Women and Leadership in Islamic Law: A Critical Analysis of Classical Legal Texts

Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Introduction
	I.1 Survey of the literature
	I.2 Theoretical framework and research methodology
	I.3 Scope of the study and delimitation of the study area
		I.3.1 Legal schools
		I.3.2 Legal questions
		I.3.3 Legal literature
	I.4 Limitations and challenges
		I.4.1 Limitations of legal theory and legal texts
		I.4.2 Determining the influence of gender attitudes
		I.4.3 Scriptural sources
		I.4.4 Disclaimer
	I.5 A note on citations
1 Legal theory: ideological and methodological justifications
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 The Qur’an
		1.2.1 Sūrat al-Nisā’ (4), Verse 34
		1.2.2 Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), Verse 228
		1.2.3 Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), Verse 282
		1.2.4 Summary
	1.3 The Sunnah
		1.3.1 The Sunnah and the schools of law
		1.3.2 A people who grant a woman authority to rule them
		1.3.3 Deficient in intellect and religion
		1.3.4 Judges are three: one in Heaven and two in Hell
		1.3.5 Send them to the back
		1.3.6 Anas and the old lady
		1.3.7 The best ranks for women are the last ones
		1.3.8 If one of you finds [a mistake] in someone’s prayer
		1.3.9 A woman does not lead a man in prayer
		1.3.10 The most well-versed among the people should lead them in prayer
		1.3.11 The ḥadīth of Umm Waraqah
		1.3.12 A woman’s prayer in her house is better
		1.3.13 The woman does not stand forward
		1.3.14 ʿĀ’ishah and Umm Salamah
		1.3.15 Ibn ʿAbbās on women-only congregations
		1.3.16 ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib on women imāms
		1.3.17 General observations
		1.3.18 Summary
	1.4 Consensus (ijmāʿ)
		1.4.1 Leading prayer
		1.4.2 Women-only congregations
		1.4.3 Political leadership
		1.4.4 Judicial appointments
		1.4.5 Summary
	1.5 Juristic analogy (qiyās)
		1.5.1 Comparing judicial authority to political leadership
		1.5.2 Comparing judicial authority to prayer
		1.5.3 Comparing women to sinners
		1.5.4 Comparing a woman judge to a blind judge
		1.5.5 Comparing a woman judge to a slave
		1.5.6 Comparing judicial authority to testimony
		1.5.7 Comparing judicial decisions to issuing legal edicts
		1.5.8 Comparing prayer leadership to political leadership
		1.5.9 Comparing clapping vs. speaking to leading prayer
		1.5.10 Comparing women to the insane
		1.5.11 Comparing women to slaves
		1.5.12 Comparing women coming in line with men to women leading prayer
		1.5.13 Comparing women to naked men
		1.5.14 Summary
	1.6 Ḥanafī juristic preference (istiḥsān)
	1.7 Practice of the people of Madīnah (ʿ Amal Ahl al-Madīnah)
	1.8 Circumstance-dependent sources
		1.8.1 Juristic preference (istiḥsān)
		1.8.2 Preventing legal loopholes (sadd al-dharā’iʿ)
		1.8.3 Considerations of the general welfare (al-maṣāliḥ al-mursalah)
		1.8.4 Differentiating between these three sources of legislation
		1.8.5 Local custom (ʿurf)
		1.8.6 Summary
	1.9 Conclusions
2 Gender: cultural and social justifications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Deficiency and inherent worth
		2.2.1 Mālikī texts
		2.2.2 Shāfi ʿī texts
		2.2.3 Ḥanbalī texts
		2.2.4 Ḥanafī texts
		2.2.5 Summary
	2.3 The woman as temptress
		2.3.1 Mālikī texts
		2.3.2 Shāfi ʿī texts
		2.3.3 Ḥanbalī texts
		2.3.4 Ḥanafī texts
		2.3.5 Summary
	2.4 The woman’s role in society
		2.4.1 Mālikī texts
		2.4.2 Shāfi ʿī texts
		2.4.3 Ḥanbalī texts
		2.4.4 Ḥanafī texts
		2.4.5 Summary
	2.5 Gender hierarchies
		2.5.1 Mālikī texts
		2.5.2 Shāfi ʿī texts
		2.5.3 Summary and analysis
	2.6 Conclusions
3 Rulings and arguments: the law justifying itself
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mālikī rulings and arguments
		3.2.1 Political and judicial appointments
		3.2.2 Leading men in prayer
		3.2.3 Women-only congregations
		3.2.4 Summary
	3.3 Shāfi ʿī rulings and arguments
		3.3.1 Political and judicial appointments
		3.3.2 Leading men in prayer
		3.3.3 Women-only congregations
		3.3.4 Summary
	3.4 Ḥanbalī rulings and arguments
		3.4.1 Political and judicial appointments
		3.4.2 Leading men in prayer
		3.4.3 Women-only congregations
		3.4.4 Summary
	3.5 Ḥanafī rulings and arguments
		3.5.1 Political and judicial appointments
		3.5.2 Leading men in prayer
		3.5.3 Women-only congregations
		3.5.4 Summary
	3.6 Conclusions
Conclusion
Appendix – translations of the surveyed texts
	Introduction
		A.1 The historical development of Islamic legal literature
		A.2 Foundational texts of the four schools of law
		A.3 Works in the survey
			A.3.1 Mālikī books
			A.3.2 Shāfi ʿī books
			A.3.3 Ḥanbalī books
			A.3.4 Ḥanafī books
		A.4 A brief note on the translation
	1 Political and judicial appointments
		1.1 Texts of the Mālikī school
		1.2 Texts of the Shāfi ʿī school
		1.3 Texts of the Ḥanbalī school
		1.4 Texts of the Ḥanafī school
	2 Women leading men in prayer
		2.1 Texts of the Mālikī school
		2.2 Texts of the Shāfi ʿī school
		2.3 Texts of the Ḥanbalī school
		2.4 Texts of the Ḥanafī school
	3 Women leading women in prayer
		3.1 Texts of the Mālikī school
		3.2 Texts of the Shāfi ʿī school
		3.3 Texts of the Ḥanbalī school
		3.4 Texts of the Ḥanafī school
	Supplement: al-Durr al-Mukhtār 2:314–321
Bibliography
Index