Yearbook on Space Policy 2007 2008: From Policies to Programmes

Cover......Page 1
Yearbook on Space Policy 2007/2008: From Policies to Programmes......Page 4
9783211990902......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
List of acronyms......Page 16
PART 1 THE YEAR IN SPACE 2007/2008......Page 25
1.1. Global economic outlook......Page 26
1.2.1. Europe......Page 27
1.2.3. Russia......Page 28
1.2.5. China......Page 29
1.2.6. India......Page 30
1.3. International security......Page 31
1.4. Major scientific achievements......Page 32
1.5.1. Science and technology inputs......Page 33
1.5.2. Science and technology outputs......Page 34
2. Worldwide space policies and strategies......Page 35
2.1. The United Nations system......Page 36
2.1.1. United Nations General Assembly Committees......Page 37
2.1.2. Other UN bodies and organs monitoring outer space activities......Page 38
2.2. The Group on Earth Observations......Page 39
2.3. Regional cooperation in space activities......Page 40
2.4. Europe......Page 41
2.4.2. European Union......Page 42
2.4.3. Other European institutions......Page 46
2.4.5.1. France......Page 47
2.4.5.3. Italy......Page 48
2.4.5.4. The United Kingdom......Page 49
2.5. The United States......Page 50
2.7. Japan......Page 51
2.8. China......Page 52
2.9. India......Page 53
2.10. Emerging space powers......Page 54
3.1. Overview of institutional space budgets......Page 56
3.2. Overview of commercial space markets......Page 58
3.3. Evolution of the space industry......Page 60
3.3.1. Industrial evolution in Europe......Page 61
3.3.2. Industrial evolution in the United States......Page 62
3.3.3. Industrial evolution in Russia......Page 63
3.4. Industrial overview......Page 64
3.4.1. Launch sector......Page 65
3.4.2. Satellite manufacturing sector......Page 67
3.4.3. Satellite operators sector......Page 69
4. The security dimension......Page 70
4.1. The global space military context......Page 71
4.2. The European space military context......Page 72
4.3. The United States......Page 75
4.4. Russia......Page 76
4.6. China......Page 77
4.8. Other space actors......Page 78
4.9. Threats to the space environment......Page 79
1.1. Highlights in activities and programmes......Page 87
1.2. Highlights in partnerships......Page 88
2. Space transportation......Page 92
2.1. Europe......Page 93
2.2. United States......Page 94
2.3. Russia......Page 95
2.5. China......Page 96
2.7. Emerging actors......Page 97
2.8. Industrial comparison......Page 98
3. Space science and exploration......Page 103
3.1. Human spaceflights activities......Page 104
3.2. Lunar exploration......Page 106
3.3. Mars exploration......Page 108
3.5. Venus exploration......Page 110
3.8. Solar observation......Page 111
3.9. Outer solar system space probes......Page 112
3.10. International cooperation in space exploration......Page 113
4.1. Space-based communications......Page 114
4.2. Space-based positioning, navigation and timing systems......Page 119
4.3. Space-based Earth observation......Page 124
5.1. Propulsion......Page 127
5.3. Spacecraft operations and design......Page 129
5.5. Suborbital activities......Page 130
5.6. Innovation policy......Page 132
PART 2 VIEWS AND INSIGHTS......Page 139
1.2. Current constitutional bases for the EU in space......Page 140
1.3. Antecedents and context of the Lisbon Treaty......Page 143
1.4. Analysis of sapec-related provisions in the Lisbon Treaty......Page 144
2.1.1. Galileo under EU governance......Page 149
2.1.1.2. The calls for tender......Page 150
2.1.2. The impact on future European policies......Page 151
2.2.1. Space needs public money......Page 153
2.2.1.1. The case of satellite navigation......Page 154
2.2.2. Why should governments pay for space? – Defining the National Interest......Page 155
2.2.2.2. Exhibit B: The U.S.......Page 156
2.2.3.1. Galileo for security......Page 157
2.2.3.3. Galileo for prestige......Page 159
3.1. Introduction......Page 162
3.2. A European Space Situational Awareness programme......Page 163
3.3.1. Institutional end-users......Page 164
3.3.2. Military end-users......Page 165
3.3.4. Scientific end-users......Page 166
3.4.1. Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES)......Page 167
3.4.3. TerraSar-X......Page 168
3.4.4. Graves......Page 169
3.5. A possible European model for SSA......Page 170
3.6. Conclusions......Page 173
4.1. Good reasons to get active – Why the European Union drafts a Code of Conduct on Outer Space Activities......Page 176
4.1.1. Treaty versus Code – The UN discussion process and the academic background......Page 178
4.1.2. Process or outcome? – The European Union's objectives and its Member States' divergent interests......Page 181
4.2. "A tightrope walk" – The European Union tackles the space between claim and reality......Page 182
4.2.1.2. Co-operation mechanisms......Page 183
4.3. A first appraisal of the CoC......Page 184
5.1. Introduction......Page 188
5.2.1. The fundamental importance of science as a driver of space exploration......Page 189
5.2.2. The early steps in space cooperation......Page 190
5.2.3. Basic space cooperation principles......Page 191
5.3.2. The opening of the Space Shuttle programme to international cooperation......Page 192
5.3.3. The de facto globalisation of human spaceflight......Page 194
5.4.2. The original European human spaceflight strategy of the 1980s......Page 195
5.4.3. A paradigm shift: Russia joins the International Space Station......Page 196
5.4.4. The remarkable resilience of the International Space Station......Page 198
5.4.5. The legal framework of the International Space Station as a model for the future......Page 199
5.5.1. The VSE: A major space policy decision......Page 200
5.5.2. A very significant step: the establishment of the Global Exploration Strategy......Page 202
5.5.3. From principles to requirements in the GES Framework......Page 204
5.6.1. The limits of the GES Framework exercise......Page 206
5.6.3. Could the ITER model be applied to long-termhuman space exploration?......Page 208
6.1. Introduction......Page 212
6.2. What is exploration?......Page 213
6.3. Consulting the scientific community......Page 214
6.4. Main recommendations......Page 215
6.5. The role of humans......Page 217
6.7. The next steps......Page 218
7.2. Columbus and the ATV in historical perspective......Page 220
7.3. Costs and benefits of spaceflight – a framework for analysis......Page 224
7.4. Looking backward – Political costs and Europe's involvement in the Space Station programme......Page 226
7.5. Options for reducing political costs......Page 227
7.6. Potential benefits of ATV evolution......Page 230
7.7. Conclusion......Page 231
8.1. Executive summary......Page 234
8.2. Other types of export controls in the United States......Page 236
8.3. Cold War thinking vs. 21st century reality......Page 237
8.4.1. Brief history......Page 239
8.4.2. The system today......Page 240
8.5.1. The current system as applied to space technologies......Page 242
8.5.2. Export control laws and U.S. government space policy......Page 243
8.5.3. Evidence of the impact of ITAR on the space industry......Page 244
8.6.1. A new bill to reform the administration of the arms export control and for other purposes......Page 246
8.6.2. Reform of ITAR and the space industrial sector......Page 247
9.2.1. The well entrenched benefits of space......Page 250
9.2.2. Major changes in the utilisation of space for resources......Page 252
9.3.1. The need to make the benefits of space technology more universal......Page 254
9.3.2. The political significance of space for resources......Page 255
9.4.1. The geopolitical significance of space for resources......Page 256
9.4.2. The implications of increasing competition......Page 257
9.5. Conclusion......Page 259
10.1. Introduction......Page 261
10.2. The establishment of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space......Page 262
10.3. The UNISPACE Conferences and capacity building in space technology and applications......Page 266
10.4. The use of space technology and applications in the United Nations system......Page 269
10.5. The United Nations and space law: recent trends......Page 270
10.6. Conclusions......Page 273
PART 3 FACTS AND FIGURES......Page 277
1.1. Access to space......Page 278
1.2. Space science and exploration......Page 282
1.3. Applications......Page 284
1.4. Policy and international cooperation......Page 287
BELGIUM......Page 289
DENMARK......Page 290
FRANCE......Page 291
GREECE......Page 292
IRELAND......Page 293
LUXEMBOURG......Page 294
NORWAY......Page 295
PORTUGAL......Page 296
SPAIN......Page 297
SWITZERLAND......Page 298
UNITED KINGDOM......Page 299
European Space Agency......Page 300
European Commission......Page 301
Eumetsat......Page 302
CANADA......Page 303
CHINA......Page 304
INDIA......Page 305
JAPAN......Page 306
RUSSIA......Page 307
UKRAINE......Page 308
USA......Page 309
3.1. Monographs......Page 311
3.2. Articles......Page 313
Part 2: Views and Insights......Page 317
Part 2: Views and Insights......Page 319
About the Authors......Page 320
Index......Page 328