Wireless Coexistence: Standards, Challenges, and Intelligent Solutions

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Author Biographies
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 A Primer on Wireless Coexistence: The Electromagnetic Spectrum as a Shared Resource
		1.1.1 Basic Description of Spectrum Use and Interference
		1.1.2 Understanding What It Means to Occupy a Band
		1.1.3 Spectral Masks
		1.1.4 Bandwidth and Information Rate
		1.1.5 Benefits of Different Frequencies
	1.2 The Role of Standardization in Wireless Coexistence
	1.3 An Overview of Wireless Coexistence Strategies
		1.3.1 Separation Strategies
		1.3.2 Mitigation Strategies
		1.3.3 Monitoring Strategies
		1.3.4 Sensing Strategies
		1.3.5 Collaboration Strategies
		1.3.6 Combining the Strategies
	1.4 Standards Covered in this Book
	1.5 1900.1 as a Baseline Taxonomy
		1.5.1 Advanced Radio System Concepts
		1.5.2 Radio Capabilities
		1.5.3 Network Types
		1.5.4 Spectrum Management
	1.6 Organization of this Work
	References
Chapter 2 Regulation for Wireless Coexistence
	2.1 Traditional Frequency Assignment
		2.1.1 How Did It Work
		2.1.2 History of Allocations in the United States
		2.1.3 History of Spectrum Sharing
		2.1.4 Mobile Phone Explosion
		2.1.5 Wireless Networking
		2.1.6 Future Allocations for Coexistence
	2.2 Policies and Regulations
		2.2.1 Spectrum Rights and Digital Commons
		2.2.2 Spectrum Coordination (Both Licensed and Unlicensed)
		2.2.3 Case Study in Spectrum Reallocation
	2.3 Bands for Unlicensed Use
		2.3.1 Overview of Unlicensed Use
		2.3.2 Voice and Other Restricted but Unlicensed Bands
		2.3.3 Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Band
		2.3.4 TV White space
		2.3.5 CBRS
	References
Chapter 3 Concepts in Communications Theory
	3.1 Types of Channels and Related Terminology
	3.2 Types of Interference and Related Terminology
	3.3 Types of Networks and Related Terminology
	3.4 Primer on Noise
	3.5 Primer on Propagation
	3.6 Primer on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
		3.6.1 Complex-Valued Waveforms
		3.6.2 Symbol Mapping and Linear Modulation
		3.6.3 Orthogonal Subcarriers
		3.6.4 Modulating the Subcarriers
		3.6.5 Assigning the Subcarriers
		3.6.6 Further Reading on OFDM
	3.7 Direct-Conversion Transceivers
	References
Chapter 4 Mitigating Contention in Equal-Priority Access
	4.1 Designating Spectrum Resources
	4.2 Interference, Conflict, and Collisions
	4.3 What Is a Primary User?
	4.4 Tiers of Users
	4.5 Unlicensed Users
	4.6 Contention in Spectrum Access and Mitigation Techniques
	4.7 Division of Responsibility among the Protocol Layers
	4.8 Duplexing
	4.9 Multiple Access and Multiplexing
	4.10 Frequency and Time Division Multiple Access
	4.11 Spectral Masks Defined in Standards
	4.12 Spread Spectrum Techniques
		4.12.1 Frequency Hopping
		4.12.2 Adaptive Frequency Hopping
		4.12.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum and Code Division Multiple Access
	4.13 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
		4.13.1 Collision Avoidance
	4.14 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
	4.15 Final Thoughts
	References
Chapter 5 Secondary Spectrum Usage and Signal Detection
	5.1 Spectrum Occupancy and White Space
	5.2 Secondary Users
	5.3 Signal Detection
		5.3.1 Binary Hypothesis Testing
		5.3.2 A Generic Framework for Signal Detection
		5.3.3 Feature Selection
		5.3.4 Maximum Likelihood Detector
		5.3.5 Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) Detector
		5.3.6 Probability of Error
		5.3.7 Choosing the Threshold for a False Alarm Rate
		5.3.8 Choosing Threshold for a Missed Detect Rate
		5.3.9 Noise Power Estimation
	5.4 Energy Detector
		5.4.1 Single-Channel Operation
		5.4.2 Multichannel Operation
	5.5 Known Pattern Detector
		5.5.1 Calculation in the Time-Domain
		5.5.2 Calculating the Decision Metric with no Phase Offset
		5.5.3 Calculating the Decision Metric with a Constant Phase Offset
		5.5.4 Calculating the Decision Metric with a Constant Frequency Offset
	5.6 Cyclic Spectral Analysis
		5.6.1 Motivation
		5.6.2 Spectral Correlation Density
		5.6.3 Bifrequency Plane
		5.6.4 Implementation
	5.7 Final Thoughts
	References
Chapter 6 Intelligent Radio Concepts
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Motivation
		6.1.2 Definitions
	6.2 Intelligent Radio Use-Cases
	6.3 The Cognitive Cycle
	6.4 Making Radios Intelligent
	6.5 Intelligent Radio Architectures
		6.5.1 Cognitive Resource Manager Framework
		6.5.2 IEEE 1900.4
	6.6 Learning Algorithms
		6.6.1 Artificial Neural Networks
		6.6.2 Markov Models
		6.6.3 Reinforcement Learning
	6.7 Looking Forward
	References
Chapter 7 Coexistence Standards in IEEE 1900
	7.1 DySPAN Standards Committee (IEEE P1900)
		7.1.1 History
		7.1.2 The Working Groups´ Overview
		7.1.3 1900.1 Working Group
		7.1.4 1900.2 Working Group
		7.1.5 1900.4 Working Group
		7.1.6 1900.5 Working Group
		7.1.7 1900.6 Working Group
		7.1.8 1900.7 Working Group
	References
Chapter 8 Coexistence Standards in IEEE 802
	8.1 The Standards to Be Addressed in this Chapter
	8.2 Types and Spatial Scope of Wireless Networks
	8.3 Stacks: The Structure of Wireless Protocol Standards
	8.4 IEEE 802.22
		8.4.1 The Data Plane
		8.4.2 The Control Plane
		8.4.3 The Cognitive Plane
		8.4.4 Distributed Sensing
		8.4.5 Sensing Techniques
	8.5 IEEE 802.11
		8.5.1 A Brief History of the IEEE 802.11 Standards
		8.5.2 The Evolution of Wi-Fi
		8.5.3 Wi-Fi Channelization in the 2.4GHz Band
		8.5.4 Carrier Sensing
		8.5.5 Wi-Fi as TV White Space Access
		8.5.6 Comparison of 802.11af and 802.22
	8.6 TVWS Geolocation Databases in the United States
	8.7 IEEE 802.19.1
	8.8 IEEE 802.15.2
	References
Chapter 9 LTE Carrier Aggregation and Unlicensed Access
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 3G to LTE
	9.3 LTE Coexistence Strategies
	9.4 LAA Motivation
	9.5 LTE Overview
		9.5.1 Evolved Packet System
		9.5.2 Evolved Packet Core
		9.5.3 Radio Access Network
		9.5.4 Air Interface
	9.6 Carrier Aggregation
	9.7 License-Assisted Access
		9.7.1 Basic Concepts
		9.7.2 Deployment Scenarios
		9.7.3 LAA Coexistence Mechanisms
	9.8 Deployment Status
	9.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Conclusion and Future Trends
	10.1 Summary of the Preceding Chapters
	10.2 Nonorthogonal Multiple Access and Underlaying
		10.2.1 Nonorthogonal Multiple Access
		10.2.2 Underlaying for Secondary Users
		10.2.3 Implementation Issues
		10.2.4 The Future of NOMA and Underlaying
	10.3 Intelligent Collaborative Radio Networks
	10.4 Validation and Verification of Intelligent Radios
		10.4.1 Case Study: The DARPA Colosseum
	10.5 Spectrum Sharing Utopia
		10.5.1 Major Hurdles for Spectrum Utopia
		10.5.2 Pathways to an Optimally Utilized Future
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Index
EULA