Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Cover
Half Title
Wool Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
The Textile Institute Book Series
Copyright
Contributors
Contents
1. Introduction to natural fiber composites
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Natural fiber composites
	1.3 Natural fiber composites and the role of natural fibers as reinforcement
	1.4 Wool in composites
	1.5 Case studies
	1.6 Current trends and future directions
	Funding & Acknowledgments
	References
2. Wool structure and morphology
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Chemical composition
		2.2.1 Composition
		2.2.2 Amino acid composition
		2.2.3 Composition of wool grease and suint
		2.2.4 Inter- and intramolecular bond
	2.3 Wool fiber morphology
		2.3.1 Morphology of cuticle layer
		2.3.2 Directional frictional effect
		2.3.3 Cortical structure and crimp
		2.3.4 Crystallinity and moisture regain of wool
	2.4 Two-component and three-component models of wool fiber
	References
3. Microscopy and spectroscopy of wool fiber
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Microscopy techniques
		3.2.1 Projection microscope
		3.2.2 Scanning electron microscope
		3.2.3 Transmission electron microscope
		3.2.4 Fluorimeter
	3.3 Spectroscopy techniques
		3.3.1 UV-VIS spectrophotometer
		3.3.2 Energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
		3.3.3 Atomic absorption spectroscopy
		3.3.4 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
		3.3.5 Infrared spectrometry
		3.3.6 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
		3.3.7 Near-infrared spectroscopy
		3.3.8 Raman spectroscopy
		3.3.9 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
		3.3.10 X-ray diffraction spectra
		3.3.11 Atomic force microscopy
		3.3.12 Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4. Physical and chemical properties of wool fibers
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Natural fibers
		4.1.2 Wool fiber
		4.1.3 Potential applications
	4.2 Classification of wool fibers
		4.2.1 Fine wool
		4.2.2 Carpet wool
		4.2.3 Coarse wool
		4.2.4 Kemp and guard fibers
	4.3 Physical properties of wool fiber
		4.3.1 Crimp
		4.3.2 Moisture content
		4.3.3 Stress-strain property
		4.3.4 Elastic recovery
		4.3.5 Resilience
		4.3.6 Heat of sorption
		4.3.7 Felting
		4.3.8 Tensile property
		4.3.9 Luster
		4.3.10 Color
	4.4 Chemical properties of wool fiber
		4.4.1 Effect of acids
		4.4.2 Effect of alkalies
		4.4.3 Effect of oxidizing agents
		4.4.4 Effect of reducing agents
		4.4.5 Allworden reaction
		4.4.6 Cross-linking reactions
		4.4.7 Effect of finely divided metals
		4.4.8 Nucleophilic reactions
		4.4.9 Amino acids in wool & hair fibers
	4.5 Role of wool fiber properties for reinforcement
		4.5.1 Positive attributes of wool fiber
		4.5.2 Negative attributes of wool fiber
		4.5.3 Researchable issues
		4.5.4 Prospects of wool-polymer composite
		4.5.5 Barrier of wool-polymer composite
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5. Surface modification treatment methods of wool
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Characteristics and properties of wool
	5.3 Surface modification of wool-Physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods
		5.3.1 Physical methods
		5.3.2 Chemical methods
		5.3.3 Enzymatic methods
		5.3.4 Environmental aspects and costs of treatments of wool
		5.3.5 Perspectives/future trends in surface treatment of wool
	5.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
		Web Sites
6. Composite preparation techniques
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Matrix and reinforcements
	6.3 Advantages of composites
	6.4 Preparation techniques
		6.4.1 Hand-lay-up
		6.4.2 Spray-up
		6.4.3 Resin transfer molding \\(RTM\\)
		6.4.4 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding \\(VaRTM\\)
		6.4.5 Resin film infusion \\(RFI\\)
		6.4.6 Compression molding
		6.4.7 Injection molding
		6.4.8 Filament winding
		6.4.9 Centrifugal casting
		6.4.10 Pultrusion process
		6.4.11 Hybrid injection-molding/thermoforming
		6.4.12 Automated fiber placement
		6.4.13 Printing technology
		6.4.14 Electrospinning
		6.4.15 Prepreg
		6.4.16 Autoclave
	6.5 Summary
	References
7. Bio fillers for biocomposites
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Common natural fibers from by-product
	7.3 End of life of natural fiber-reinforced biocomposites
	7.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
8. Nanotechnological intervention in the wool composites
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Wool fiber and advantages
		8.2.1 Wool fiber
	8.3 Wool classification
	8.4 Classification by sheep
	8.5 Classification by fleece
	8.6 Processing wool
	8.7 Advantages of wool
	8.8 Nanotechnological approaches on wool
	8.9 Wool bio- and nanocomposites
	8.10 Summary
	References
9. Thermoplastic polymer/wool composites
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Thermoplastic polymers
		9.2.1 Petroleum-based thermoplastics/wool composites
		9.2.2 Bio-based thermoplastic/wool composites
		9.2.3 Other thermoplastic polymer/wool composites
	9.3 Conclusion and future trends
	References
10. General testing of wool composites
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 General testing of wool composites
		10.2.1 Physical testing
		10.2.2 Mechanical testing
		10.2.3 Environmental testing
		10.2.4 Chemical testing
		10.2.5 Thermal analytical techniques
		10.2.6 Flammability assessment
	10.3 Conclusion
	References
11. Advanced techniques for testing and characterization of wool composites
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Wool composites manufactures
	11.3 Characterization approaches
	11.4 Morphological analysis
		11.4.1 Optical microscope imaging
		11.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy \\(SEM\\)
		11.4.3 X-ray computed tomography for 3D morphological identification
	11.5 Mechanical properties
		11.5.1 Tensile and flexural tests
		11.5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing \\(DMA\\)
		11.5.3 3D visualization of damage mechanism in mechanical testing
	11.6 Thermal analysis
		11.6.1 Differential scanning calorimetric \\(DSC\\)
		11.6.2 Thermogravimetric analysis \\(TGA\\)
	11.7 Flame-retardant properties
	11.8 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
12. Development of wool fiber incorporated polymer composites
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Composites containing wool: Reinforcement, matrix, processing, and properties
		12.2.1 Reinforcement-Wool Fiber as Disperse Phase
		12.2.2 Matrix materials
		12.2.3 Processing aspects
		12.2.4 Properties of composites containing wool fibers
	12.3 Perspectives/future trends in wool-containing polymer composites
		12.3.1 Matrix
		12.3.2 Fully green wool composites
	12.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
13. Scope of blending of wool with other synthetic/natural fibers for composites
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Experimental
		13.2.1 Materials
		13.2.2 Measurements
	13.3 Results and discussion
		13.3.1 SEM observation
		13.3.2 Vibrational analyses
		13.3.3 Dielectric analyses
		13.3.4 Tensile testing analysis
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
14. Silk and wool hybrid fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Materials and methods
		14.2.1 Materials
		14.2.2 Composite fabrication
		14.2.3 Composite testing
		14.2.4 Scanning electron microscopy
		14.2.5 Dielectric properties
	14.3 Results and discussion
		14.3.1 Structural properties
		14.3.2 Tensile properties
		14.3.3 Flexural properties of composites
		14.3.4 Impact strength
		14.3.5 Dielectric properties
	Conclusion
	References
15. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties of wool composites
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Mechanical and thermal properties of wool fibers
	15.3 Mechanical properties of wool composites
	15.4 Mechanical properties of wool sandwich composites
	15.5 Viscoelastic properties of wool composites
		15.5.1 Nonlinear viscoelastic behavior
	15.6 Characterization of wool composites
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
16. Moisture interactions of wool and wool-based composites
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Water sorption by wool
		16.2.1 Effects of wool type
	16.3 Effects of moisture on wool fiber properties
		16.3.1 Mechanical properties
		16.3.2 Thermal properties
		16.3.3 Fire resistance
	16.4 Wool composites and moisture
		16.4.1 Wool plastic composites
		16.4.2 Wool geopolymer composites
		16.4.3 Modification of wool to change fiber-water interactions
		16.4.4 Future wool composites-Moisture sorption as a design feature
	16.5 Conclusions
	References
17. Abrasive water jet cutting and its optimization model for machining the sheep wool/polyester composites
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Materials and methods
		17.2.1 Materials
		17.2.2 Methods
	17.3 Results and discussions
		17.3.1 Effect of input parameters on Ra and Ta
		17.3.2 Optimization of machining parameter
		17.3.3 Microscopy studies
	17.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
18. Wool fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymers for injection molding and 3D-printing
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Wool and other keratinous composite materials
	18.3 Mechanical properties of keratinous composite materials
	18.4 Wool fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites
		18.4.1 Unmodified interface
		18.4.2 Modified interface
		18.4.3 Low flammability
		18.4.4 High availability and low price
		18.4.5 Biodegradability and fertilizing effect
	18.5 Processing & application of wool fiber-reinforced thermoplastics
	18.6 Specific features when processing wool fiber-reinforced PLA in the FDM process
	18.7 Specific features when processing wool fiber-reinforced PLA in the injection molding process
	18.8 Applications of wool fiber-reinforced composites
	18.9 Conclusion and outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
19. Wool composites for hygienic/medical applications
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Wool keratin: A significant biomolecule for the manufacture of medicinal textiles, biopolymers, and medicines
	19.3 Importance of cuticle and cortex of wool fiber
	19.4 Keratin extraction from wool fiber
	19.5 Commercially available wool-based Medtex products
	19.6 Scaffold from wool
	19.7 Keratin in biomedical applications
		19.7.1 Keratin-based biomaterials
		19.7.2 Films and caps with keratin
		19.7.3 Three-dimensional keratin system
	19.8 Application of wool in medical textiles
		19.8.1 Wool wax used in medical applications
		19.8.2 Bedsore & pressure sore prevention
		19.8.3 Wool-made hospital pile
		19.8.4 Wool-made hospital pillows
		19.8.5 Sheepskin medical footwear
		19.8.6 Foot care made from wool
		19.8.7 Surgical mats and cloths of wool
		19.8.8 Ward of the hospital-usages of wool
		19.8.9 Wool as super absorbent fabrics \\(SAF\\) for grooming and healthcare goods
		19.8.10 Extracorporeal wool/polytriacidic polymer devices
		19.8.11 Wool/ploygluconic fiber artificial kidney
		19.8.12 Implantable materials of wool/polypropylene fiber
		19.8.13 Wool/PTFE composite vascular prosthesis
		19.8.14 The ability of targeted antibiotic transmission from braided surgical sutures to nonglycolic suture
		19.8.15 Wool/trichloroacetic acid comonomer adhesive tapes
	19.9 Revenue generation of wool/polymeric products inside technical textile market
	19.10 Company across the globe in medical textile business
	19.11 Conclusions
	References
20. Applications of wool composites for construction
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Types of reinforcement mechanism of wool-polymer reinforcement composite
		20.2.1 Extrinsic self-healing mechanism for wool-polymer
		20.2.2 Intrinsic self-healing mechanism of wool-polymer composite as in buildtex applications
	20.3 Materials used in wool-polymer reinforcement composites: Fibers
		20.3.1 Fiber-matrix interface
	20.4 Innovative/recent materials used in wool-polymer reinforcement composites: Reversible covalent bonds used in wool composites
		20.4.1 Supramolecular interactions inside wool building composites
		20.4.2 Shape memory polymers-based wool composite polymers
		20.4.3 Clay-based composites with sheep wool fibers as reinforcement
		20.4.4 Soil-based composites with sheep wool fibers as reinforcement
	20.5 Significance of innovative of wool composite polymer blends
		20.5.1 Damage modes and analysis of wool composite materials: Due to static overloading
		20.5.2 Due to fatigue loading
		20.5.3 Due to impact loading
	20.6 Conclusion
	References
21. Conductive polymer-coated wool composites for novel applications
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Conductive polymers
	21.3 The reason of electrical conductivity in conducting polymers
	21.4 Methods of preparations of conductive polymer-coated wool fibers
		21.4.1 In-situ chemical polymerization
		21.4.2 In-situ electrochemical polymerization
		21.4.3 In-situ vapor phase polymerization
		21.4.4 Mist polymerization
	21.5 Polypyrrole-coated wool fibers
	21.6 Polyaniline-coated wool fiber
	21.7 Coloration of wool by coating with conductive polymers
	21.8 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy \\(FTIR\\) analysis of PPy-coated wool
	21.9 Interaction of wool fiber and conductive polymers at the interface
	21.10 Thermal stability and durability property of the wool/conductive polymer-coated wool
	21.11 Heat transfer behavior and thermal conductivity of conductive polymer-coated wool
	21.12 Conductive polymer-based wool composites for electromagnetic shielding
	21.13 Conductive polymer-based wool composites for pH sensor
	21.14 Conductive polymer-based wool composites as bending strain sensor
	21.15 Conductive polymer-based wool composites as humidity sensor
	21.16 Antimicrobial effect of conductive polymer-coated wool composites
	21.17 Conclusions and future perspective
	References
Index