Woodland Habitats (Habitat Guides)

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
PLATES......Page 10
FIGURES......Page 12
TABLES......Page 14
SPECIES BOXES......Page 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 17
SERIES INTRODUCTION......Page 20
GENERAL......Page 23
The last ice age to 4,500 years ago......Page 24
4,500 years ago to 1914 AD......Page 26
1914 to the present day......Page 29
WOODLANDS IN BRITAIN TODAY......Page 32
Ancient semi-natural woodland......Page 34
Modern Commercial Forestry......Page 37
Wood and trees......Page 42
Evergreen and deciduous habits......Page 43
Reproduction and survival of trees......Page 44
Mycorrhiza......Page 49
The physical structure......Page 51
Adaptations to woodland life......Page 54
Mosses, liverworts and lichens......Page 56
Nutrient flow and decomposition......Page 75
Native and introduced trees......Page 81
Woodland types and classification......Page 84
CHANGES IN WOODLANDS......Page 89
Natural changes......Page 90
Human-induced changes......Page 102
THE FUTURE......Page 107
WOODLAND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 109
COPPICE......Page 112
The effects of coppicing......Page 118
What is wood-pasture?......Page 131
Old trees......Page 132
Threats to old trees and woods of old trees......Page 135
Management of dead wood......Page 139
Secondary woodland......Page 141
Planting......Page 142
Thinning......Page 143
Harvesting......Page 145
Coniferous vs deciduous trees......Page 150
Forestry and conservation......Page 153
Minimum intervention......Page 154
RIDES, GLADES, FIREBREAKS AND EDGES......Page 155
Guidelines for the management of opens spaces in woods......Page 157
GRAZING IN WOODLANDS......Page 160
NEW WOODLANDS......Page 163
Where to locate new woods?......Page 165
How to plant?......Page 166
RECREATION IN WOODS......Page 167
THE PRINCIPLES OF WOODLAND MANAGEMENT......Page 170
THE FUTURE......Page 171
BURNHAM BEECHES, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE......Page 173
BRADFIELD WOODS, SUFFOLK......Page 177
KIELDER, NORTHUMBERLAND......Page 180
Timber production......Page 181
Visitors and public relations......Page 184
INSHRIACH, CAIRNGORMS......Page 185
COED Y RHYGEN, GWYNEDD......Page 189
THE NATIONAL FOREST, THE MIDLANDS......Page 192
INTRODUCTION TO WOODLAND PROJECTS......Page 196
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN......Page 197
HEALTH AND SAFETY......Page 198
STANDING VOLUME OF TIMBER IN COMMERCIAL FORESTS......Page 199
THE DECOMPOSITION RATE OF LEAVES IN WOODLAND......Page 201
TREE GROWTH......Page 202
VISITORS’ EXPERIENCES AND PERCEPTIONS OF WOODLANDS......Page 204
ASSESSING THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL MAMMALS IN WOODLAND......Page 206
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GALLS ON OAK LEAVES......Page 209
SPECIES LIST......Page 214
Identification......Page 231
JOURNALS......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 234
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 243
SPECIES INDEX......Page 247