Women and the state in modern Indonesia

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Note on spelling and terminology......Page 9
Glossary: abbreviations, acronyms and Indonesian terms......Page 10
Introduction......Page 13
 Central questions......Page 15
 The structure of this book......Page 18
 Gender ideology......Page 20
 The Indonesian women's movement......Page 23
  The colonial period, 1900–42......Page 29
  The Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945......Page 32
  The 'Revolution': the struggle for independence, 1945–1949......Page 33
  The democratic state, 1949–1958......Page 34
  Guided Democracy (1958–1965)......Page 35
  The New Order, 1965–1998......Page 37
  Transition to democracy, 1998–2003......Page 41
 Conclusion......Page 42
2 Education......Page 45
 The Ethical Policy opens up state schools for girls......Page 47
 Debates of the 1910s......Page 49
 Declining Welfare Commission, 1914......Page 50
 The Colonial Education Congress of 1916......Page 55
 The views of recently educated girls......Page 58
 Nationalism and education of girls......Page 61
 Education since independence......Page 63
 Conclusion......Page 67
3 Early marriage......Page 69
 The debate about 'child marriage' in the Netherlands Indies......Page 70
  Early statements by Indonesian women......Page 71
  The views of civil servants......Page 73
  Dutch colonial views, 1920s......Page 75
  The debate peaks......Page 78
  Colonial government measures in the 1930s......Page 82
  Indonesian women's intiatives, 1930s......Page 85
 'Early marriage' discourse since 1945......Page 87
  The 1974 Marriage Law......Page 89
  Child-focussed organisations enter the scene......Page 92
 Conclusion......Page 94
 Membership......Page 96
 Rights and responsibilities......Page 101
  The right to vote......Page 102
  Rights and responsibilities of citizens, 1945–1998......Page 109
 Political participation......Page 112
  Islam and women's political participation......Page 116
 Conclusion......Page 120
5 Polygamy......Page 123
 Polygamy in Indonesia: incidence and legal status......Page 125
 Debates about polygamy and the state's role......Page 127
  Economic damage to the polygamous family......Page 128
  Social damage caused by polygamy......Page 130
  The immorality of polygamy......Page 132
  The colonial state, 1900–1942......Page 137
  The democratic republic, 1950s......Page 139
  The New Order state, 1965–1998......Page 142
 The current context of polygamy......Page 146
 Conclusion......Page 148
6 Motherhood......Page 150
 The legacy: Indonesian meanings of motherhood......Page 151
 Motherhood and the colonial state......Page 154
 The nationalist movement and motherhood......Page 157
 Motherhood in the early Republic......Page 160
 The perils of militant motherhood: Gerwani......Page 162
 The New Order's agenda for mothers......Page 164
 International pressure puts reproductive health on the agenda......Page 167
 Women's organisations rally to the slogan of reproductive health......Page 171
 The return of political mothers......Page 174
 Conclusion......Page 177
7 Economic exploitation......Page 179
 The colonial state and women workers......Page 181
 Labour concerns of women's organisations before independence......Page 182
 Labour legislation in the early independence period......Page 187
 Gerwani and women workers......Page 190
 Industrialisation and the rise of the new class of women factory workers......Page 193
 Migrant workers......Page 199
 Conclusion: the controversies and the silences......Page 204
8 Violence......Page 206
 A very limited agenda on violence against women......Page 208
 The women's movement raises the issue of domestic violence......Page 214
 The violence of the transition to democracy: 1998......Page 215
 On-going violence at the end of the century: an ineffectual state......Page 222
 Women's responses......Page 225
 Conclusion......Page 228
Conclusion......Page 232
  Progress in empowerment......Page 233
  Where empowerment is still lacking......Page 235
 A note on areas requiring further research......Page 237
 Looking to the future......Page 238
References......Page 243
Index......Page 262