Uveal melanoma : biology and management

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Basic Science
	Chapter 1: Molecular Basis of Uveal Melanoma and Emerging Therapeutic Targets
		Introduction
		Recent Genomic Findings in Uveal Melanoma
		Rational Therapeutic Targets in Uveal Melanoma
		Summary
		References
	Chapter 2: Clinical/Commercial Genetic Testing in UM
		References
	Chapter 3: BAP1 Tumor Predisposition Syndrome
		References
	Chapter 4: Pathology of Uveal Melanoma
		General Characteristics
			Anatomy and Histology
			Location of Tumor, Surgical Procedures by Site, Specimen Type
			Macroscopic Examination and Grossing
			Growth Pattern
		Scleral Invasion and Extraocular Extension
		Size
		Microscopic Features with Prognostic Value
		Cytology
		Differential Diagnosis
		Pathologist’s Report
		References
	Chapter 5: Uveal Melanoma: Epidemiology of Uveal Melanoma and Potential Clusters
		Incidence of Uveal Melanoma
		Risk Factors for Uveal Melanoma
		Potential Uveal Melanoma Cluster Populations
		Summary
		References
	Chapter 6: Gene Expression Profiling in the Management of Uveal Melanoma
		Introduction
		Historical Relevance of Gene Expression Profiling in UM Prognosis
		Practical Clinical Application of GEP in UM
		Future Clinical Applications of GEP in UM
		References
Part II: Management of the Eye
	Chapter 7: Surgical Considerations of Radiation Plaques and Enucleation
		Introduction
		Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study
			Brachytherapy Versus Enucleation in Medium-Sized Choroidal Melanoma
			Pre-enucleation Radiation in Large-Sized Choroidal Melanoma
			Trends in Small-Sized Choroidal Melanoma
			COMS Quality of Life Study
		Brachytherapy
			Indications for Radiation Therapy
			Preoperative Planning
			Surgical Placement and Removal of Plaques
			Complications and Postoperative Considerations
		Enucleation
			Indications for Enucleation
			Types of Implants After Enucleation
			Surgical Technique for Enucleation
			Postoperative Care
			Complications of Enucleation
		Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
			Preoperative Planning for Biopsy
			Surgical Preparation
			Transcorneal Technique
			Transscleral Technique
			Transvitreal Technique
			Postoperative Care
		Remaining Controversies in Local Treatment
			Small Tumors
			Large Tumors
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 8: Uveal Melanoma: Imaging
		Introduction
		Photography
		Ultrasonography
		Ocular Coherence Tomography
		Fundus Autofluorescence
		Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography
		Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Radiation Therapy in Ocular Melanoma
		Significance of Radiotherapy in Uveal Melanoma
		Indications for Radiotherapy
			Radiotherapy for Small Versus Medium Versus Large Tumors
			Local Recurrence and Metastatic Disease
			What Are Other Options Preferred Over Radiotherapy?
		Radiotherapy Modalities
			Episcleral Plaque Brachytherapy
				Indication/Contraindications
				Overview of Treatment Planning and Delivery
				Dose Prescription Considerations
				Dose De-escalation
				Radionuclides in Plaque Brachytherapy
			Particle/Proton Beam Radiotherapy
				Indications for Use
				Treatment Planning Considerations
			Photon-Based Radiotherapy
				Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Radiotherapy
				Conventional Photon Therapy
		Outcomes Following Radiotherapy for Uveal Melanoma
			Local Control
				Local Control Following Plaque Brachytherapy
				Local Control Following Particle/Proton Beam Therapy
			Distant Metastasis
		Summary
		References
	Chapter 10: Late Complications of Radiation Therapy in Uveal Melanoma
		Introduction
		Radiation Retinopathy
			Etiology and Clinical Features
			Risk Factors
				Types of Radiation
				Radioactive Isotopes
				Radiation Dosimetry and Fractionation
				Tumor Characteristics
				Patient Demographics
			Treatment for Radiation Retinopathy
				Laser Photocoagulation
				Intravitreal Steroids
				Intravitreal Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
				Prophylactic Treatment
		Radiation Effects on Other Ocular Structures
			Iris
			Lens
			Sclera
			Choroid
			Optic Nerve
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma
		Nanoparticles and Viruses in Oncology
		HPV-Derived VLPs
		AU-011
		Mechanism of Action
		Preclinical Data
		Clinical Data
			Phase 1b/2 Study with Intravitreal Administration
			Phase 2 Study of Suprachoroidal Administration
			Registry
		Summary
		References
Part III: Systemic Therapies
	Chapter 12: Surveillance for Metastatic Disease
		Introduction
		Initial Staging Imaging
		Considerations for Surveillance Imaging
			Existing Guidelines for Surveillance
			Does Early Diagnosis Improve Patient Outcomes?
			Time to Metastasis
			Why Do Late Metastases Develop in Uveal Melanoma?
			Radiation Exposure
			Psychological Effects
		Risk Stratification to Guide Surveillance
		Screening Schedules and Patterns of Metastatic Disease
		Surveillance Modalities
			Peripheral Blood
			Chest X-Ray
			Computed Tomography
			MRI
			Ultrasound
			PET-CT
		Conclusions and Expert Opinion
		References
	Chapter 13: Adjuvant Therapy of Uveal Melanoma
		Background
		Treatment of Advanced Disease
		Rationale for the Adjuvant Treatment in Patients with High-Risk Uveal Melanoma
		Adjuvant Systemic Therapies for Uveal Melanoma
			Chemotherapy
			Targeted Therapy
			c-Kit Inhibitors
			c-MET Inhibitors
		Epigenetic Therapies
		Immunotherapy as Adjuvant Therapy for Uveal Melanoma
		Dendritic Cell Vaccines
		CTLA-4 Inhibition in Uveal Melanoma
		PD-1 Inhibition in Uveal Melanoma
		Anti PD-1 and Anti CTLA-4 Combination Therapy in Uveal Melanoma
		Future Directions
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 14: Liver-Directed Therapies for Hepatic Metastases
		General Principles
		Surgical Management of Liver Metastasis
			Resection Versus No Resection
			Resection Versus Resection and RFA
			Metastasis in >50% of the Liver
			Surgery and Hepatic Artery Infusion Versus Systemic Chemotherapy
		Nonsurgical Options
			Ablative Therapies
			Intra-arterial Therapies
			Hepatic Artery Immunoembolization
			Radioembolization
			Hepatic Intra-arterial Chemotherapy
		References
	Chapter 15: Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
		Chemotherapy
		Targeted Therapies
		Immunotherapy
		Possible Future Approaches
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Cell Therapy for Uveal Melanoma
		Introduction
		Adoptive Cell Therapy in Uveal Melanoma
		Other Immunotherapeutic Approaches for UM
		Potential Limitations of ACT for UM
		Summary
		References
Index