Working Postures and Movements: Tools for Evaluation and Engineering

Front Cover......Page 1
Foreword......Page 6
The Editors......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Contents......Page 14
Introduction......Page 24
1.1 Musculoskeletal Injuries......Page 26
1.2 Studies of Posture and Movement......Page 28
1.3 International Approaches for Evaluation and Engineering......Page 31
1.3.1 ISO 11226 — Evaluation of Existing Work Situations......Page 32
1.4 Risk Assessment......Page 34
1.5 Overview of the Book......Page 36
References......Page 37
Anthropometry......Page 40
Introduction......Page 41
2.1.1 Posture in Data Collection......Page 42
2.1.2 Influence of Anthropometry on Posture......Page 44
2.1.3 Available Data......Page 46
Introduction......Page 52
2.2.1 Why and When to Use Three-Dimensional Anthropometry......Page 53
2.2.2 Measurement Techniques......Page 60
2.2.3 Data Processing Methods......Page 63
2.2.4 Three-Dimensional vs. One-Dimensional Scanning......Page 66
Summary......Page 67
References......Page 68
Motor Behavior......Page 74
Unknown......Page 0
Postural Space......Page 75
Postural Strategy......Page 76
3.1.1 Oblique Gaze Direction......Page 77
3.1.2 Vertical Gaze Direction......Page 80
3.1.3 Horizontal Gaze Direction......Page 81
3.2.1 Reach Direction......Page 86
3.2.3 Hand Trajectories......Page 90
References......Page 91
Vision and Eyes......Page 96
4.1 Basic Ocular Muscle Functions and Their Operating Ranges......Page 97
4.2.1 Concept of Ocular Resting Positions......Page 99
4.2.2 Fixation Disparity: The Accuracy of Ocular Vergence......Page 100
4.4 User Preferences......Page 103
Summary......Page 106
References......Page 107
Head and Neck......Page 110
5.1 Head Inclination......Page 112
5.2 Neck Flexion/Extension......Page 114
5.3 Recommended Gaze Inclination for VDU Operation......Page 123
5.4 Neck Twisting......Page 126
Summary......Page 127
References......Page 128
Trunk......Page 132
6.1 Definitions and Measurement......Page 133
6.2 Trunk Anatomy......Page 137
6.3 Effects of Trunk Posture......Page 140
6.3.1 Trunk Postures and Mechanical Load......Page 142
6.3.2 Trunk Postures and Discomfort......Page 150
6.3.3 Trunk Postures and Fatigue......Page 152
6.3.4 Trunk Postures and Low Back Pain......Page 154
6.4 General Evaluation Criteria......Page 155
Summary......Page 157
References......Page 158
Pelvis......Page 166
Introduction......Page 167
7.1.1 Measuring Sitting Behavior......Page 168
7.1.2 Influence of Task on Sitting Posture and Behavior......Page 171
7.1.3 Need for Variation in Posture during Work......Page 176
7.1.4 Workstation Layout......Page 177
Summary......Page 178
Introduction......Page 179
7.2.1 Optimizing Workplace Adjustments in Sedentary Work......Page 181
7.2.2 Seating Arrangements......Page 182
Summary......Page 190
Introduction......Page 191
7.3.1 The Pelvis and Related Structures......Page 192
7.3.2 Ergonomic Implications......Page 202
7.3.3 Final Remarks......Page 205
Summary......Page 206
References......Page 207
Leg and Foot......Page 212
Introduction......Page 213
8.1.1 Force Control When Depressing a Pedal......Page 214
8.1.2 Kinematics of Lower Limb Movement during a Pedal Operation by Leg Thrusting......Page 217
8.1.3 Preferred Lower Limb Postures and Optimal Layout of Pedals......Page 222
8.1.4 Static Foot Strength and Perception of Foot Force......Page 230
Summary......Page 233
Introduction......Page 234
8.2.2 Findings of Relevant Published Studies......Page 235
Summary......Page 246
Introduction......Page 247
8.3.1 Biomechanics of Slips......Page 248
8.3.2 Environmental Factors in Slips and Falls......Page 256
Summary......Page 260
References......Page 261
Shoulder Girdle and Upper Arm......Page 270
9.1.1 Anatomy......Page 271
9.1.2 Shoulder–Arm Kinematics......Page 275
9.1.3 Biomechanical Modeling......Page 280
Summary......Page 284
Introduction......Page 285
9.2.1 Upper Arm Elevation......Page 286
9.2.2 Upper Arm Position with Respect to the Trunk......Page 291
9.2.3 Forearm Support......Page 293
9.2.4 Forearm Posture......Page 296
9.2.5 Psychosocial Factors......Page 297
Summary......Page 298
References......Page 299
Forearm and Hand......Page 306
Introduction......Page 307
10.1.1 Functional Anatomy......Page 308
10.1.2 Description of Hand Posture......Page 309
10.1.3 Hand–Handle Characteristics......Page 310
10.1.4 Grasp, Pinch, and Wrist Strength......Page 311
10.1.5 Gloves......Page 314
10.1.6 Grip Span......Page 315
10.1.7 Implementation......Page 316
Summary......Page 319
Introduction......Page 320
10.2.3 Evaluation of Working Postures, Movements, and Forces......Page 321
10.2.4 Evaluation Criteria for Posture......Page 322
10.2.6 Effects of Movement......Page 326
Summary......Page 328
References......Page 329
Multiple Factor Models and Work Organization......Page 334
11.1.1 Relevant Studies......Page 335
11.1.2 General Assessment Model and Definitions......Page 338
11.1.3 Methods and Indices for Risk Assessment......Page 339
Summary......Page 352
Introduction......Page 353
11.2.1 What Is “Variation”?......Page 355
11.2.2 Is Variation Related to Health?......Page 357
11.2.3 How Can Variation Be Measured?......Page 358
11.2.4 Variation within an Occupational Task......Page 361
11.2.5 Variation between Tasks — Breaks in Static and Dynamic Work......Page 363
11.2.6 Breaks in Occupational Work......Page 365
11.2.7 Scheduled or Discretionary Breaks?......Page 366
11.2.8 Variation through Alternating Activities......Page 368
11.2.10 Autonomy at the Individual Level......Page 369
11.2.11 Variation through Work Reorganizations......Page 370
11.2.12 Autonomy of Groups......Page 374
11.2.13 Company Strategies, Variation, and Autonomy......Page 375
11.2.14 A General Model of Variation and Autonomy......Page 376
References......Page 378
Introduction......Page 390
12.1 Postural Behavior......Page 394
12.1.1 Effects of Force Direction......Page 397
12.1.2 Effects of Workplace Layout and Environment......Page 399
12.1.3 Work in Confined Spaces......Page 402
12.1.4 Freely Chosen Postures for Maximal Force Exertion......Page 404
12.2 Strength Capability and Guidelines for Force Exertion......Page 409
12.2.1 Dynamic Tasks......Page 411
12.2.2 Lifting and Carrying......Page 412
12.2.3 Handling Live Loads......Page 414
12.2.4 Using Manual Materials Handling Aids......Page 415
12.3 Evaluation Techniques......Page 418
Summary......Page 419
References......Page 420
Performance......Page 426
13.1 Measuring Performance......Page 427
13.2 Speed–Accuracy Trade-Off in Performance......Page 429
13.3 Mechanisms and a Model of Posture and Performance......Page 431
13.4 Studies of Posture and Performance......Page 434
13.4.1 Field Studies......Page 435
13.4.2 Reaction Time and Tracking Tasks......Page 436
13.4.3 Visual Inspection Tasks......Page 437
13.4.4 Keyboarding Tasks......Page 439
Summary......Page 442
References......Page 443
Digital Human Models for Ergonomic Design and Engineering......Page 448
Introduction......Page 449
Motivation for Interest in Digital Human Models......Page 450
Digital Human Performance Prediction Modeling Is Different from More Common Human Analysis Modeling......Page 451
Attributes of Digital Human Models When Used for Design......Page 452
14.1.1 Kinematic Representation in Jack......Page 454
14.1.2 Anthropometry in Jack......Page 455
14.1.4 Motion in Jack......Page 457
14.1.6 Performance Models with Jack......Page 458
14.1.8 Population Strength Assessment in Jack......Page 459
Introduction......Page 460
14.2.1 Enterprise-Wide Human Modeling in SAFEWORK......Page 461
14.2.2 Anthropometry in SAFEWORK......Page 463
14.2.3 Realism of Skeletal Structure and Movement in SAFEWORK......Page 464
14.2.5 Human Modeling Data Interoperability in SAFEWORK......Page 466
Summary of SAFEWORK Functions......Page 467
14.3.1 Anthropometrical Realization in RAMSIS......Page 468
14.3.3 Modeling of Vehicle Seating Spinal Postures and Belt Factors with RAMSIS......Page 470
14.3.4 Additional Functions in RAMSIS......Page 472
14.3.6 Design of ANTHROPOS......Page 473
14.3.7 Working Posture Animation and Simulation with ANTHROPOS......Page 474
Summary of RAMSIS and ANTHROPOS Functions......Page 476
Introduction......Page 477
14.4.2 Development and Application of SAMMIE in Achieving Design for All......Page 478
14.4.3 Task Analysis in SAMMIE......Page 482
14.4.4 Feedback and Result Reporting from SAMMIE......Page 483
Introduction......Page 485
14.5.2 Predicting Reach Envelopes in BHMS......Page 486
Summary of Boeing Human Modeling System Functions......Page 488
Summary of Digital Human Modeling......Page 489
References......Page 491
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L......Page 498
N......Page 499
P......Page 500
R......Page 501
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U......Page 503
Z......Page 504