parks
		13.3.5 Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums
	13.4 Administrative Overview
		13.4.1 Governing Authorities
			13.4.1.1 Staff
			13.4.1.2 Sheltered Complacency
			13.4.1.3 Publications
		13.4.2 Marketing and Events
		13.4.3 Philanthropy
		13.4.4 Animals as Commodities
	13.5 Animal Collections
		13.5.1 Marveling at Giraffe
		13.5.2 Animal News Makers
		13.5.3 Exhibits
			13.5.3.1 Insectariums
		13.5.4 Breeding Programs
			13.5.4.1 Native and Endemic Species
		13.5.5 Research Activities
			13.5.5.1 Conservation Activities
	13.6 Internationalization and Cultural Uniqueness
		13.6.1 The Sakoku Factor
		13.6.2 Environmental Awareness
		13.6.3 Penchant for Group Acceptance
	13.7 Sailing Uncharted Waters for Tomorrow
	References
Chapter 14 Zoological Gardens of Africa
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Arab Republic of Egypt
		14.2.1 Giza Zoological Gardens
		14.2.2 Other Egyptian and Sudanese Territory Zoos
	14.3 Sub-Saharan Africa
		14.3.1 Kenya
		14.3.2 Republic of South Africa
		14.3.3 Other African Nations
			14.3.3.1 Malawi
			14.3.3.2 Morocco
			14.3.3.3 Mozambique
			14.3.3.4 Ghana, Senegal and Nigeria
	14.4 African Region
		14.4.1 Malagasy Republic (Madagascar)
		14.4.2 Mauritius
	14.5 The Impossible Dream?
	References
	Additional Sources
Chapter 15 Zoological Gardens of Latin America
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Brazil
		15.2.1 Northern Regions
		15.2.2 Center-West Region
		15.2.3 Southern Regions
		15.2.4 Parque Zoobotânico Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi
	15.3 South America
		15.3.1 Argentina
		15.3.2 Bolivia
		15.3.3 Colombia
		15.3.4 Venezuela
	15.4 Central America
	15.5 The Future of Latin American Zoos and Aquariums
	References
Appendix
Index