Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention

Cover
Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Foreword_2020_Wood-Microbiology
	Foreword
Preface
One Introduction to wood microbiology
	Wood - a remarkable material
	Wood value and uses
	Potential uses of wood
	Wood disadvantages
	Decay losses and future wood needs
	Reducing decay losses
	Wood pathology vs wood microbiology
	Historical perspectives of wood pathology
	Concepts and terminology in wood microbiology
	Summary
	References
		Sources of historical information on early developments in forest pathology, wood pathology, and wood preservation
		Additional sources for mycological, Phytopathological, and forestry terminology and definitions
		Sources for additional information on wood uses and treatments
Two Wood deterioration agents
	Abiotic damage
	Biotic damage
		Wood weathering
		Wood thermal decomposition
	Chemical decomposition of wood
		Mechanical wear
			Insect damage to wood
	Isoptera (termites)
	Coleoptera (beetles)
	Hymenoptera (bees and ants)
	Marine borer damage
	Wood decays and discolorations caused by fungi
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Three The characteristics and classification of fungi and bacteria
	Fungi in relation to other life forms
	Bacteria
	Fungi
		Macroscopic appearances of fungi
		Microscopic features of fungi
		Hyphal wall structure
		Fungal ultrastructure
		Specialized hyphae
		Cultural characteristics
		DNA sequencing methods
		Classic fungal identification by culturing
		Fungal reproduction
		Life cycles
		Reproductive capacity
		Fungal variability
		Growth requirements
	A classification of fungi
		Basidiomycota
		Agaricales
		Hymenochaetales
		Gloeophyllales
		Boletales
		Polyporales
		Russulales
		Cantharellales
		Deuteromycetes or fungi imperfectii
	A classification of bacteria
		Cytophagales
		Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods
		Gram-negative, aerobic rods, and cocci
		Endospore-forming rods and cocci
		Actinobacteria
	The roles of fungi and bacteria in ecosystems and human affairs
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Four Factors affecting the growth and survival of fungi in wood (fungal ecology)
	Major growth needs of wood-inhabiting fungi
		Water
	Oxygen
		Temperature
	Substrate (food sources)
		Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
	Chemical growth factors
	Vitamins and minor metals
	Light
	Miscellaneous factors
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Five Fungal metabolism in relation to wood decay
	Energy sources, transfer, and storage
		Enzymes
		Digestion and hydrolases
	Absorption of digestion products
	Aerobic respiration
	Fermentation
	Anaerobic respiration
	Enzyme inhibitors
	Nutrition in relation to fungal growth requisites and decay control
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Six The decay setting: Some structural, chemical, and moisture features of wood features of wood in relation to decay devel...
	Wood functions
		The structural features of wood growth patterns and microscopic features
		Cell wall pitting
		The major chemical constituents of wood
		Cellulose
		Hemicellulose and other carbohydrates
		Lignin
		Miscellaneous cell wall chemicals
	Distribution of the major chemicals in the wood cell wall
	Organizational levels in the cell wall
	Wood-water relationships
	Wood variability
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Seven General features, recognition, and anatomical aspects of wood decay
	The dual nature of decay
	General features of wood decay stages
	Recognition of decay (visual evidences)
		Macroscopic decay evidences
		Microscopic decay evidences
	Other decay detection procedures
	Types and classifications of wood decay
	Soft rots - a new decay type
		A classification of wood-modification by microorganisms wood decayers
		Non-decaying wood-inhabitors
	Other common wood decay groups
	Some anatomical features of wood decay
	An early history and major contributions to the anatomy of decay
	The principal anatomical features of decay
		Cell wall penetration
	Some research needs
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Eight Chemical changes in wood caused by decay fungi
	Changes in cell wall components by decay type
	The chemical mechanisms of wood decay
	Cellulose decomposition
		Initial concepts on cellulolytic enzymes
		Brown-rot fungi
		Soft-rot fungi
	Hemicelluloses decomposition
	Lignin decomposition
		Lignin determination
			Chemical modification in decayed lignin
		Lignin degrading enzymes from white-rot fungi
		Lignin degradation by non-white-rot fungi
	Bacterial roles in wood decomposition
	A decay model and related research needs
	Summary
	References
Nine Ultrastructural features of wood decay
	Electron microscopy
		Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
		Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
	Some wood and fungal ultrastructural features
	Wood ultrastructural changes during decay
		White-rot fungi
		Brown rots
		Soft rot
		Bacterial erosion
		Microbial interactions in decay
		Detection and quantification of wood preservatives
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Ten Changes in the strength and physical properties of wood caused by decay fungi
	Wood weight loss (biomass loss)
	Density/specific gravity loss
	Strength (mechanical) properties
	Hygroscopicity
	Caloric value
	Permeability
	Electrical properties
	Acoustic properties
	Summary
	References
Eleven Colonization and microbial interactions in wood decay
	Some ecological concepts and terminology
		Types of microbial interactions in wood
	Common wood inhabitants during decay
		Microecology of wood decay
		Colonization strategies
		Colonization patterns of wood by fungi
	Succession in wood decay
	Research needs on ecology of decay fungi
	Summary
	References
Twelve Decays originating in the stems of living trees
	Historical highlights
	Stem decay types
	Stem decay origins
		Heart rots
		Sap rots
	Types of stem wounds
	Stem tissue reactions to wounding
	Compartmentalization and succession
	Rates of decay development
	Recognition of stem decays
	Some common stem decays
	Major heart rots
	Common sap rots
	Host specific stem decay fungi
	Some colonization strategies of stem decay fungi
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Thirteen Biodeterioration of stored wood and its control
	Types of storage loss
		General control practices
		Logs and bolts
		Poles and piling
		Railroad ties
	Pulpwood
	Pulpwood chips
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Fourteen Wood molds, stains and discolorations
	Historical
	Types of wood discoloration
	Enzymatic and chemical stains
	Color changes associated with incipient decay
	Fungal stains or molds
	Summary
	References
Fifteen Decay problems associated with some major uses of wood products
	Decay hazard
	Types of wood products decay fungi
	Decay of wood products
		Wood buildings (homes)
			Moisture sources
			Utility poles
			Foundation or marine piling
			Railroad ties, mine timbers, and bridges
			Cooling towers
			Wooden boats
			Pallets and boxes
			Panel products
	A decay control principle
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Sixteen The detection of decay
	Location of decay
	Decay detection difficulties
	Basic sampling for decay
	An ideal decay detection device
	Physical decay detection
		Sounding
		Boring
		Visual examination of increment cores
	Mechanical decay detection
		Compression tests
		Penetration resistance
		Drilling torque release
		Pick or splinter test
		Extensiometer
		Vibration
		Full-Scale Testing
	Electrical decay detection
		Moisture meters
		Shigometer
		X-ray
		Tomography
	Acoustic decay detection
		Acoustic emissions
		Stress wave timers
		Wave form analysis
		Ground Penetrating Radar
	Spectroscopy tools
		Infrared spectroscopy
		Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR)
	Laboratory decay detection
		Culturing
		Microscopy
		Chemical indicators
		Lectins
		Serological tests
		Analytical techniques
		Olefactory decay detection
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Seventeen Paint mildew and related degradative problems
	Types of paint biodeterioration
	Paint types and compositions
	Paint microflora
		The characteristics and growth features of A. pullulans
		Factors affecting mildew development
	Exterior coatings for horizontal surfaces
	General control practices
	Mildewcide evaluations
	Related degradative problems of microorganisms on surfaces
	Some research considerations
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Eighteen Natural decay resistance (wood durability)
	Variations in decay resistance
		Species variations
		Stem position variations
	Factors affecting durability
	Decay resistance and heartwood formation
	Evaluating natural durability
	Summary
	References
Nineteen Chemical protection of wood (wood preservation)
	A brief early history
	Treatment choice and the biological hazard
		Short-term wood protection
		Long-term wood protection
	The major wood preservatives
		Organic (oil borne) preservatives
		Waterborne chemicals
	Non-biocidal treatments
	Bulking agents
	Chemical modification
	Natural biocides
	Supplemental preservative treatments
	Non-chemical methods for improving wood performance
	Environmental considerations
	Wood preservative development and testing
	Preservative resistance (tolerance)
	Summary
	References
	Further reading
Twenty Some trends in wood microbiology research and a new emphasis (biotechnology)
	Changes in forests and wood supplies
		Fungal damage
	Wood as substrate for mushroom production
	Use of fungal mycelium to produce packaging
	Microbial generation of feedstocks
	Biological control of fungal stain and decay
	Technology in pulp and paper
	Biotechnology in chemical waste management
	Spalting of wood
	The future
	Summary
	References
Author Index
Subject Index
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