World civilizations

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Brief Contents
......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 10
Maps......Page 20
Preface......Page 22
About the Authors......Page 30
Introduction to the Student......Page 31
PART ONE: ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS, 3500–500 B.C.E.......Page 34
1. Prehistory......Page 35
The Paleolithic Age......Page 37
The Neolithic Age: Agriculture......Page 39
Metal and Its Uses......Page 43
Sumerian Civilization......Page 47
Successors to Sumeria......Page 56
The Decline of Mesopotamia in World History......Page 57
The Natural Environment......Page 59
The Pharaoh: Egypt's God-King......Page 62
Cultural Achievements......Page 63
Religion and Eternal Life......Page 65
Egypt's People and Their Daily Lives......Page 66
Egypt and Mesopotamia: Contrasts......Page 67
The Assyrian Empire......Page 70
The Persians......Page 72
The Hebrews......Page 75
Jewish Religious Belief and Its Evolution......Page 76
A Changing Theology......Page 78
Indus Valley Civilization......Page 83
The Vedic Epoch......Page 85
Hinduism......Page 86
Buddhism......Page 88
The Mauryan Dynasty......Page 90
Buddhism's Spread......Page 91
Earliest China: The Shang Era......Page 95
The Zhou Dynasty......Page 98
Rivals to Confucius......Page 100
WORLDVIEW ONE: Ancient Civilizations, 3500–500 B.C.E.......Page 108
PART TWO: CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN CIVILIZATIONS, 500 B.C.E.–800 C.E.......Page 110
Geography and Political Development......Page 111
The Mycenaean Civilization......Page 112
Early Hellenic Civilization......Page 114
Athens and Sparta......Page 115
The Peloponnesian War......Page 118
The Final Act in Classical Greece......Page 120
Philosophy: The Love of Wisdom......Page 123
Greek Religion......Page 126
The Arts and Literature......Page 128
Society and Economy......Page 129
The Greek Legacy......Page 131
Alexander and the Creation of a World Empire......Page 134
Society and Economy......Page 138
Religion......Page 139
Philosophy: Three Hellenistic Varieties......Page 140
Science and the Arts......Page 141
10. Rome: City-State to Empire......Page 147
Roman Foundations......Page 148
Republican Government......Page 149
The Augustan Age......Page 154
Roman Culture......Page 156
Society and Economy......Page 159
11. Imperial Decline and the Birth of Christian Europe......Page 165
Restructuring of the Empire......Page 166
Christianity......Page 167
Germanic Invaders......Page 172
German Customs and Society......Page 173
Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire......Page 176
The Byzantine Empire......Page 179
WORLDVIEW TWO: Classical Mediterranean Civilizations, 500 B.C.E.–800 C.E.......Page 184
PART THREE: EQUILIBRIUM AMONG POLYCENTRIC CIVILIZATIONS, 500-1500 C.E.......Page 186
12. The Americas Before Columbus......Page 187
Paleoindian America......Page 188
First Civilizations......Page 189
Aztec Rule in Mexico......Page 193
The Inca......Page 195
North Americans......Page 196
13. Africa from Kush to the Fifteenth Century......Page 202
Early Movements of Ideas and People......Page 203
Social Organization and State Formation......Page 205
Early States......Page 206
The Sudanese Kingdoms......Page 208
The Swahili City-States......Page 211
African Arts......Page 213
European Impressions......Page 214
The Life of Muhammad the Prophet......Page 217
Patterns of Belief in Islamic Doctrine......Page 219
Arabia in Muhammad's Day......Page 220
The Jihad......Page 221
The Caliphate......Page 223
Conversion to Islam......Page 225
Everyday Affairs......Page 226
The Caliphate......Page 229
The Further Development of Islamic Religious Thought......Page 230
The Arts in the Muslim World......Page 232
Muslim Civilization at Its Apex......Page 233
Marriage and the Status of Women......Page 235
The Decline of the Abbasids and the Coming of the Turks and Mongols......Page 236
The Gupta Dynasty......Page 239
Political Fragmentation: South and North......Page 240
Hindu Doctrines in the Classical Age......Page 243
Development of the Caste System......Page 246
India and East Asia......Page 248
The Qin Emperor: Foundation of the State......Page 252
The Han Dynasty, 202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.......Page 254
The Tang Dynasty, 618–907......Page 258
The Song Dynasty, 960–1279......Page 260
Buddhism and Chinese Culture......Page 262
Very Early Japan......Page 265
The Nara and Heian Periods, 710–1185......Page 268
The Kamakura Period, 1185–1333......Page 269
The Arts and Culture in Medieval Japan......Page 271
The Ashikaga Shogunate, 1336–1573......Page 273
The Early Southeast Asian States......Page 274
The Workers......Page 280
The Warriors......Page 282
The Worshipers......Page 284
The Economic Revival......Page 285
Royal Kingdoms and the Formation of States......Page 289
Medieval Culture and Arts......Page 291
Disasters of the Fourteenth Century......Page 295
Problems in the Church......Page 299
Society and Work in Later Medieval Europe......Page 302
Late Medieval Art......Page 303
Medieval Sciences......Page 305
The Italian City-States......Page 308
The Renaissance Attitude......Page 309
The Northern Renaissance......Page 310
The Political Economy of Renaissance Europe......Page 312
Art and Its Patrons......Page 315
Family Life and Education of Children......Page 317
Background......Page 321
The Mongols......Page 323
The Mongol Empire......Page 325
Fragmentation of the Empire......Page 328
WORLDVIEW THREE: Equilibrium among Polycentric Civilizations, 500–1500 C.E.......Page 332
PART FOUR: DISEQUILIBRIUM: THE WESTERN ENCOUNTER WITH THE NON-WESTERN WORLD, 1500–1700 C.E.......Page 336
Maritime Exploration in the 1400s......Page 337
Overseas Empires and Their Effects......Page 339
The Columbian Exchange......Page 343
European Impacts and Vice Versa......Page 344
Luther and the German National Church......Page 350
Calvin and International Protestantism......Page 352
Other Early Protestant Faiths......Page 354
The Counter-Reformation......Page 355
Religious Wars and Their Outcomes to 1600......Page 357
The Legacy of the Reformation......Page 358
The Thirty Years' War......Page 362
Theory and Practice of Royal Absolutism......Page 366
Political Theory: Hobbes and Locke......Page 372
Absolutism East of the Elbe......Page 376
Prussia's Rise......Page 377
The Habsburg Domains......Page 378
Russia Under the Czars......Page 381
Two Eastern Powers in Eclipse......Page 384
The Ottoman Empire......Page 389
The Muslim Empires in Persia and India......Page 394
Ming China, 1368–1644......Page 402
Economic Progress......Page 403
The Ming Political System......Page 404
Dealing with Foreigners......Page 406
The Manzhou Invaders: Qing Dynasty......Page 407
Qing Culture and Economy......Page 409
Japan......Page 413
The Tokugawa Shogunate......Page 414
Taming the Samurai......Page 418
Response to the Western Challenge......Page 419
Southeast Asia......Page 421
The Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires......Page 426
The Colonial Experience......Page 427
The Early Economic Structure......Page 428
Stagnation and Revival in the Eighteenth Century......Page 429
Colonial Society and Culture......Page 430
WORLDVIEW FOUR: Disequilibrium: The Western Encounter with the Non-Western World, 1500–1700 C.E.......Page 438
PART FIVE: REVOLUTIONS, IDEOLOGY, AND THE NEW IMPERIALISM, 1700–1920......Page 440
The Scientific Revolution of the Seventeenth Century......Page 441
The Progress of Scientific Knowledge: Copernicus to Newton......Page 443
Religion and Science in the Seventeenth Century......Page 444
The Enlightenment......Page 446
The Liberal Creed......Page 456
The American Revolutionary War......Page 458
Results of the American Revolution in European Opinion......Page 461
The Background of the Crisis......Page 465
Constitutional Monarchy......Page 466
Jacobin Terror......Page 468
Reaction and Consolidation......Page 470
French Dominion over Europe......Page 472
Napoleon: Pro or Con......Page 473
The Vienna Settlement......Page 475
34. Europe's Industrialization and Its Social Consequences......Page 480
The Method of Machine Industry......Page 481
England: The Initial Leader in Industrialism......Page 482
Spread of the Industrial Revolution......Page 483
Phases of the Industrial Revolution......Page 486
Traditional Social Structures and Impacts of Early Industry......Page 487
Occupations and Mobility......Page 489
The Migration to the Cities: Urbanized Society......Page 490
Diet and Nutrition......Page 492
Public Health......Page 493
Reforms and Improvements......Page 494
Liberalism in Politics and Economics......Page 498
Conservatism......Page 500
Socialism in the Pre-Marx Era......Page 501
Political Events to 1848......Page 502
The Revolts of 1848......Page 506
Russia......Page 511
France......Page 514
The Unification of Italy......Page 516
The Unification of the Germans......Page 518
Austria-Hungary......Page 519
The United States......Page 520
The New Imperialism......Page 522
37. The Islamic World and India, 1600–1917......Page 525
The Decline of the Muslim Empires......Page 526
The Muslim Countries until World War I......Page 528
Reforms of the Muslim Ruling Elites......Page 529
Social and Intellectual Responses......Page 533
The Era of Informal Empire......Page 538
Intensification of European Contacts......Page 541
The Independence Movements......Page 551
The Age of Chaos and Caudillos......Page 555
National Consolidation under Oligarchies......Page 556
Land and Labor......Page 558
Latin American and Caribbean Cultures......Page 560
The Second Industrial Revolution......Page 564
Social Accompaniments of the Second Industrial Revolution......Page 567
Socialism after 1848: Marxism......Page 568
Rivals of Marxism......Page 572
Emigration Overseas......Page 573
The Physical Sciences......Page 578
The Social Sciences......Page 582
The Malaise in Twentieth-Century Society......Page 585
Religious Thought and Practice......Page 586
Prewar Diplomacy......Page 589
Causes of the War......Page 590
Military Action, 1914–1918......Page 592
The Home Front During the War......Page 596
The Peace Treaties, 1919–1920......Page 597
Evaluation of the Treaties......Page 599
WORLDVIEW FIVE: Revolutions, Ideology, and the New Imperialism, 1700–1920......Page 606
PART SIX: EQUILIBRIUM REESTABLISHED: THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY WORLD AND BEYOND, 1920–PRESENT......Page 608
43. A Fragile Balance: Europe in the Twenties......Page 610
Political and Economic Backdrop......Page 611
Totalitarian Government......Page 612
Italian Fascism......Page 613
Germany in the Postwar Era......Page 614
Eastern Europe......Page 616
The Western Democracies......Page 617
International Relations on the Eve of the Depression......Page 619
The March Revolution, 1917......Page 623
The Bolsheviks......Page 624
Civil War......Page 625
Economic Revival and Internal Struggles......Page 627
The Five-Year Plans......Page 628
The Stalinist Dictatorship......Page 631
Life Under the Dictatorship......Page 633
Material and Social Welfare in the Interwar Soviet Union......Page 634
Hitler and the Thousand-Year Reich......Page 637
The Nazi Domestic Regime......Page 641
China......Page 647
Japan......Page 654
Southeast Asia......Page 656
The Rise and Fall of Collective Security......Page 661
Hitler's March to War, 1935–1939......Page 662
World War II......Page 664
The Onset of the Cold War......Page 670
Fragmentation and Alienation......Page 674
Modernism......Page 675
Popular Arts and Culture......Page 678
Mass Culture and Its Critics......Page 680
Conflict in the Postwar Generation......Page 683
Europe's Economic Recovery......Page 689
The Communist Bloc, 1947–1980......Page 690
Decolonization's Causes......Page 694
Dismantling of Western Colonies......Page 695
Problems of the Third World......Page 697
Mao's China, 1949–1976......Page 703
Recent China......Page 705
Independent Japan......Page 707
South and Southeast Asia since Independence......Page 710
Background: The Scramble for Africa, 1880–1914......Page 716
Reactions to European Domination......Page 718
Changes in African Society......Page 719
The Immediate Post-Independence Years......Page 721
The African Economy......Page 723
The Population Bomb......Page 724
Two African States......Page 725
Prospects at the Start of the Twenty-First Century......Page 727
53.  Latin America in the Twentieth Century......Page 732
New and Old Social Problems......Page 733
Economic Nationalism......Page 734
The Shark and the Sardines......Page 737
Current Issues and Problems......Page 739
54. The Reemergence of the Muslim World......Page 744
Palestine......Page 746
The Iranian Revolution......Page 749
The Oil Weapon......Page 751
The Muslim Nations Today......Page 753
The Immediate Postwar Era......Page 758
From Stalin to Brezhnev......Page 760
The End of Communist Rule......Page 762
Eastern Europe's Revolution of 1989......Page 764
Problems of the Postcommunist Era......Page 766
A Short and Violent Century behind Us......Page 769
Approaches to Social Reform......Page 770
The Other Half of Humanity......Page 771
Family and the Individual......Page 772
Looming Problems......Page 773
Choices......Page 776
WORLDVIEW SIX: Equilibrium Reestablished: The Twentieth-Century World and Beyond, 1920–Present......Page 780
Glossary......Page 782
Answers to Test Your Knowledge......Page 796
Index......Page 798