Wireless Communications & Networking (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Networking)

Cover Page......Page 1
Wireless Communications and Networking......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 8
About the Author......Page 24
Preface......Page 26
1.1 Introduction......Page 30
1.2 First- and Second-Generation Cellular Systems......Page 31
1.3 Cellular Communications from 1G to 3G......Page 34
1.4 Road Map for Higher Data Rate Capability in 3G......Page 37
1.5 Wireless 4G Systems......Page 43
1.6 Future Wireless Networks......Page 44
1.7 Standardization Activities for Cellular Systems......Page 46
1.8 Summary......Page 48
References......Page 49
2.2 Service Level......Page 52
2.3 Traffic Usage......Page 53
2.4 Traffic Measurement Units......Page 54
2.5 Call Capacity......Page 59
2.6 Definitions of Terms......Page 61
2.8 Office Engineering Considerations......Page 65
2.9 Traffic Types......Page 67
2.10 Blocking Formulas......Page 68
2.11 Summary......Page 72
Problems......Page 73
References......Page 74
3.1 Introduction......Page 76
3.2 Free-Space Attenuation......Page 77
3.3 Attenuation over Reflecting Surface......Page 79
3.4 Effect of Earth’s Curvature......Page 82
3.5 Radio Wave Propagation......Page 83
3.6 Characteristics of a Wireless Channel......Page 87
3.7 Signal Fading Statistics......Page 91
3.8 Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration......Page 94
3.9 Propagation Path-Loss Models......Page 95
3.10 Indoor Path-Loss Models......Page 104
3.11 Fade Margin......Page 105
3.12 Link Margin......Page 108
3.13 Summary......Page 110
Problems......Page 111
References......Page 112
4.1 Introduction......Page 114
4.3 Messages, Characters, and Symbols......Page 116
4.4 Sampling Process......Page 117
4.5 Voice Communication......Page 126
4.6 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)......Page 127
4.7 Pulse Code Modulation......Page 129
4.8 Shannon Limit......Page 131
4.9 Modulation......Page 132
4.10 Performance Parameters of Coding and Modulation Scheme......Page 134
4.11 Power Limited and Bandwidth-Limited Channel......Page 137
4.12 Nyquist Bandwidth......Page 138
4.13 OSI Model......Page 141
4.14 Data Communication Services......Page 142
4.15 Multiplexing......Page 144
4.16 Transmission Media......Page 145
4.17 Transmission Impairments......Page 147
4.18 Summary......Page 149
References......Page 150
5.2 Cellular Systems......Page 152
5.3 Hexagonal Cell Geometry......Page 154
5.4 Cochannel Interference Ratio......Page 160
5.5 Cellular System Design in Worst-Case Scenario with an Omnidirectional Antenna......Page 163
5.6 Cochannel Interference Reduction......Page 165
5.7 Directional Antennas in Seven-Cell Reuse Pattern......Page 166
5.8 Cell Splitting......Page 170
5.10 Segmentation......Page 173
5.11 Summary......Page 174
Problems......Page 175
References......Page 176
6.1 Introduction......Page 178
6.2 Narrowband Channelized Systems......Page 179
6.3 Spectral Efficiency......Page 185
6.4 Wideband Systems......Page 192
6.5 Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and DS-CDMA......Page 195
6.6 Capacity of a DS-CDMA System......Page 197
6.7 Comparison of DS-CDMA vs. TDMA System Capacity......Page 200
6.8 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum with M-ary Frequency Shift Keying......Page 201
6.9 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)......Page 202
6.10 Multicarrier DS-CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA)......Page 204
6.11 Random Access Methods......Page 205
6.13 Packet Reservation Multiple Access......Page 213
6.14 Error Control Schemes for Link Layer......Page 214
6.15 Summary......Page 217
Problems......Page 218
References......Page 219
7.1 Introduction......Page 222
7.2 WWAN Subsystem Entities......Page 223
7.3 Logical Channels......Page 228
7.4 Channel and Frame Structure......Page 230
7.6 Speech Processing......Page 232
7.7 Power Levels in Mobile Station......Page 237
7.8 GSM Public Land Mobile Network Services......Page 238
7.9 Summary......Page 241
References......Page 242
8.2 Speech Coding......Page 244
8.3 Speech Codecs in European Systems......Page 251
8.4 CELP Speech Codec......Page 256
8.5 Enhanced Variable Rate Codec......Page 259
8.6 Channel Coding......Page 262
8.7 Summary......Page 275
References......Page 276
9.2 Introduction to Modulation......Page 278
9.3 Phase Shift Keying......Page 286
9.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation......Page 301
9.5 M-ary Frequency Shift Keying......Page 304
9.7 Synchronization......Page 307
9.8 Equalization......Page 311
Problems......Page 313
References......Page 314
10.2 Antenna System......Page 316
10.3 Antenna Gain......Page 317
10.4 Performance Criteria of Antenna Systems......Page 322
10.5 Relationship between Directivity, Gain, and Beam Width of an Antenna......Page 324
10.6 Diversity......Page 329
10.7 Combining Methods......Page 331
10.8 Rake Receiver......Page 339
10.9 Link Budgets......Page 341
10.10 Summary......Page 343
References......Page 344
11.2 Concept of Spread Spectrum......Page 346
11.3 System Processing Gain......Page 350
11.4 Requirements of Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum......Page 357
11.5 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Systems......Page 358
11.6 Operational Advantages of SS Modulation......Page 362
11.7 Coherent Binary Phase-Shift Keying DSSS......Page 364
11.8 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying DSSS......Page 366
11.9 Bit Scrambling......Page 368
11.10 Requirements of Spreading Codes......Page 370
11.11 Multipath Path Signal Propagation and  Rake Receiver......Page 371
11.13 TIA IS-95 CDMA System......Page 376
11.14 Power Control in CDMA......Page 385
11.15 Softer and Soft Handoff......Page 390
Problems......Page 393
References......Page 395
12.1 Introduction......Page 398
12.2 Mobility Management Functions......Page 399
12.3 Mobile Location Management......Page 400
12.4 Mobile Registration......Page 405
12.5 Handoff......Page 413
12.6 Summary......Page 422
References......Page 423
13.1 Introduction......Page 426
13.2 Security and Privacy Needs of a Wireless System......Page 428
13.4 Methods of Providing Privacy and Security in Wireless Systems......Page 436
13.6 IEEE 802.11 Security......Page 438
13.7 Security in North American Cellular/PCS Systems......Page 440
13.8 Security in GSM, GPRS, and UMTS......Page 444
13.9 Data Security......Page 449
13.10 Air Interface Support for Authentication Methods......Page 458
13.11 Summary of Security in Current Wireless Systems......Page 459
Problems......Page 461
References......Page 462
14.1 Introduction......Page 464
14.2 Concept of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Suite in Internet......Page 465
14.3 Network Layer in the Internet......Page 468
14.4 TCP/IP Suite......Page 475
14.5 Transmission Control Protocol......Page 477
14.6 Mobile IP (MIP) and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)......Page 486
14.7 Internet Reference Model......Page 493
Problems......Page 494
References......Page 495
15.1 Introduction......Page 498
15.2 GSM Evolution for Data......Page 499
15.3 Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Systems......Page 518
15.4 UMTS Network Reference Architecture......Page 524
15.5 Channel Structure in UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network......Page 526
15.6 Spreading and Scrambling in UMTS......Page 533
15.7 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Overview......Page 535
15.8 UMTS Core Network Architecture......Page 547
15.9 Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec for UMTS......Page 552
15.10 UMTS Bearer Service......Page 553
15.11 QoS Management......Page 555
15.12 Quality of Service in UMTS......Page 557
15.13 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)......Page 559
15.14 Freedom of Mobile multimedia Access (FOMA)......Page 565
15.15 Summary......Page 566
Problems......Page 567
References......Page 568
16.1 Introduction......Page 570
16.2 cdma2000 Layering Structure......Page 573
16.3 Forward Link Physical Channels of cdma2000......Page 579
16.4 Forward Link Features......Page 582
16.5 Reverse Link Physical Channels of cdma2000......Page 591
16.6 Evolution of cdmaOne (IS-95) to cdma2000......Page 597
16.7 Technical Differences between cdma2000 and WCDMA......Page 615
16.8 Summary......Page 616
References......Page 621
17.1 Introduction......Page 624
17.2 Planning and Design of a Wireless Network......Page 625
17.3 Radio Design for a Cellular Network......Page 629
17.4 Receiver Sensitivity and Link Budget......Page 631
17.5 cdma2000 1X EV-DO......Page 644
17.6 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access......Page 649
17.8 Radio Network Controller Dimensioning......Page 653
Problems......Page 655
References......Page 658
18.2 WAP and the World Wide Web (WWW)......Page 660
18.3 Introduction to Wireless Application Protocol......Page 661
18.4 The WAP Programming Model......Page 662
18.5 WAP Architecture......Page 665
18.6 Traditional WAP Networking Environment......Page 672
18.7 WAP Advantages and Disadvantages......Page 674
18.8 Applications of WAP......Page 675
18.9 imode......Page 676
18.10 imode versus WAP......Page 678
References......Page 679
19.1 Introduction......Page 682
19.2 The Wireless Personal Area Network......Page 683
19.3 Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1)......Page 685
19.4 Definitions of the Terms Used in Bluetooth......Page 688
19.5 Bluetooth Protocol Stack......Page 689
19.6 Bluetooth Link Types......Page 692
19.7 Bluetooth Security......Page 695
19.8 Network Connection Establishment in Bluetooth......Page 698
19.9 Error Correction in Bluetooth......Page 699
19.11 Bluetooth Usage Models......Page 700
19.12 Bluetooth Applications......Page 701
Problems......Page 702
References......Page 703
20.2 Wireless Sensor Network......Page 704
20.4 Wireless Sensor Network Model......Page 707
20.5 Sensor Network Protocol Stack......Page 712
20.6 ZigBee Technology......Page 717
20.7 IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN Device Architecture......Page 720
20.8 IEEE 802.15.3a — Ultra WideBand......Page 732
20.9 Radio Frequency Identification......Page 736
Problems......Page 739
References......Page 740
21.1 Introduction......Page 742
21.2 WLAN Equipment......Page 745
21.3 WLAN Topologies......Page 746
21.4 WLAN Technologies......Page 748
21.5 IEEE 802.11 WLAN......Page 750
21.6 Joining an Existing Basic Service Set......Page 773
21.8 Power Management......Page 776
21.9 IEEE 802.11b — High Rate DSSS......Page 777
21.10 IEEE 802.11n......Page 778
21.11 Other WLAN Standards......Page 781
21.12 Performance of a Bluetooth Piconet in the Presence of IEEE 802.11 WLANs......Page 788
21.13 Interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11......Page 792
21.14 IEEE 802.16......Page 794
21.15 World Interoperability for MicroAccess, Inc. (WiMAX)......Page 796
21.16 Summary......Page 801
Problems......Page 803
References......Page 804
Appendix A. Traffic Tables......Page 806
Acronyms......Page 816
Index......Page 836
22.1 Introduction......Page 852
22.2 Interworking Objectives and Requirements......Page 853
22.3 Interworking Schemes to Connect WLANs and 3G Networks......Page 854
22.4 De Facto WLAN System Architecture......Page 856
22.5 Session Mobility......Page 858
22.6 Interworking Architectures for WLAN and GPRS......Page 859
22.7 System Description with Tight Coupling......Page 860
22.8 System Description with Loose Coupling......Page 868
22.9 Local Multipoint Distribution Service......Page 877
22.10 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System......Page 880
22.11 Summary......Page 882
References......Page 883
23.1 Introduction......Page 886
23.2 4G Vision......Page 887
23.3 4G Features and Challenges......Page 888
23.5 4G Technologies......Page 892
Problems......Page 906
References......Page 907
Appendix B. Path Loss over a Reflecting Surface......Page 908
Appendix C. Error Functions......Page 912
Appendix D. Spreading Codes Used in CDMA......Page 916
Appendix E. Power Units......Page 926
Index......Page 928