Writing Matters: A Handbook for Writing and Research

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Part One: Writing Matters: Planning, Drafting, Revising, Editing, Proofreading, and Formatting
	Tutorial Writing Matters: Writer\'s Responsibilities Checklists
	1 Writing Responsibly, Writing Successfully
		a. Your Responsibilities to Your Audience
		b. Your Responsibilities to Your Topic
		Writing Responsibly: Your Responsibilities as a Writer
		c. Your Responsibilities to Other Writers
		d. Your Responsibilities to Yourself
		Writing Responsibly: Taking Yourself Seriously as a Writer
		Student Model: Newspaper Article
	2 Planning Your Project
		a. Analyzing Your Writing Situation
		Writing Responsibly: Seeing and Showing the Whole Picture
		b. Analyzing an Assignment
		c. Generating Ideas, Topics
		Writing Responsibly: Note Taking and Plagiarism
		d. Narrowing or Broadening a Topic
		e. Working with Others: Planning a Collaborative Project
		Student Model: Freewrite
		Student Model: Brainstorm to Generate Ideas
		Student Model: Idea Cluster
		Student Model: Journalists\' Questions
		Student Model: Brainstorm to Narrow a Topic
	3 Organizing and Drafting Your Project
		a. Crafting an Effective Thesis
		b. Organizing Your Ideas
		c. Preparing to Draft
		d. Drafting: Explaining and Supporting Your Ideas
		Writing Responsibly: Made-up Evidence
		e. Writing with Others: Collaborative Projects
		Student Model: Informal (or Scratch) Outline
		Student Models Topic Outline and Sentence Outline
		Student Model: First Draft of a Researched Essay
	4 Crafting and Connecting Paragraphs
		a. Writing Relevant Paragraphs
		b. Writing Unified Paragraphs
		c. Writing Coherent Paragraphs
		Writing Responsibly: Guiding Your Audience
		d. Developing Paragraphs Using Patterns
		e. Writing Introductory Paragraphs
		f. Writing Concluding Paragraphs
		g. Connecting Paragraphs
		Professional Model: Speech
	5 Drafting and Revising Visuals
		a. Deciding Whether to Illustrate College Writing Projects
		b. Using Visuals as Evidence
		Writing Responsibly: Exploitative Images
		c. Deciding Whether to Copy Visuals or to Create Them
		d. Revising Visuals
	6 Revising, Editing, Proofreading, and Formatting
		Revising Globally: Analyzing Your Own Work
			a Gaining Perspective
			b. Revising Your Draft
			Writing Responsibly: The Big Picture
			c. Reconsidering Your Title
		Revising Locally: Editing Words and Sentences
			d. Choosing Your Words with Care
			e. Editing Your Sentences
			Writing Responsibly: Making Your Text Long Enough without Wordiness
		Revising with Others
			f. Revising with Peers
			g. Revising with a Tutor or an Instructor
		Proofreading and Formatting
			h. Proofreading
			Writing Responsibly: Beware the Spelling Checker!
			i. Formatting an Academic Text
			j. Creating and Submitting a Portfolio
			Student Model: Final Draft of a Researched Essay
			Student Model: Personal Statement
Part Two: Reasoning Matters Reading, Thinking, and Arguing
	7 Thinking and Reading Critically
		a. Comprehending
		Writing Responsibly: Engaging with What You Read
		b. Reflecting
		c. Preparing to Write
		Writing Responsibly: Drawing Inferences
		Writing Responsibly: Understanding Criticism
		Professional Model: Essay
		Professional Model: Article (annotated by a student)
		Student Model: Summary of an Article
		Student Model: Double-Entry Reading Journal
		Student Model: Annotations to an Image
		Student Model: Claims and Evidence Analysis
		Student Model: Rhetorical Analysis of an Image
		Student Model: Critical Analysis Essay
		Writing Responsibly: Understanding and Representing the Entire Source
	8 Applying Analysis and Crafting Arguments
		a. Persuading, Exploring, and Affirming
		b. Making Claims
		Writing Responsibly: Choosing an Engaging Topic
		c. Choosing Evidence Rhetorically
		Writing Responsibly: Establishing Yourself as a Responsible Writer
		Writing Responsibly: Preparing Oral Arguments
		d. Considering Alternative Viewpoints
		e. Discovering Assumptions and Common Ground
		Writing Responsibly: The Well-Tempered Tone
		f. Organizing Arguments: Classical, Rogerian, and Toulmin Models
		g. Avoiding Logical Fallacies
		Writing Responsibly: Visual Claims and Visual Fallacies
		h. Using Tone and Style Effectively and Ethically
		Student Model: Exploratory Argument
Part Three: Media Matters Designing, Writing, and Presenting
	9 Designing Accessible Print and Digital Documents
		a. Understanding the Four Principles of Design (CRAP)
		b. Understanding Universal, Empathy- Driven Design
		c. Understanding the Principles of Accessible Design (POUR)
		d. Planning Your Design Project
		e. Applying Traditional, Universal, and Accessible Design Principles
		Writing Responsibly: Selecting Fonts with Readers in Mind
		Writing Responsibly: Establishing a Consistent Font
		Student Model: A Well-Designed Document
	10 Writing for Multiple Media
		a. Writing and Answering Email
		Writing Responsibly: Maintaining Confidentiality in Email
		Writing Responsibly: Making Considerate Attachments
		Writing Responsibly: Understanding Email and Privacy
		b. Creating Websites and Web Pages
		Writing Responsibly: Checking Accessibility
		c. Writing in Social Media
		Writing Responsibly: Flaming
	11 Presenting with Multiple Media
		a. Identifying Your Purpose, Audience, Context, and Genre
		b. Devising a Topic and Thesis
		c. Organizing the Presentation
		d. Preparing and Rehearsing the Presentation
		e. Delivering the Presentation
		Writing Responsibly: Listening Actively
		f. Speaking Responsibly
Part Four: Research Matters Finding, Evaluating, and Citing Sources
	12 Planning a Research Project
		a. Analyzing the Assignment\'s Purpose, Audience, and Method of Development
		b. Setting a Schedule
		c. Choosing and Narrowing a Research Topic
		d. Drafting Research Questions and Hypotheses
		Writing Responsibly: Using Printed Sources
		e. Choosing Research Sources Strategically
		f. Establishing a Research Log
		Writing Responsibly: Avoiding Accidental Plagiarism
		g. Building and Annotating a Working Bibliography
	13 Finding Information
		a. Searching Rhetorically
		b. Finding Reference Works
		Writing Responsibly: Using Wikipedia Responsibly
		Writing Responsibly: Going beyond Reference Sources
		c. Finding Information on the Web
		d. Finding Reliable Interactive Media
		e. Finding Articles in Journals and Other Periodicals Using Databases and Indexes
		Writing Responsibly: Really Reading Real Sources
		f. Finding Books Using Library Catalogs
		g. Finding Government Information
		h. Finding Multimedia Sources
		Writing Responsibly: Choosing and Unpacking Complex Sources
		i. Conducting and Reporting Field Research
		Writing Responsibly: Conducting Interviews Fairly
		Writing Responsibly: Avoiding Manipulation and Bias in Observations
		Writing Responsibly: Reporting Results Fairly
	14 Evaluating Information
		a. Evaluating for Relevance, Reliability, and Diversity
		Writing Responsibly: Keeping an Open, Inquiring Mind
		Writing Responsibly: Online Plagiarism
		b. Misinformation, Disinformation, and Fake News
		c. Evaluating Digital Texts: Websites, Blogs, Wikis, Discussion Forums, and Social Media
		d. Evaluating Visual Sources
	15 Overcoming Fear of Plagiarizing: Paraphrase, Summary, and Rhetorical Note-Taking
		a. Researching Rhetorically
		b. Understanding Plagiarism
		Writing Responsibly: Using Illustrations and Avoiding Plagiarism
		c. Taking Notes Rhetorically
		Writing Responsibly: Highlighting versus Making Notes
		d. Citing Accurately
		Writing Responsibly: Blending Voices in Your Text
		e. Paraphrasing Elegantly
		f. Summarizing Eloquently
		g. Quoting Strategically
		Writing Responsibly: Using Quotations Fairly
		Writing Responsibly: Acknowledging Indirect Sources
		Student Model: Summary of a Source
		Student Model: Reading Note: Integrating Borrowed Ideas and Words
	16 Writing the Research Project
		a. Drafting a Thesis Statement
		b. Organizing Your Ideas
		Writing Responsibly: Acknowledging Counterevidence
		c. Drafting Your Research Project
		d. Revising, Proofreading, Formatting, and Publishing Your Project
		Student Model: Thesis Statement for \"Fast Fashion\" by Isabel Beck
		Student Model: Outline for \"Fast Fashion\" by Isabel Beck
		Student Model: Supporting Claims from \"Fast Fashion\" by Isabel Beck
	17 Citing Rhetorically
		a. Integrating Source Material Responsibly
		b. Showing Source Boundaries
		c. Emphasizing Your Voice
		d. Providing Context
		e. Integrating Altered Quotations
		Writing Responsibly: Explaining Your Choice of Sources
Part Five: Documentation Matters
	Tutorial Documentation Matters: Documenting a Source: MLA Style and APA Style
	18 Documenting Sources: MLA Style
		a. Creating MLA-Style In-Text Citations
		Writing Responsibly: Citing and Documenting Sources
		Writing Responsibly: Using Signal Phrases to Demonstrate Your Relationship with Sources
		b. Preparing an MLA-Style List of Works Cited
		Books—Printed and Electronic
		Periodicals—Printed and Electronic
		Other Electronic Sources
		Audio and Visual Sources
		Miscellaneous Sources—Printed and Electronic
		c. Using MLA Style for Informational Notes
		d. Formatting a Paper in MLA Style
		Writing Responsibly: Of Deadlines and Paperclips
		Student Model: Research Project: MLA Style: \"Fast Fashion,\" by Isabel Beck
	19 Documenting Sources: APAStyle
		a. Creating APA-Style In-Text Citations
		Writing Responsibly: Citing and Documenting Sources
		b. Preparing an APA-Style Reference List
		Books—Printed and Electronic
		Periodicals—Printed and Electronic
		Other Electronic Sources
		Audio and Visual Sources
		Miscellaneous Sources— Printed and Electronic
		c. Using APA Style for Informational Notes
		d. Formatting a Paper in APA Style
		Writing Responsibly: Of Deadlines and Paperclips
		Student Model: Research Project: APA Style
	20 Documenting Sources: Chicago Style
		a. Creating Chicago-Style Notes and Bibliography Entries
		Writing Responsibly: Citing and Documenting Sources
		Books—Printed and Electronic
		Periodicals—Printed and Electronic
		Other Electronic Sources
		Audio and Visual Sources
		Miscellaneous Sources—Printed and Electronic
		b. Using Chicago Style for Tables and Figures
		c. Formatting a Chicago-Style Research Project
		Writing Responsibly: Of Deadlines and Paperclips
		Student Model: Research Project: Chicago Style
	21 Documenting Sources: CSE Style
		a. Creating CSE-Style In-Text Citations
		Writing Responsibly: Citing and Documenting Sources
		b. Preparing a CSE-Style Reference List
		Books—Printed and Electronic
		Periodicals—Printed and Electronic
		Miscellaneous Sources—Printed and Electronic
		c. Formatting a CSE-Style Research Project
		Writing Responsibly: Of Deadlines and Paperclips
		Student Model: Research Project: CSE-Style Reference List
Part Six: Genre Matters Writing in and beyond College
	22 Writing in Literature and the Other Humanities
		a. Adopting the Approach of Literature and the Other Humanities
		Writing Responsibly: Reading with Study Guides
		b. Using the Resources of Literature and the Other Humanities
		c. Citing and Documenting Sources—MLA and Chicago Style
		d. Using the Language of Literature and the Other Humanities
		e. Writing about Fiction
		f. Writing about Poetry
		g. Writing about Drama
		Student Model: Textual Analysis
		Student Model: Writing about Fiction: Interpretive Analysis
		Student Model: Writing about Poetry: Explication
		Professional Model: Writing about Drama: Review of a Play
	23 Writing in the Sciences and Social Sciences
		a. Adopting the Approach of the Sciences and Social Sciences
		b. Using the Research Methods of the Sciences and Social Sciences
		c. Citing and Documenting Sources—APA and CSE Style
		Writing Responsibly: Presenting Data Accurately
		d. Using the Language of the Sciences and Social Sciences
		e. Writing Assignments in the Sciences and Social Sciences
		Student Model: Research Report
	24 Preparing for and Taking an Essay Exam
		a. Preparing for an Essay Exam
		b. Previewing the Exam
		c. Writing an Effective Answer
		Writing Responsibly: Using Your Computer during an Essay Exam
		Student Model: Effective Essay Exam Response
	25 Professional and Civic Writing
		a. Using Business Letter Formats
		b. Writing Business Letters
		Writing Responsibly: Letters to the Editor
		c. Writing Business Memos
		d. Writing Job Application Letters
		Writing Responsibly: Personal Emails and Text Messages at Work
		e. Writing Résumés
		Writing Responsibly: Representing Yourself
		f. Writing Reports and Proposals
		g. Writing Press Releases
		Student Model: Job Application
		Student Model: Traditional Résumé
		Student Model: Scannable, Optimized Résumé
		Professional Model: Business Letter: Apology
		Professional Model: Report
		Professional Model: Business Memo
		Professional Model: Press Release
Part Seven: Style Matters Writing Engagingly
	26 Writing Concisely
		Writing Responsibly: Conciseness versus the Too-Short Paper
		a. Eliminating Wordy Expressions
		b. Eliminating Ineffective or Unnecessary Repetition
		c. Avoiding Indirect Constructions
		d. Consolidating Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences
	27 Using Coordination and Subordination
		a. Coordinating Terms, Phrases, and Clauses
		b. Coordinating Effectively
		c. Identifying Important Ideas and Supporting Information with Subordination
		d. Using Coordination and Subordination Together
	28 Using Parallelism
		a. Using Parallelism for Paired Items and Items in a Series
		b. Maintaining Parallelism in Comparisons
		c. Including Function Words to Maintain Parallelism
		Writing Responsibly: Using Parallelism to Clarify Relationships among Ideas
		d. Maintaining Parallelism for Items in Lists and Outlines
		e. Using Parallelism to Create Emphasis
	29 Engaging Readers with Variety and Emphasis
		a. Varying Sentence Length and Structure
		b. Varying Sentence Openings
		c. Creating Emphasis with Rhythm
		d. Creating Emphasis with Punctuation
		e. Using Questions, Commands, and Exclamations
		f. Using Strategic Repetition
		g. Creating Emphasis with Emphatic Verbs
		h. Choosing the Active or Passive Voice
		Writing Responsibly: Voice and Responsibility
	30 Choosing Appropriate Language
		a. Using Language in Context
		Writing Responsibly: Avoiding Online Shortcuts
		Writing Responsibly: Euphemisms and Doublespeak
		b. Avoiding Biased or Hurtful Language
	31 Choosing Effective Words
		a. Diction: Finding the Right Word
		b. Choosing Compelling Words and Figures
		Writing Responsibly: Word Choice and Credibility
		c. Mastering Idioms
		d. Avoiding Clichés
	32 Using the Dictionary and Spelling Correctly
		a. Choosing a Dictionary
		Writing Responsibly: Choose Accurate Synonyms
		b. Using a Dictionary
		c. Avoiding Common Spelling Problems
		d. Remembering Spelling Rules
		Writing Responsibly: Spelling Errors
		e. Forming Plurals
		f. Improving Your Day-to-Day Spelling
Part Eight: Grammar Matters Writing with Clarity
	Tutorial Grammar Matters Identifying Common Sentence Problems
	Student Model: First Draft with Sentence Problems
	33 Understanding Grammar
		Writing Responsibly: Why Grammar Matters
		Parts of Speech
			a. Nouns
			b. Pronouns
			c. Verbs
			d. Adjectives
			e. Adverbs
			f. Prepositions
			g. Conjunctions
			h. Interjections
		Sentence Structure
			i. Subjects
			j. Predicates
			k. Verb Types and Sentence Patterns
			l. Phrases
			m. Independent and Subordinate Clauses
			n. Sentence Types
	34 Avoiding Sentence Fragments
		a. Recognizing Fragments
		b. Correcting Fragments
		Writing Responsibly: Sentence Fragments and Context
		c. Using Intentional Fragments Effectively and Judiciously
	35 Avoiding Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
		a. Correctly Joining Independent Clauses
		b. Identifying Incorrectly Joined Independent Clauses: Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
		Writing Responsibly: Clarifying Boundaries
		c. Recognizing When Comma Splices and Fused Sentences Tend to Occur
		Writing Responsibly: Is a Comma Splice Ever Acceptable?
		d. Correcting Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
	36 Maintaining Agreement
		Subject-Verb Agreement
			a. Understanding How Subjects and Verbs Agree
			Writing Responsibly: Dialect Variation in Subject-Verb Agreement
			b. Ignoring Words That Intervene between the Subject and the Verb
			c. Distinguishing Plural from Singular Compound Subjects
			d. Distinguishing Singular and Plural Indefinite Pronouns
			e. Understanding Collective Noun Subjects
			f. Finding Agreement When the Subject Is a Measurement, a Number, or the Word Number
			g. Recognizing Nouns That Are Singular Even Though They End in -s
			h. Treating Titles, Words as Words, and Gerund Phrases as Singular
			i. Matching a Relative Pronoun (Who, Which, or That) to Its Antecedent When the Pronoun Is the Subject of a Subordinate Clause
			j. Finding Agreement When the Subject Follows the Verb
			k. Matching a Linking Verb with Its Subject, Not Its Subject Complement
		Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
			I. Matching Pronouns with Indefinite Pronoun and Generic Noun Antecedents
			m. Matching Pronouns with Collective Noun Antecedents
			n. Matching Pronouns with Compound Antecedents
	37 Using Verbs
		Verb Forms
			a. Understanding the Basic Forms of Verbs
			b. Using Regular and Irregular Verb Forms Correctly
			c. Combining Main Verbs with Helping Verbs to Form Complete Verbs
			d. Including -s or -es, -d or -ed Endings When Required
			e. Distinguishing Rise from Raise, Sit from Set, Lie from Lay
		Tense
			f. Understanding Which Verb Tense to Use
			g. Following Conventions for the Use of the Present Tense
			h. Using Tense Sequence to Clarify Time Relationships
		Mood
			i. Understanding Verb Mood
			j. Using the Subjunctive Mood Correctly
		Voice
			k. Understanding Voice
			Writing Responsibly: Using the Subjunctive in Formal Writing
			l. Choosing between the Active and Passive Voice
	38 Understanding Pronoun Case and Reference
		Pronoun Case
			Writing Responsibly: Case and Tone
			a. Using the Subjective Case for Subject Complements
			b. She and I or Her and Me? Keeping Track of Case in Compounds
			c. Keeping Track of Pronoun Case in Appositives
			d. Deciding between We and Us before Nouns
			e. Using the Objective Case Both before and after an Infinitive
			f. Deciding on Pronoun Case with the –ing Form of a Verb
			g. Clarifying Pronoun Case in Comparisons with Than or As
			h. Using Who, Whom, Whoever, and Whomever
		Clear Pronoun Reference
			i. Avoiding Ambiguous Reference
			j. Avoiding Confusingly Broad Reference with It, This, That, and Which
			k. Avoiding Implied Reference
			l. Reserving You for Directly Addressing the Reader
			m. Avoiding the Indefinite Use of They and It
			n. Designating People with Who, Whom, and Whose, Not That and Which
	39 Using Adjectives and Adverbs
		a. Differentiating Adjectives and Adverbs
		b. Using Adjectives, Not Adverbs, as Subject Complements after Linking Verbs
		c. Choosing Bad or Badly, Good or Well
		d. Using Negatives Correctly
		e. Avoiding Long Strings of Nouns Used as Adjectives
		f. Using Comparative and Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs
	40 Avoiding Confusing Shifts
		a. Avoiding Awkward Shifts in Tense
		b. Avoiding Awkward Shifts in Mood and Voice
		c. Avoiding Awkward Shifts in Person and Number
		d. Avoiding Awkward Shifts in Direct and Indirect Quotations and Questions
	41 Avoiding Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
		Misplaced Modifiers
			a. Avoiding Confusing or Ambiguous Placement
			b. Avoiding Disruptive Placement
			Writing Responsibly: Misplaced Modifiers in the Real World
		Dangling Modifiers
			c. Identifying Dangling Modifiers
			d. Correcting Dangling Modifiers
	42 Avoiding Mixed and Incomplete Constructions
		Mixed Constructions
			a. Recognizing and Correcting Grammatically Mixed Constructions
			b. Recognizing and Correcting Mismatched Subjects and Predicates
		Incomplete Constructions
			c. Adding Essential Words to Compound and Other Constructions
			d. Avoiding Incomplete or Ambiguous Comparisons
Part Nine: Language Matters Guidance for Multilingual Writers
	43 Understanding English Word Order and Sentence Structure
		a. Observing Standard Word Order
		b. Including a Stated Subject
		c. Managing There and It Constructions
		d. Eliminating Redundant Subject and Object Pronouns
		e. Structuring Sentences with Direct Objects, Indirect Objects, and Object Complements
		f. Observing Word-Order Patterns in Questions
		g. Observing Inverted Word Order When Certain Conjunctions or Adverbs Begin a Clause
	44 Using Nouns and Noun Determiners
		a. Understanding Different Types of Nouns
		b. Using Nouns with Articles (a, an, the) and Other Determiners
	45 Managing English Verbs
		a. Using Phrasal Verbs
		b. Using Gerunds and Infinitives after Verbs and Prepositions
		c. Using Participles as Adjectives
		d. Using Helping Verbs for Verb Formation
	46 Managing Adjectives and Adverbs
		a. Placing Adjectives in the Proper Order
		b. Choosing the Correct Prepositions with Adjectives
		c. Placing Adverbs Correctly
		d. Dealing with Confusing Adverbs
	47 Using Prepositions
		a. Recognizing Prepositions
		b. The Functions of Prepositions
		c. Using Prepositions Correctly
		d. Necessary and Unnecessary Prepositions
Part Ten: Detail Matters Punctuation and Mechanics
	48 Using Commas
		Writing Responsibly: Commas and Clarity
		a. Using Commas in Compound Sentences
		b. Using a Comma after Introductory Elements
		c. Using Commas to Set Off Conjunctive Adverbs and Most Transitional Phrases
		d. Inserting Commas to Set Off Interjections, Contrasting Information, Expressions of Direct Address, Parenthetical and Conversational Expressions, and Tag Questions
		e. Using Commas to Separate Items in a Series
		f. Using Commas to Separate Coordinate, Not Cumulative, Adjectives
		g. Using Commas to Set Off Nonessential Appositives, Phrases, and Clauses
		h. Using Commas with Quotations
		i. Using Commas with Numbers, Names and Titles, Place Names and Addresses, and Dates
		j. Using Commas to Avoid Ambiguity
		k. Avoiding Commas between Subjects and Verbs, Verbs and Objects, and Prepositions and Objects
	49 Using Semicolons
		Writing Responsibly: Sending a Signal with Semicolons
		a. Using a Semicolon to Link Independent Clauses
		b. Using a Semicolon before a Conjunctive Adverb or Transitional Phrase Linking Two Independent Clauses
		c. Using a Semicolon to Mark a Series with Internal Commas
		d. Repairing a Comma Splice
		e. Avoiding Overuse
	50 Using Apostrophes
		a. Using Apostrophes to Indicate Possession
		Writing Responsibly: Contractions in Formal Writing
		b. Using Apostrophes in Contractions and Abbreviated Years
		c. Moving Away from Using Apostrophes to Form Plurals of Abbreviations, Dates, Numbers, and Words or Letters Used as Words
	51 Using Quotation Marks
		a. Setting Off Direct Quotations
		Writing Responsibly: Using Quotations Fairly
		b. Indicating Titles of Short Works
		c. Indicating Words Used in a Special Sense
		d. Misusing Quotation Marks
		e. Punctuating Quotations
		f. Altering Quotations with Ellipses and Square Brackets
		g. Introducing and Identifying Quotations
	52 Using End Punctuation: Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points
		a. Using Periods to End Statements and Mild Commands
		b. Using Question Marks to End Direct (Not Indirect) Questions
		Writing Responsibly: Question Marks and Exclamation Points
		c. Using Exclamation Points with Strong Commands or to Express Excitement or Surprise
	53 Using Other Punctuation: Dashes, Parentheses, Brackets, Colons, Ellipses, and Slashes
		a. Using Dashes
		b. Using Parentheses
		Writing Responsibly: Em Dashes, Parentheses, or Commas?
		c. Using Brackets
		Writing Responsibly: Using [sic]
		d. Using Colons
		e. Using Ellipses
		Writing Responsibly: Altering Quotations
		f. Using Slashes
	54 Capitalizing
		a. Capitalizing the First Word of a Sentence
		b. Capitalizing Proper Nouns and Proper Adjectives
		c. Capitalizing Titles and Subtitles
		d. Capitalizing the First-Person Pronoun I and the Interjection O
		Writing Responsibly: Capitalizing in Email, Social Media, and Text Messages
		e. Capitalizing Abbreviations and Acronyms
	55 Italics and Underlining
		a. Italicizing Titles of Longer Works
		Writing Responsibly: Using Italics for Emphasis
		b. Italicizing for Emphasis
		c. Italicizing Names of Vehicles
		d. Italicizing Words, Letters, or Numbers Used as Words
		e. Italicizing Unfamiliar Non-English Words and Latin Genus and Species
	56 Using Abbreviations
		a. Abbreviating Titles before and after Names
		b. Using Familiar Abbreviations: Acronyms and Initialisms
		Writing Responsibly: Using Online Abbreviations Appropriately
		c. Using Abbreviations with Specific Years (BC, BCE, AD, CE), Hours (a.m., p.m.), Numbers (no.), Dollars ($)
		d. Avoiding Abbreviations of Names, Words, Courses, Parts of Books, States and Countries, Days and Months, Holidays, and Units of Measurement in Prose
		e. Replacing Latin Abbreviations with English Equivalents in Formal Prose
	57 Using Numbers
		Writing Responsibly: Ethos and Convention
		a. Spelling Out Numbers When They Can Be Expressed in One or Two Words
		b. Following Conventions for Dates, Times, Addresses, Specific Amounts of Money and Other Quantitative Information, and Divisions of Literary Works
	58 Using Hyphens
		a. Using Hyphens to Form Compounds
		Writing Responsibly: Hyphenating with Readers in Mind
		b. Using Hyphens to Break Words at the Ends of Lines
Glossary of Key Terms
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Index
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EFL: Index
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