Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Volume 1: A History of the World: From the Beginnings of Humankind through the Black Death, Second edition

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 8
Title......Page 11
Contents in Brief......Page 13
Contents......Page 15
Preface......Page 33
Acknowledgments......Page 41
About the Authors......Page 44
The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds......Page 46
CHAPTER 1 BECOMING HUMAN......Page 51
PRECURSORS TO MODERN HUMANS......Page 52
Evolutionary Findings and Research Methods......Page 53
Early Hominids and Adaptation......Page 55
The First Humans: Homo Habilis......Page 59
Early Humans on the Move: Migrations of Homo Erectus......Page 60
Homo Sapiens and Their Migration......Page 63
Cro-Magnon Homo Sapiens Replace Neanderthals......Page 65
Early Homo Sapiens as Hunters and Gatherers......Page 68
Art......Page 70
Language......Page 73
THE BEGININGS OF FOOD PRODUCTION......Page 74
Early Domestication of Plants and Animals......Page 75
Southwest Asia: The Revolution Begins......Page 79
Rice and Water in East Asia......Page 80
Spread of Agriculture to Europe......Page 82
Agriculture in the Americas......Page 85
Africa: The Race with the Sahara......Page 88
Early Settlement in Villages......Page 90
Men, Women, and the Growth of Drudgery......Page 91
CONCLUSION......Page 93
FUTHER READING......Page 94
CHAPTER 2 RIVERS, CITIES, AND FIRST STATE, 4000–2000 BCE......Page 99
SETTLEMENT, PASTORALISM, AND TRADE......Page 100
Early Cities along River Basins......Page 101
Smaller Settlements around 3500 BCE......Page 104
The Rise of Trade......Page 105
Crossroads of Southwest Asia......Page 107
First Cities......Page 108
Gods and Temples......Page 109
The Palace and Royal Power......Page 110
Social Hierarchy and Families......Page 111
First Writing and Early Texts......Page 112
Spreading Cities and First Territorial States......Page 114
INDUS VALLEY: A PARALLEL CULTURE......Page 116
Harappan City Life......Page 117
Trade......Page 119
THE GIFT OF NILE: EGYPT (5000–2000 BCE)......Page 120
The Nile River and Its Floodwaters......Page 121
The Rise of the State and Dynasties......Page 122
Rituals, Pyramids, and True Order......Page 123
Religion of Ancient Egypt......Page 125
Writing and Scribes......Page 127
The Later Dynasties and Their Demise......Page 129
RIVERINE PEOPLES IN EAST ASIA (5000–2000 BCE)......Page 130
From Yangshao to Longshan Culture......Page 131
Life in Liangzhu......Page 133
Aegean Worlds......Page 134
Anatolia......Page 136
The Western Frontier: Europe......Page 138
CONCLUSION......Page 141
FEATURE READINGS......Page 142
CHAPTER 3 NOMADS TERRITORIAL STATES, AND MICROSOCIETIES, 2000–1200 BCE......Page 145
NOMADIC MOVEMENT AND THE EMERGENCE OF TERRITORIAL STATES......Page 146
Nomadic and Transhumant Migrations......Page 147
The Emergence of Territorial States......Page 151
Egypt......Page 154
Anatolia and the Rise of the Hittites......Page 156
The Iranian Plateau and the Elamites......Page 157
Mesopotamia......Page 158
The Community of Major Powers (1400–1200 BCE)......Page 163
NOMADS AND THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY......Page 164
State Formation......Page 168
Metalworking, Agriculture, and Tribute......Page 170
Shang Society and Beliefs......Page 172
The Development of Writing in China......Page 173
THE SOUTH PACIFIC (2500 BCE–400 CE)......Page 174
THE AEGEAN IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BCE......Page 176
Seaborne Trade and Communication......Page 177
Mycenaean Culture......Page 180
EUROPE—THE NORTHERN FRONTER......Page 181
EARLY STATE IN AMERICANS......Page 182
CONCLUSION......Page 183
FUTURE READINGS......Page 184
CHAPTER 4 FIRST EMPIRES AND COMMON CULTURES IN AFRO - EURASIA, 1200–350 BCE......Page 189
THE NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE......Page 194
Expansion into an Empire......Page 195
Integration and Control of the Empire......Page 196
Assyrian Social Structure and Population......Page 199
The Integration of a Multicultural Empire......Page 200
Zoroastrianism, Ideology, and Social Structure......Page 202
Public Works and Imperial Identity......Page 205
Migrations and Upheaval......Page 207
Persia and the Greeks......Page 208
The Phoenicians......Page 210
Israel and Judah......Page 212
FOUNDATIONS OF VEDIC CULTURE IN SOUTH ASIA (1500–400 BCE)......Page 214
Splintered States......Page 215
Vedic Worlds......Page 216
THE EARLY ZHOU EMPIRE IN EAST ASIA (1045–771 BCE)......Page 218
The Zhou “Mandate of Heaven” and the Legitimation of Power......Page 221
Social Structure and Economic Transformation......Page 224
CONCLUSION......Page 226
FUTHER READINGS......Page 228
CHAPTER 5 WORLDS TURNED INSIDE OUT, 1000–350 BCE......Page 231
EASTERN ZHU CHINA (770–221 BCE)......Page 233
The Warring States Period......Page 236
Innovations in Warfare......Page 238
Economic, Social, and Cultural Changes......Page 239
New Ideas and the “Hundred Masters”......Page 240
The Rise of New Polities......Page 243
Expansion of the Caste System......Page 245
New Cities and an Expanding Economy......Page 246
Brahmans, Their Challengers, and New Beliefs......Page 247
COMMON CULTURE IN THE AMERICAS......Page 252
The Chavín in the Andes (1400–200 BCE)......Page 254
The Olmecs in Mesoamerica......Page 255
COMMON CULTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA......Page 260
Meroe: Between Sudanic Africa and Pharaonic Egypt......Page 262
WARRING IDEAS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD......Page 264
A New World of City-States......Page 265
Economic Innovations and Population Movement......Page 268
New Ideas......Page 271
CONCLUSION......Page 275
FUTHER READINGS......Page 276
CHAPTER 6 SHRINKING THE AFRO-EURASIAN WORLD, 350 BCE–250 CE......Page 279
POLITICAL EXPANSION AND CULTURAL DIFFUSION......Page 280
Conquests of Alexander the Great......Page 281
Alexander’s Successors and the Territorial Kingdoms......Page 286
Hellenistic Culture......Page 287
Roman Hellenism and the Beginnings of the Roman Empire......Page 291
Carthage......Page 292
Economic Changes and Mediterranean Unity: Plantation Slavery and Money-Based Economies......Page 293
Influences from the Mauryan Empire (321–184 BCE)......Page 294
The Seleucid Empire and Greek Influences......Page 297
The Kingdom of Bactria and the Yavanna Kings......Page 298
Nomadic Influences of Parthians, Sakas, and Kushans......Page 299
India as a Spiritual Crossroads......Page 302
The New Buddhism: The Mahayana School......Page 304
Cultural Integration......Page 306
THE FORMATION OF THE SILK ROAD......Page 307
Nomads, Frontiers, and Trade Routes......Page 310
Early Overland Trade and Caravan Cities......Page 311
The Western End of the Silk Road: Palmyra......Page 313
Reaching China along the Silk Road......Page 314
TAKING TO THE SEAS: COMMERCE ON THE RED SEA AND INDIAN OCEAN......Page 316
CONCLUSION......Page 319
FURTHER READINGS......Page 320
CHAPTER 7 HAN DYNASTY CHINA AND IMPERIAL ROME, 300 BCE–300 CE......Page 323
CHINA AND ROME: HOW EMPIRES ARE BUILT......Page 325
THE QIN DYNASTY......Page 326
Administration and Control......Page 327
Economic and Social Changes......Page 329
The Xiongnu and the Qin along the Northern Frontier......Page 330
The Qin Debacle......Page 332
THE HAN DYNASTY......Page 333
Foundations of Han Power......Page 334
Expansion of the Empire and the Silk Road......Page 341
Natural Disaster and Rebellion......Page 344
The Later Han Dynasty (25–220 CE)......Page 345
THE ROMAN EMPIRE......Page 346
Foundations of the Roman Empire......Page 348
Emperors, Authoritarian Rule, and Administration......Page 352
Town and City Life......Page 353
Mass Entertainment......Page 356
Social and Gender Relations......Page 357
Economy and New Scales of Production......Page 359
The Limits of Empire......Page 363
CONCLUSION......Page 365
FURTHER READINGS......Page 366
CHAPTER 8 THE RISE OF UNIVERSAL RELIGIONS, 300–600 CE......Page 369
UNIVERSAL RELIGIONS AND COMMON CULTURES......Page 370
The Rise of Christianity......Page 375
Religious Debate and Christian Universalism......Page 376
The Conversion of Constantine......Page 377
The Christian Empire......Page 379
Who Were the Barbarians?......Page 381
Continuity in Change......Page 383
Byzantium, Rome in the East: The Rise of Constantinople......Page 384
King of Kings of Eran and An-Iran......Page 386
An Empire at the Crossroads......Page 387
Between Iran and China: The Sogdians as Lords of the Silk Road......Page 390
Buddhism on the Silk Road......Page 392
The Transformation of the Buddha......Page 394
A Code of Conduct Instead of an Empire......Page 395
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CHANGE IN EAST ASIA......Page 397
Downsizing: Northern and Southern China......Page 398
Buddhism in China......Page 399
Daoism, Alchemy, and the Transmutation of the Self......Page 400
Bantus of Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 402
Mesoamericans......Page 405
CONCLUSION......Page 409
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 411
FURTHER READINGS......Page 412
CHAPTER 9 NEW EMPIRES AND COMMON CULTURES, 600–1000 CE......Page 415
RELIGIONS, EMPIRES, AND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS......Page 416
THE ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF ISLAM......Page 419
A Vision, a Text......Page 421
The Move to Medina, 622 CE......Page 422
An Empire of Arabs, 661–750 CE......Page 423
The Abbasid Revolution......Page 424
The Blossoming of Abbasid Culture......Page 427
Islam in a Wider World......Page 428
Opposition within Islam, Shiism, and the Rise of the Fatimids......Page 434
THE TANG STATE......Page 436
Chinese Territorial Expansion under the Sui and Tang Dynasties......Page 437
The Army and Imperial Campaigning......Page 438
Organizing an Empire......Page 439
An Economic Revolution......Page 443
Dealing with World Religions......Page 444
Early Korea......Page 445
Early Japan......Page 447
Charlemagne’s Fledgling Empire......Page 450
A Christianity for the North......Page 451
The Age of the Vikings, 800–1000 CE......Page 455
The Survival of the Christian Empire of the East......Page 457
CONCLUSION......Page 459
FURTHER READINGS......Page 462
CHAPTER 10 BECOMING “THE WORLD,” 1000–1300 CE......Page 465
COMMERCIAL CONNECTIONS......Page 466
Revolutions at Sea......Page 467
Commercial Contacts......Page 468
Global Commercial Hubs......Page 469
West Africa and the Mande-Speaking Peoples......Page 471
The Empire of Mali......Page 473
East Africa and the Indian Ocean......Page 475
The Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean Slave Trade......Page 476
Afro-Eurasian Merchants......Page 477
Diversity and Uniformity in Islam......Page 478
What Was Islam?......Page 481
INDIA UP FOR GRABS......Page 482
What Was India?......Page 484
SONG CHINA, 960–1279......Page 485
A Chinese Commercial Revolution......Page 486
Negotiating with Neighbors......Page 488
What Was China?......Page 489
The Rise of Warriors in Japan......Page 490
The Cultural Mosaic of Southeast Asia......Page 491
CHRISTIAN EUROPE......Page 494
A World of Knights......Page 495
Eastern Europe......Page 496
The Russian Lands......Page 497
What Was Christian Europe?......Page 498
Andean States......Page 502
North American Connections......Page 505
THE MONGOL TRANSFORMATION OF AFRO-EURASIA......Page 507
Mongols in China......Page 510
The Fall of Baghdad......Page 513
CONCLUSION......Page 515
FURTHER READINGS......Page 516
CHAPTER 11 CRISES AND RECOVERY IN AFRO-EURASIA, 1300S–1500S......Page 521
The Black Death......Page 522
Rebuilding States......Page 523
ISLAMIC DYNASTIES......Page 526
The Rise of the Ottoman Empire......Page 527
The Emergence of the Safavid Empire in Iran......Page 533
The Delhi Sultanate and the Early Mughal Empire......Page 534
WESTERN CHRISTENDOM......Page 538
Reactions, Revolts, and Religion in Europe......Page 539
State-Building and Economic Recovery in Europe......Page 541
Dynasty Building and Reconquest in Spain......Page 542
The Struggles of France and England and the Success of Small States......Page 544
European Identity and the Renaissance......Page 546
MING CHINA......Page 547
Centralization under the Ming......Page 548
Ming Rulership......Page 551
Trade under the Ming......Page 553
CONCLUSION......Page 555
FURTHER READINGS......Page 556
GLOSSARY......Page 559
CREDITS......Page 573
INDEX......Page 577