Working with the Past: Towards an Archaeology of Recycling

Cover\nContents\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nList of Figures and Plates\n	Contributors\n	The Never Ending Journey:\n		Cycling and Recycling Seen through a Critical Assessment of the Taphonomic Process\n			Roberta Robin Dods\n	Sustainability, Health, and Society:\n		Prehistoric Artefacts as Sustainable Materials\n			Lolita Nikolova\n	Recycling Power and Place:\n		The Many Lives of Traprain Law, SE Scotland\n			Ian Armit, Andrew Dunwell, Fraser Hunter\n	Tells as Recycled Places.\n		Experimenting the Chalcolithic Ritual Technologies of Construction and Deconstruction\n			Dragoş Gheorghiu\n	Copper and Bronzes:\n		The Birth of Complete Recycling in The Bronze Age\n			Davide Delfino\n	Rock Art Recycled?\n		On the Use of Bronze Age Rock Art Sites during the Iron Age in Southern Scandinavia\n			Per Nilsson\n	Recycled Memories:\n		The Past and Present in Early Iron Age Landscapes of Southern Germany\n			Matthew L. Murray\n	Ancestral Places:\n		The Creation and Recycling of Monumental Landscapes in South-Eastern Slovenia in The 1st Millennium BC and the 1st Millennium AD\n			Phil Mason\n	Recycling Pots, Places and Practices:\n		The Roman Cemetery at Podlipoglav\n			Bernarda Županek and Irena Sivec\n	Secondary use of storage vessels and household pottery during the late middle Ages:\n		pottery in vaults as a case study\n			Marta Caroscio\n	The Reuse of Materials During the Medieval and Post-Medieval Periods:\n		A Case Study of Recycling Building Materials in Rothwell, near Leeds, England\n			George Nash\nPlate 1: Item of war turned into a child’s toy. An example of use and reuse from a Bedouin camp in Jordan. Image R.R. Dods 1990.\nThe Never Ending Journey:\n	Roberta Robin Dods\nFig 1: Karl Popper’s Three Worlds of Knowledge. (http://www.knowledgejump.com/knowledge/popper.html)\nFig 2: Flow model for archaeological materials adapted and expanded from Schiffer (1972: 158-159), Lange and Rydberg (1972), and Clarke (1968: 36). Note the material remains of subject culture (1) in systemic contexts of GROUP 2 and GROUP 3 (the archaeolo\nFig. 3: Model of the linkages/relationships of taphonomies I through IV. The main feature is diminishment of information. Three dimensions of space (in the diagram represented by the cube) and the dimension of time (represented by the movement into the vi\nChart 1: CONTEXTS AND THEIR MEANING FOR FIGS 2 and 3\nPlate 2: Recycling discarded items witin a culture (potential Group 1 returned to Group 1). (Hudson 2009)\nPlate 3: Dumpster diving. Recycling of food from discard area. Julia Golomb (left) and Alison Abreu-Garcia, both of Somerville, mine a dumpster of a metro-area grocery store. (Baker 2009 with Globe photo by Gretchen Ertl)\nPlate 4: Mahalapye, Botswana traditional house with walled ‘front yard’. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahalapye_traditional_house_ cropped.jpg accessed 22.01.2017)\n	Sustainability, Health, and Society:\n		Lolita Nikolova\nScheme 1: Societal components related to sustainability: production (1), repairing (2), secondary use (3), recycling (4) and wasting (5).\nScheme 2: Prehistoric fragmented pottery as a sustainable material: non-building (A), foundation of paths (B), and building material (C).\nScheme 3: Explanatory models of obtaining of earlier prehistoric fragmented pottery for use in later levels: by digging pits in the village (A), digging ditches in or around the village (B), obtaining soil from the periphery of the village (C), rituals (D\nScheme 4: Modelling of possible reasons for finding fragmented pottery in prehistoric levels\n	Recycling Power and Place:\n		Ian Armit, Andrew Dunwell, Fraser Hunter\nFig. 1: Location map (drawn by Rachael Kershaw)\nFig. 2: Traprain Law, East Lothian (photo: Ian Armit)\nFig. 3: Simplified plan of Traprain Law showing the main focal areas of excavation (drawn by Libby Mulqueeny)\nFig. 4: AMS dates from Traprain Law, funded by Historic Scotland, calibrated using Oxcal 4 (Bronk Ramsey 2009, Reimer et al. 2004)\nFig. 5: The axe hoard found in the burnt out area of Traprain Law in 2004 (National Museums of Scotland)\nFig. 6: The axe hoard found in the burnt out area of Traprain Law in 2004 (National Museums of Scotland)\nFig. 7: Stone ‘plaque’ made from fragment of the linear rock art (National Museums of Scotland)\nFig. 8: North Berwick Law framed in the out-turned entrance-way to the innermost enclosure at Traprain Law (photo: Ian Armit)\n	Tells as Recycled Places.\n		Dragoş Gheorghiu\nFig. 1: The experimental reconstruction by the author of the first level of dwelling in a Chalcolithic settlement (Vădastra 2003).\nFig. 2: Uzunu tell used as a clay quarry by villagers (2007).\nFig. 3: Fishermen houses at the base of Hârşova tell (2005).\nFig. 4: The building of a wattle and daub house (2003).\nFig. 5: Fragment of a burned wall with visible vegetal straws. (Sultana tell).\nFig. 6: A foundation trench (Vădastra experiments 2003).\nFig. 7: The ceramic wall of a burned house (Vădastra 2006).\nFig. 8: Unburned part of a structural post (Vădastra 2010).\nFig. 10: An unburned wattle and daub house left eight years to weathering with a recyclable wooden structure (Vădastra 2011).\nFig. 9: The burned down house three years after the collapse (Vădastra 2009).\nFig. 11: A mass of large burned architectural fragments (Uzunu tell, 2007)\nFig. 12: Several layers of burned dwellings separated by levelling layers (Hârşova tell, 2005)\n	Copper and Bronzes:\n		Davide Delfino\nFig. 1: Investigated areas; Alpine region (A) and Atlantic Iberian Peninsula (B)\nFig. 2: Alpine region: the copper resources (black circles) and cited sites (1. Baragalla; 2. Casse Rousse; 3. Pinerolo; 4. Bric della Sorte; 5. St. Pierre d’ Albigny; 6. Meytet; 7.Lugana Vecchia; 8. Castellarano; 9. Frattesina di Fratta Polesine; 10. S.\nFig. 3: Bric della Sorte closet (Savona-Liguria) (Image of Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Liguria).\nFig. 4: Atlantic Iberian Peninsula: the copper (circles) and tin (triangles) resources and citied sites (1. Quinta do Ervedal; 2. Casal dos Fieis de Deus; 3. Vila Cobva de Perrinho; 4. Ria Huelva; 5. Castro de Nossa Senhora de Guia; 6. Castelejo; 7/8. Ale\nFig. 5: Porto do Concelho closet (Mação- Pinhal Interior).\nFig. 6: Lugana Vecchia scraps in settlement (Brescia- Lombardia) (Elaborate from De Marinis 2006a: 1298,1300).\nFig. 7: Frattesina di Fratta Polesine scraps in metallurgical workshop No. 4 (Padova-Veneto).\n	Rock Art Recycled?\n		Per Nilsson\nFig. 1. Map showing the location of the Himmelstalund region.\nFig. 2: Map showing the rock art site at Himmelstalund with the location of the hearths and the settlement remains.\nFig. 3: A house from the Early Iron Age was found between the rock art site and the nearby river Motala Ström. Photo Per Nilsson.\nFig. 4: Two hearths were found beneath one of the panels at Himmelstalund. Photo Per Nilsson.\nFig. 5: Rock art covered with fire cracked stones at Leonardsberg. From Nordén 1925.\nFig. 6: The cemetery at Fiskeby. Map by Per Lundström, copy from the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities.\nFig. 7: At Lille Strandbygård on the Danish island of Bornholm, two houses were found beside the rock art. From Sørensen 2006: 72.\nFig. 8: The runic inscription from Himmelstalund. Photo Per Nilsson.\n	Recycled Memories:\n		Matthew L. Murray\nFig. 1: Location of Tumulus 17 (excavated in 1999-2000 as part of the Landscape of Ancestors project) in the Speckhau (Hohmichele) mound group near the Heuneburg. The map shows mounds and mound groups that are traditionally considered part of the Heunebur\nFig. 2: Plan view of Tumulus 17 showing the remains of the primary cremation grave (Gr. 5) in the central enclosure and the location and orientation of secondary graves.\nFig. 3: Photograph of the south and east profiles of the northwest quarter of Tumulus 17 in 1999 showing mound stratigraphy. The distinction between the original (inner) mound and the later (outer) mound layers can be clearly seen (author’s photograph).\nFig. 4: Idealized profile of Tumulus 17 showing original (inner) and later (outer) mound fill and the location of refit pottery fragments (pottery refit data from Schneider 2003: Figure 56).\nFig. 5: Plan of the structured landscape of the Heuneburg, including the hillfort and additional earthworks, as well as the “chamber” gate and its orientation toward the burial mounds at Gießübel-Talhau. Ditches are shown in grey and wall remnants are sho\nFig. 6: Plan of the structured landscape of the Glauberg showing the hillfort and a complex of earthworks, including the remains of Tumulus 1 at the northern end of a ditched passageway. The earthworks were interrupted to incorporate older mounds and urn\n	Ancestral Places:\n		Phil Mason\nFig. 1: Dolenjska and Bela kraijina in the 1st millennium BC, showing major settlements (After Dular 1993: 103, fig. 1; with additions from Dular 1985: 31, fig. 12; ANSl 1975; Dular and Tecco Hvala 2007; drawn by Ildikó Pintér). 1- Vače; 2- Molnik; 3- Mag\nFig. 2: Plan of the late prehistoric settlement complex at Vinji vrh (Source: Agencija RS za okolje; data adapted from A. Dular 1991, fig. 3; with addition of recent data; drawn by Ildikó Pintér).\nFig. 3: Plan of the late prehistoric settlement complex at Kučar pri Podzemlju (Source: Agencija RS za okolje; data adapted from J. Dular, Ciglenečki and A. Dular 1995, 8, fig. 2; with addition of recent data; drawn by Ildikó Pintér).\nPlate 1: The Roman flat cremation cemetery at Mačkovec (Photo: Marko Pršina; Archive ZVKDS, CPA)\nFig. 4: Dolenjska and Bela kraijina in the 1st millennium AD, showing Roman and early medieval settlement and mortuary sites, including those with evidence of re-use of later prehistoric sites (After Dular 1993: 103, fig. 1; with additions from Dular 1985\nPlate 2: The church of Sv. Helena on the large early Iron Age barrow at Zemelj (Photo: Ildikó Pintér).\n	Recycling Pots, Places and Practices:\n		Bernarda Županek and Irena Sivec\nFig. 1: The Podlipoglav area with sites mentioned in the text: 1 Molnik, 2 Podmolnik, 3 Marenček, 4 Sostro/sv. Lenart, 5 Zavoglje, 6 Besnica/Tomaž, 7 Češnjica, 8 Gradišče/Zagradišče, 9 Javor, 10 Ravno brdo, 11 Veliki Lipoglav/Roje, 12 Mali Lipoglav/Mrdiž,\nFig. 2: Excavations of the Podlipoglav cemetery.\nFig. 3: Dated graves.\nFig. 4: Plan of the excavated cemetery; rough chronological grouping is attempted.\nFig. 5: The grave goods in grave 2: combination of pot and cup in Latobican tradition, imported oil lamp, plate with red slip (imitation of sigillata ware), two vessel fragments. Photo Matevž Paternoster, MGML archive.\nFig. 6: Grave 2 during excavation. Photo Andrej Gaspari, MGML archive.\nFig. 7: Grave goods in grave 31. Photo Matevž Paternoster, MGML archive.\n	Secondary use of storage vessels and household pottery during the late middle Ages:\n		Marta Caroscio\nFig. 1: “Iglesia de Santo Domingo” (Valencia, Spain), secondary use of kiln waste as vaults filling.\nFig. 2: “Iglesia de Santo Domingo” (Valencia, Spain), secondary use of a jar locally produced and used (domestic waste) as vaults filling.\nFig. 3: “Iglesia de Santo Domingo” (Valencia, Spain), secondary use of an imported jar from Seville as vaults filling.\n	The Reuse of Materials During the Medieval and Post-Medieval Periods:\n		George Nash\nFig. 1: The centre of Rothwell showing the location of the former supermarket and the development area (after Gifford & Partners 2003).\nFig. 2: Plan of the Township of Rothwell dated to 1839 (the extent of the supermarket development is shown in red).\nFig. 3: The 1st Edition Ordnance Survey sheet of 1894 (the extent of the supermarket development is shown in red).\nFig. 4: Map showing the extent of the development and the building complexes and boundary plot walls that formed the assessment (after Gifford & Partners 2003).\nPlate 1: A medieval timber-framed roof covered by a 19th century tiled roof within No. 43 Commercial Street.\nPlates 2 and 3: The Commercial Street frontages and rear sections of Nos. 32-36 Commercial Street.\nPlates 4 and 5: Moulded timber floral casement panel and plaster moulded ceiling.\nPlates 6 and 7: Front and rear elevations of a 19th century terrace, north of West Parade which housed the medieval timbers.\nPlates 8 and 9: Detail of the multi-phased building components and recycled materials used, building located to the rear of No. 30 Commercial Street.\nPlates 10 and 11: The stable block with recycled cast-iron column and adjoining outbuildings.\nPlates 12 and 13: The eastern [front] elevation of the former chapel and the recycled northern foundation wall that it once sat upon.\nPlate 14: The former jail building located within the eastern part of Jail Yard and the approach to Jail Yard via Commercial Street (looking north).\nPlate 15: The three-phased wall section that formed the western boundary wall or the rear plot.\nPlate 16: Multi-phased sandstone wall forming the eastern rear wall of No. 50 Commercial Street.\nPlate 17: Outbuilding/workshop with tiled roof, located to the rear of No. 50 Commercial Street.\nPlate 18: Eastern section of a rebuilt N-S medieval burgage plot boundary wall containing dressed medieval stone, looking SW.\nFig. 5: A mid 19th century east-west wall section constructed using a variety of materials.\nPlate 19: Reuse of medieval stone blocking in c. 1980, bonded with Portland cement.\nPlate 20: Multi-phased wall section, located between Nos. 56 & 58 Commercial Street.\nPlate 21: Small oven attached to the boundary wall section between Nos. 56 and 58 Commercial Street.\nPlate 22: Medieval timbers stacked in a corner of the development area.\nPlate 23: Mortice and tenon joint chiselled out of a roof collar.\nFigures 6 to 9: A selection of recorded medieval timbers (ceiling joints) from a terrace north of West Parade; (© - carpenter’s mark).\nPlate 24: Carpenters/assembly marks on Timber 9.\nPlate 25: Medieval dressed sandstone with chisel marks on the external face.\nPlate 26: Post-medieval dressed stone, possible copping stone or mounded casement.\nPlate 27: Probable 16th/17th century part vitrified brick.\nPlate 28: Corner brick from the Cliff & Son factory in Leeds, late 19th century in date.