Writing Matters: A Handbook For Writing And Research

Part One: Writing Matters 1Foldout Writing Responsibly Checklist1 Writing Responsibly in theInformation Age 2 a. Writing Today 2b. The Writer\'s Responsibilities 32 Planning 9a. Analyzing Your Writing Situation 9b. Analyzing an Assignment 17c. Generating Ideas 20d. Narrowing or Broadening a Topic 25e. Planning a Collaborative Project 26Student Models Freewrite 21
 Brainstorm 22
Journalists\' Questions 243 Organizing and Drafting 29a. Thesis 29b. Organization 33c. Preparing to Draft 38d. Drafting 40e. Collaborating 45Student Models Informal (or Scratch)Outline 36
 Topic Outline and SentenceOutline 36
 First Draft 424 Crafting and ConnectingParagraphs 46a. Relevance 47b. Unity 47c. Coherence 52d. Development with Patterns 59e. Introductions 63f. Conclusions 65g. Connecting Paragraphs 69Professional Model Editorial 695 Drafting and Revising Visuals 73a. Illustrating College Projects 73b. Visuals as Evidence 74c. Copying vs. Creating Visuals 78d. Revising Visuals 786 Revising, Editing, Proofreading,and Formatting 82Revising Globallya. Gaining Perspective 82b. Revising 83c. Reconsidering Your Title 86Revising Locallyd. Choosing Words 87e. Editing Sentences 88Revising with Othersf. Peer Revising 90g. Working with a Tutor, Instructor 92Proofreading and Formattingh. Proofreading 93i. Formatting an Academic Text 95j. Portfolio 99k. Writing Responsibly Explaining YourChoice of Sources 104Student Models Final Draft 95
 PersonalStatement 101Part Two: Reasoning Matters 107 7 Thinking and Reading Critically 108a. Comprehending 108b. Reflecting 114c. Preparing to Write 119d. Writing Responsibly Understandingand Representing the Entire Source 132Student Models Summary 111
Double-Entry Reading Journal 118
 Claims andEvidence Analysis 121
 Advertisement Critique 121
Prewrite 123
 Critical Response Essay 127Professional Models Essay 112
 Editorial 1158 Analyzing and CraftingArguments 134a. Persuading and Exploring 134b. Claims 138c. Rhetorical Evidence 142d. Alternative Viewpoints 145e. Assumptions, Common Ground 147f. Classical, Rogerian, Toulmin Models 154g. Logical Fallacies 156Student Model Exploratory Argument 147Part Three: Media Matters 1619 Designing Documents 162a. Design Principles 162b. Planning 163c. Applying the Principles 16410 Writing for Multiple Media 171a. Writing, Answering E-mail 172b. Creating Websites, Web Pages 176c. Writing in Interactive Media 18111 Presenting with Multiple Media 183a. Purpose, Audience, Context, Genre 183b. Topic and Thesis 184c. Organization 185d. Preparing and Rehearsing 186e. Delivering the Presentation 189f. Speaking Responsibly 189Part Four: Research Matters 19112 Planning a Research Project 192a. Analyzing the Assignment 192b. Setting a Schedule 194c. Choosing, Narrowing a Topic 195d. Research Questions, Hypotheses 195e. Choosing Sources Strategically 197f. Research Log 198g. Working Bibliography 20013 Finding Information 206a. Reference Works 206b. Information on the Web 210c. Interactive Media 214d. Articles in Journals, Periodicals 215e. Books 220f. Government Information 224g. Multimedia Sources 225h. Field Research 22614 Evaluating Information 230a. Relevance and Reliability 230b. Online Texts 236c. Visual Sources 239d. Writing Responsibly Choosing andUnpacking Complex Sources 24415 Using Information Responsibly:Taking Notes and AvoidingPlagiarism 246a. Valuing Research 248b. Acknowledging 248c. Notes to Avoid Plagiarizing 250d. Notes That Help You Research 251e. Paraphrasing, Not Patchwriting 252f. Summarizing 256g. Quoting 259h. Analyzing, Interpreting, Synthesizing,and Critiquing 262Student Models Summary 257
 Reading Note 261
Summary Note with Writer\'s Assessment 26316 Writing the Research Project 264a. Thesis Statement 264b. Organization 266c. Drafting 270d. Revising, Proofreading, Formatting,and Publishing 273Student Models Thesis Statement 265
Outline 26817 Citing Expertly 274a. Source Material 275b. Source Boundaries 276c. Your Voice 278d. Context 280e. Altered Quotations 284Part Five: Documentation Matters 287Foldout Documenting Sources: MLA Style18 Documenting Sources:MLA Style 288a. MLA In-Text Citations 288b. MLA Works-Cited List 305c. MLA Style Notes 331d. MLA Format 332Student Model Research Project: MLA Style 336Foldout Documenting Sources: APA Style19 Documenting Sources:APA Style 347a. APA In-Text Citations 347b. APA Reference List 358c. APA Style Notes 376d. APA Format 377Student Model Research Project: APA Style 38120Documenting Sources:Chicago Style 389a. Chicago-Style Notes and Bibliography 390b. Chicago Style Tables and Figures 407c. Chicago-Style Research Project 407Student Model Research Project:Chicago Style 40821 Documenting Sources: CSE Style 416a. CSE In-Text Citations 416b. CSE Reference List 418c. CSE Format 428Student Model Research Project: CSE-StyleReference List 429Part Six: Genre Matters 43122 Writing in Literature andthe Other Humanities 432a. Approach 432b. Resources 435c. Citing, Documenting Sources 437d. Language 437e. Writing about Fiction 440f. Writing about Poetry 446g. Writing about Drama 451Student Models Textual Analysis 434
 Writingabout Fiction: Interpretive Analysis 442
 Writingabout Poetry: Explication 446Professional Model Writing about Drama:Review of a Play 45123 Writing in the Sciences and SocialSciences 455a. Approach 455b. Research Methods 456c. Citing, Documenting Sources 457d. Language 457e. Writing Assignments 459Student Model Research Report 46124 Preparing for and Takingan Essay Exam 469a. Preparing for an Exam 469b. Previewing the Exam 471c. Writing an Effective Answer 472Student Model Effective Essay Exam:Response 47425 Writing in Businessand as a Citizen 476a. Business Letter Formats 476b. Business Letters 479c. Business Memos 481d. Job Application Letters 482e. Resumes 486f. Reports and Proposals 490g. Press Releases 492Student Models Job Application 485
 TraditionalResume 487
 Scannable Resume 489
Professional Models Business Letter: Apology480
 Business Memo 482
 Press Release 493Part Seven Style Matters 49526 Writing Concisely 496a. Wordy Expressions 497b. Unnecessary Repetition 499c. Indirect Constructions 500d. Consolidation 50227 Using Coordination andSubordination 505a. Coordinating Terms, Phrases, Clauses 506b. Effective Coordination 507c. Main Ideas, Supporting Information 510d. Coordination and Subordination 51528 Using Parallelism 518a. Pairs and Series 520b. Comparisons 522c. Function 522d. Lists and Outlines 523e. Emphasis 52529 Variety and Emphasis 527a. Varying Sentence Length 528b. Varying Sentence Openings 529c. Emphasis with Rhythm 531d. Emphasis with Punctuation 533e. Questions, Commands, Exclamations 534f. Strategic Repetition 534g. Emphatic Verbs 535h. Active or Passive Voice 535i. Writing Responsibly Blending Voicesin Your Text 53830 Appropriate Language 540a. Language in Context 540b. Biased or Hurtful Language 54431 Effective Word Choice 548a. Diction 548b. Compelling Words and Figures 550c. Idioms 554d. Cliches 55532 Dictionary and Spelling 558a. Choosing a Dictionary 558b. Using a Dictionary 560c. Common Spelling Problems 562d. Spelling Rules 564e. Plurals 569f. Improving Your Spelling 571Part Eight: Grammar Matters 573Foldout Common Sentence Problems33 Grammar 574THE PARTS OF SPEECHa. Nouns 575b. Pronouns 577c. Verbs 577d. Adjectives 580e. Adverbs 581f. Prepositions 582g. Conjunctions 583h. Interjections 584SENTENCE STRUCTUREi. Subjects 585j. Predicates 587k. Verb Types, Sentence Patterns 588l. Phrases 591m. Clauses 594n. Sentence Types 59734 Sentence Fragments 600a. Recognizing Fragments 600b. Correcting Fragments 604c. Intentional Fragments 60935 Comma Splices and FusedSentences 611a. Joining Independent Clauses 611b. Identifying Comma Splices,Fused Sentences 612c. Avoiding Spliced, Fused Sentences 613d. Correcting Spliced, Fused Sentences 61536 Agreement 620SUBJECT -VERB AGREEMENTa. Subjects and Verbs Agree 620b. Intervening Words 622c. Compound Subjects 623d. Indefinite Pronouns 625e. Collective Noun 625f. Measurements, Numbers 626g. Singular Nouns with -s 627h. Titles, Words as Words, Gerund 627i. Who, Which, or That 628j. Subject after Verb 629k. Linking Verbs 629PRONO UN ANTECEDENT AGREEMENTl. Indefinite and Generic Words 631m. Collective Nouns 634n. Compound Antecedents 63437 Verbs 636VERB FORMSa. Basic Forms 636b. Regular and Irregular Verbs 638c. Complete Verbs 639d. -s or -es, -d or -ed Endings 642e. Rise/Raise, Sit/Set, Lie/Lay 643TENSEf. Verb Tenses 644g. Uses of the Present Tense 647h. Tense Sequence 648MOODi. Verb Mood 650j. Subjunctive Mood 650VOICEk. Verb Voice 652l. Active vs. Passive 65338 Pronoun Case, Reference 656PRONOUN CASEa. Subject Complements 658b. Case in Compounds:She and I vs. Her and Me 658c. Appositives 660d. We and Us before Nouns 660e. Infinitives 661f. Case with -ing Words 661g. Comparisons with Than or As 662h. Who/Whom, Whoever/Whomever 663PRONOUN REFERENCEi. Ambiguous Reference 665j. Broad Reference 665k. Implied Reference 666l. You for Direct Address 666m. Indefinite They, It 666n. Who, Whom vs. That, Which 66739 Adjectives and Adverbs 669a. Adjectives vs. Adverbs 669b. Subject Complements 670c. Bad vs. Badly, Good vs. Well 671d. Double Negatives 673e. Nouns as Adjectives 673f. Comparatives and Superlatives 67440 Confusing Shifts 678a. Tense 678b. Mood and Voice 679c. Person and Number 681d. Direct and Indirect Quotations 68341 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 686MISPLACED MODIFIERSa. Confusing Placement 687b. Disruptive Placement 689DANGLING MODIFIERSc. Identifying 692d. Correcting 69342 Mixed and IncompleteConstructions 695MIXED CONSTRUCTIONSa. Mixed Constructions 695b. Subjects and Predicates 697INCOMPLETE CONSTRUCTIONSc. Essential Words 700d. Comparisons 701Part Nine: Language Matters 70343 English Sentence Structure 704a. Normal Word Order 704b. Stated Subject 704c. There and It Sentences 705d. Redundant Pronouns 706e. Objects 707f. Questions 709g. Inversions 71044 Nouns 713a. Noun Types 713b. Articles, Other Determiners 71445 Verb Issues 722a. Phrasal Verbs 722b. Gerunds and Infinitives 725c. Participles as Adjectives 727d. Helping Verbs 72846 Adjectives and Adverbs 732a. Adjective Order 732b. Prepositions with Adjectives 733c. Adverb Placement 734d. Confusing Adverbs 73647 Prepositions 739a. Recognizing Prepositions 739b. Functions of Prepositions 740c. Using Prepositions 744d. Necessary, Unnecessary Prepositions 745Part Ten: Detail Matters 74748 Commas 748a. Compound Sentences 750b. Introductory Elements 751c. Conjunctive Adverbs,Transitional Phrases 753d. Interjections, Contrasting Information, 753e. Items in a Series 754f. Coordinate Adjectives 755g. Nonessential Elements 757h. Quotations 759i. Numbers, Names, Titles, Dates, etc. 760j. Avoiding Ambiguity 762k. Avoiding use Between Subjects/Verbs,Verbs/Objects 76349 Semicolons 766a. Linking Independent Clauses 767b. Conjunctive Adverbs,Transitional Phrases 768c. Series with Commas 769d. Comma Splices, Fused Sentences 769e. Misuse 77050 Apostrophes 773a. Possession 773b. Contractions, Abbreviated Years 777c. Avoiding Use with Plurals of Dates,Abbreviations, Numbers, etc. 77751 Quotation Marks 780a. Direct Quotations 780b. Titles of Short Works 783c. Words Used in a Special Sense 784d. Misuse 784e. Punctuating Quotations 785f. Altering Quotations: Ellipses,Square Brackets 786g. Introducing, Identifying Quotations 787h. Writing Responsibly AcknowledgingIndirect Sources 79052 End Punctuation 792a. Periods 792b. Question Marks 793c. Exclamation Points 79453 Dashes, Parentheses, Colons, Ellipses,and Other Marks 796a. Dashes 796b. Parentheses 798c. Brackets 800d. Colons 800e. Ellipses 803f. Slashes 80554 Capitalizing 807a. First Word of a Sentence 807b. Proper Nouns, Proper Adjectives 809c. Titles and Subtitles 810d. Pronoun I and InterjectionO 811e. Abbreviations and Acronyms 81255 Italics and Underlining 814a. Titles of Longer Works 814b. Emphasis 816c. Names of Vehicles 816d. Words, Letters, Numbers as Words 816e. Non-English Words
 Latin Genus, Species 817f. Hyperlinks 81756 Abbreviations 820a. Titles 822b. Acronyms and Initialisms 822c. Years, Hours, Numbers, Dollars 823d. Misuse with Names, Words, States, etc. 823e. Latin Abbreviations 82457 Numbers 826a. When to Spell Out 827b. With Dates, Times, Addresses, Money, etc. 82758 Using Hyphens 830a. Compounds 830b. Breaking Words 833