Wine Law and Policy From National Terroirs to a Global Market

Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Abbreviations
Illustrations
Notes on Contributors
Foreword: Apéritif
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Wine Regulation in a Globalized Market: Prospects and Limits of Wine Governance
	1 Introduction
	2 The Wine Market: Past, Present and Future in a Global Economy
	3 The Role of Intellectual Property Law in the Wine Industry
	4 Beyond the Market: Consumer Expectations and Social Concerns
Part 1 The Wine Market: Past, Present and Future In a Global Economy
	Chapter 2 The Rise and Fall of the World’s Largest Wine Exporter – and Its Institutional Legacy
		1 Introduction1
		2 The Growth of the Wine Industry in Algeria in the Late 19th Century
			2.1 Technological Progress in Wine Production
			2.2 Devastation of French Vineyards
			2.3 Expansion of Algerian Wine Production and Exports
		3 Recovery of French Production and Government Regulations in the Early 20th Century
			3.1 Raising Import Tariffs
			3.2 The Introduction of French “Quality Regulations”
		4 Further Expansion in Algeria and More Regulations in France
		5 The Collapse of the Wine Industry in Algeria
			5.1 Export Constraints after Independence
			5.2 Nationalization and Poor Management
			5.3 The Arab Spring and the Future of Algeria’s Wine Industry
		6 Conclusion: the Institutional Legacy of Algerian Wine
	Chapter 3 Tradition, Territory, and Terroir in French Wine: Role, Function, and Purpose of the Institut National De l’origine Et de la Qualité in the French Wine Law Model
		1 Introduction
		2 From the Wine Crisis at the End of the 20th Century to the Creation of the cnao in 1935
			2.1 1905: the Premises of the Regulation Tending towards an Administrative Framework for Quality Products
			2.2 1911: towards the Law of 6 May 1919
			2.3 1927: Legislative Recognition between Origin and Variety of Grape
		3 The Creation of the cnao
			3.1 1935, a Pivotal Year in the Creation of an Organization Dedicated to the Protection of Registered Designations of Origin
				3.1.1 The Initiative for the Creation of the cnao
				3.1.2 The Initial Mission of the cnao
			3.2 Towards the Current form of the inao
		4 The Current Organization of inao
			4.1 inao Organization
				4.1.1 The Permanent Council (Conseil Permanent)
				4.1.2 The National Committees (Les Comités Nationaux)
				4.1.3 The Approval and Control Board (Le Conseil des Agréments et des Contrôles)
				4.1.4 The Regional Committees (Les Comités Régionaux)
			4.2 Financing of inao
			4.3 inao’s Missions and Competences
			4.4 The Official Quality Signs Framed by inao
		5 The Protection of pdo/aoc s in France Focused on Innovation and the Renewal of Production Methods
			5.1 inao Control over Registered Designation of Origin
			5.2 Actions Implemented by inao in 2018
				5.2.1 The Evolution of Vine Varieties, a Freedom Given to Winegrowers to Fight against Climatic Hazards
				5.2.2 Individual Supplementary Volume, Better Management of the Wine-Growing Holding
		6 Conclusion
	Chapter 4 Exploring Italy’s Wine Law Reforms: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects
		1 Introduction
		2 A Brief History of Wine Law in Italy
			2.1 The Influence of the EU on Italian Wine Legislation
			2.2 The Progressive Transformation of Italian Wine Law
			2.3 A New Framework: the Act of 12 December 2016
		3 The New Italian Law on Wines and Vineyards
			3.1 The Establishment of a Grapevine Register
			3.2 The Storage of Oenological and Chemical Products
			3.3 The Designation of Origin and Geographical Indication
			3.4 The Control Instruments
			3.5 The Impact of the EU Wine Legislation
		4 Understanding Italian Wines: the doc and docg Wines
			4.1 The Tradition of Geographical Origin
			4.2 The First Protection Consortiums
			4.3 The Birth of “Quality Wines Produced in Designated Areas”
		5 Designations of Origin and Geographical Indications in Italian Law
			5.1 The Consolidated Wine Act: Scope and Significance
			5.2 The Consolidated Wine Act: Some Key Innovations
		6 Conclusion
		Annex 1
	Chapter 5 “Innovative Tradition”: Austrian Wine Regulation between Past and Future
		1 Introduction
		2 The Context of Austrian Wine Regulation: from the Global to the National – from Adulteration to Acclaim
			Quantitative Limitation [Mengenbeschränkung]
		3 The Austrian Wine Act 2009: from the Past to the Future
		4 Reconciliation of Opposites: Innovation from Tradition
	Chapter 6 Between Wines and Spirits: Classification Challenges of Polish ‘Fruit Wine’-based Products in EU Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Particular Aspects of the Polish Wine Market
		3 The Development of Polish Regulations of Fruit Wines in the Context of EU Economic and Legal Policies
		4 Specific Regulations for Fruit Wine and Other Fermented Products as Enacted in Poland and Differences with Regard to Provisions on Grape Wines
		5 Classification of Products Based on Non-grape Fruits Fermentation and the EU Law
			5.1 Inconsistencies of the Combined Nomenclature
			5.2 Polish Application
		6 Conclusion
	Chapter 7 Wine Law in Australia: Challenges of Local Identity in a Global Marketplace
		1 Introduction
		2 The Contemporary Australian Wine Industry
			2.1 Defining and Regulating Wine in Australia
		3 Contemporary Regulatory Challenges
			3.1 The Case of “Alcopops” and Low Alcohol Wines
			3.2 Protection of Geographical Indications
			3.3 Access to Export Markets and Engaging International Law
		4 Conclusion
	Chapter 8 Libiam Ne’ Lieti Calici: EU and Chinese Policies in Support of Wine Production
		1 Introduction1
		2 History of Grapevine and Winemaking
		3 Wine Culture
		4 The Relationship between Production, Consumption and Trade
		5 Data on Global Wine Production, Consumption and Trade
		6 Wine Production, Consumption and Trade in the EU
			6.1 Data on EU Wine Production, Consumption and Trade
			6.2 EU Wine Regions
		7 China Wine Production, Consumption and Trade
			7.1 Data on China Wine Production, Consumption and Trade
			7.2 China Wine Regions
		8 EU and China Wine Policies
			8.1 Introduction
				8.1.1 Types of Wine Regulations
			8.2 EU Wine Policies
			8.3 China Wine Policies
			8.4 Reflections on EU and China Policies in Support of Wine Production
		9 Conclusions
	Chapter 9 Wine and Liquor Laws in Canada – Trends and Regulatory Challenges
		1 Introduction
		2 An Overview of the Canadian Regulatory Landscape and the Provincial Liquor Control Regimes That Govern It
			2.1 Characteristics of the Canadian Market for Wine and Other Liquor Products
				2.1.1 Regulation is De-centralized and Differs Across Canada’s Provinces
				2.1.2 The Provincial Governments Have Monopolies on Wholesale Supply and Generally Play a Dominant Role in Retail Supply
				2.1.3 The Provincial Governments Use the Distribution Monopolies to Generate Substantial Government Revenue through Mark-ups and Additional Fees on Wine and Liquor Sales
				2.1.4 Each Provincial Government Has a Powerful Import Monopoly
				2.1.5 Both Federal and Provincial Measures Provide Support for Domestic and/or Local Producers
			2.2 The Constitutional Context of the Canadian Regulatory Landscape
			2.3 The Importation of Intoxicating Liquors Act: Delegating Federal Control over Imports of Wine and Other Alcoholic Beverages to the Provinces Since 1928 …
			2.4 … But Permitting Unrestricted Inter-Provincial Trade Since 2019
		3 Domestic Challenges to Inter-provincial Trade Restrictions
			3.1 The Supreme Court of Canada’s Decision in R. v. Comeau
			3.2 Steam Whistle Brewing Inc. v. Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission
			3.3 Artisan Ales Consulting Inc. v. Government of Alberta re: Mark-ups on Beer
		4 International Trade Negotiations and Dispute Settlement Proceedings
			4.1 Canada’s Commitments to the EU under the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (ceta) concerning Mark-ups and Cost-of-Service (cos) Differentials
			4.2 Challenges before the wto Dispute Settlement Body
				4.2.1 The United States’ wto Challenge against Restrictions on Wine Sales in BC Grocery Stores
				4.2.2 Australia’s wto Challenge against Canadian Federal and Provincial Measures Concerning the Sale of Wine
		5 Conclusion
	Chapter 10 The Protection of Foreign Investment in the Wine Sector
		1 Introduction
		2 The Economic Reality of Foreign Direct Investment in the Wine Sector
			2.1 Specificities of the Wine Industry as a Market for Foreign Direct Investors
				2.1.1 Definition of Foreign Direct Investment and Investor
				2.1.2 Typology of the Actors in the Wine Industry
				2.1.3 The Impact of Globalization on the Actors of the Wine Industry
				2.1.4 The Impact of the Wine Industry’s Recent Mutations on Investment Decisions
			2.2 Identification of fdi in the Wine Sector
				2.2.1 The Criteria of “International Diversification” in Wine Investments
				2.2.2 Identification of Foreign Direct Investors in the Wine Sector
				2.2.3 Patrimonial Investors in the Wine Sector
				2.2.4 Industrial Investors in the Wine Sector
		3 Selected Overview of the Regulatory Landscape of Foreign Direct Investment and Its Relevant Features to the Wine Industry
			3.1 Restrictive Regimes: the Example of Australia
				3.1.1 The Scope of Agricultural Land and Agribusiness
				3.1.2 The Notification Requirements on Foreign Investors
				3.1.3 The Grounds for Screening Foreign Investment
			3.2 Open Regimes and their Limits: the Case of the ue
				3.2.1 Grounds for Screening Limited to Security and Public Order
				3.2.2 A Mechanism Based on Cooperation among ms and the Commission, Rather than Notification from the Investor
				3.2.3 A Limited Impact on the Wine Sector
			3.3 Opening Regimes: China and Its New Law on Foreign Investment
				3.3.1 An Objective of Protecting Foreign Investment and Promoting National Treatment, Subject to Restrictions
				3.3.2 Impact on Foreign Investment in General
				3.3.3 Impact on Foreign Investment in the Wine Sector in Particular
		4 The Protection of Foreign Investment in the Wine Sector
			4.1 Protection of Foreign Investment under International Treaties
				4.1.1 Requirements to Be Met to Invoke Protection under Foreign Investment Treaties
				4.1.2 Standards of Protection to Be Afforded by States to Foreign Investors
			4.2 Wine-related Investment and bit Disputes
			4.3 Agricultural or F&B Disputes Resolved through Investor-State Dispute Settlement
		5 Conclusion
Part 2 The Role of Intellectual Property Law in the Wine Market
	Chapter 11 Grafting the Old and New World: Towards a Universal Trademark Register that Cancels Generic igo Terms
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Protecting gi s Using the Trademark System
			1.2 Protecting Appellations of Origin Via the Sui Generis System
		2 Mapping the Legal Playing Field
			2.1 Group 1: “Agnostic” Protection of igo s
				2.1.1 Extension of Products and Geographical Scope
				2.1.2 Higher Standards for Wine
			2.2 Group 2: Protection Via Sui Generis Systems
				2.2.1 EU pdo/pgi System
				2.2.2 EU Subsidiarity as a Means to Enhance Innovation
			2.3 Group 3: Protection Via Co-Existential Treaties
		3 fta s that Include igo Provisions and Bilateral igo Agreements
			3.1 Sino-EU Bilateral gi Agreements
			3.2 US-China fta
			3.3 igo Protection in China
		4 Conclusion
	Chapter 12 The Protection of Traditional Terms for Wines in the European Union and Beyond
		1 Introduction
		2 What Are Traditional Terms?
			2.1 Types of Traditional Terms
			2.2 Objectives
			2.3 Relationship with Intellectual Property Rights
		3 Protection of Traditional Terms in the EU
			3.1 Application for a Traditional Term
			3.2 Grounds of Refusal of Traditional Terms within the EU
			3.3 Objection Procedure
			3.4 Relationship with Trademarks
			3.5 Relationship with Homonymous Traditional Terms
			3.6 Scope of Protection
			3.7 Enforcement
		4 Protection of Traditional Terms and Third Countries
			4.1 Protection of Traditional Terms from Third Countries through Direct Application
			4.2 Protection of Traditional Terms through Bilateral Agreements
				4.2.1 Mutual Recognition
				4.2.2 Protection of EU Traditional Terms and Dispensations for Third Country Traditional Terms
				4.2.3 No Protection for EU Traditional Terms but Temporary Dispensations of Third Country Traditional Terms
			4.3 Ongoing Conflicts regarding the Protection of Traditional Terms from Third Countries
				4.3.1 Discrimination among Third Countries and Inconsistency with wto Obligations
				4.3.2 Excessive Bureaucratic Delays and Lack of Transparency
		5 Conclusion
	Chapter 13 The Barolo Appellation of Origin in the Global Market
		1 Introduction
		2 History of the Laws Protecting Barolo
		3 The Individual and the Collective Source of Reputation
		4 The Protection of the Barolo Reputation
		5 The Evolution of the Region
		6 Conclusion
	Chapter 14 “Pure Michigan” and “Napa Valley 100%”: Is Protection of American Origin Wines as Geographic Indications on Fertile Ground?
		1 Introduction1
		2 Multilateral Treatment of Geographical Indications
			2.1 Paris Convention
			2.2 Madrid Agreement
			2.3 Inter-American Convention
			2.4 Lisbon Agreement
			2.5 trips Agreement
			2.6 Wine Trade Agreement
		3 Protection of gi s in the U.S.
		4 The Growth of the American Products Movement
			4.1 Michigan Wine: Not So “Pure Michigan”
			4.2 California and Oregon: Strict Standards Regimes
			4.3 State gi Regulations: Still Permissible under U.S. Constitution?
			4.4 Enforcement at the Federal Level of ava s
		5 Conclusion
	Chapter 15 Australia Corked Its Champagne and So Should We: Enforcing Stricter Protection for Semi-Generic Wines in the United States
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
			2.1 Legal Protection of Wine in the United States
			2.2 Geographical Indications and the trips Agreement
		3 The Agreement between Australia and the European Community on Trade in Wine
			3.1 The 2008 Wine Trade Agreement
			3.2 Additional Benefits from the 2008 Wine Trade Agreement
		4 The Agreement between the United States and the European Community on Trade in Wine
		5 Authorizing a United States Wine Trade Agreement in Compliance with the European gi System
			5.1 The 2008 Wine Trade Agreement between Australia and the EU and Its Adaptability for the United States
			5.2 The Benefits of Forming a New Wine Trade Agreement
		6 Establishing a Framework for gi Adaptation
			6.1 Constructing a New Wine Trade Agreement between the United States and the European Community
			6.2 Establishing a Transitional Period for All Named gi s
			6.3 Creating a Multilateral Register for Wines
			6.4 Monitoring the Environment through Trade Organizations and Initiating Conferences to Support gi Protection
		7 Conclusion
	Chapter 16 Integrating the Protection of Foreign Geographical Indications in Federal States: Transsystemic Study of gi Protection in Canada, the USA, and Germany
		1 Introduction
		2 Supra-Normative Commitments to Protect gi s: Paris Convention, trip s, and Free Trade Agreements
			2.1 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (“Paris Convention”)
			2.2 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
			2.3 Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (“ceta”)
			2.4 Canada-United States of America-United Mexican States Agreement (a.k.a. “nafta 2.0”)(“cusma”)
		3 Response to Implementing gi Obligations in Federal States
			3.1 Trademark Law as the Panacea for the US and Canada?
				3.1.1 US
				3.1.2 Canada
				3.1.3 Before the Conclusion of the trip s
				3.1.4 Following Conclusion of the trip s
				3.1.5 Following Conclusion of the ceta
			3.2 EU Law with a Dash of Local Trademark Law for Germany?
			3.3 Unfair Competition Claims as the Roots and True Common Law for Federal States?
		4 Conclusion
	Chapter 17 The Protection of Vines, Grapes and Wine under Plant Variety Rights Law, with a Particular Focus on the EU
		1 Introductory Comments
		2 Vines are Propagating Material, Grapes are Harvested Material
		3 Wine May Be a Product Made/Obtained Directly from Grapes
		4 Conditional Exercise of Exclusive Rights in Respect of Harvested Material (and Products Directly Made/Obtained Therefrom)
			4.1 “Unauthorized Use”
				4.1.1 The upov Explanatory Notes on Harvested Material and the Doctrine of Exhaustion
				4.1.2 Another Layer of Complexity: the cjeu Nadorcott Decision
			4.2 Reasonable Opportunity to Exercise Plant Variety Rights against Propagating Material Further Upstream
		5 Conclusion
	Chapter 18 Trade Dress Regulation and Protection Rules Applying to Wine in Turkey
		1 Introduction
		2 The Main Regulatory Bodies in Wine Regulation
			2.1 Market Regulation: Alcohol Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
			2.2 The Ministry of Health
				2.2.1 Duties of the Ministry of Health Deriving from the Tobacco and Alcohol Market Regulation
				2.2.2 Duties of the Ministry of Health Deriving from Public Health Protection Regulation
			2.3 Regulation of the Turkish Codex Alimentarius of the Ministry of Forestry and Agriculture
			2.4 Ministry of Trade, General Directorate of Consumer Protection and Market Supervision, Advertisement Board
			2.5 Radio and Television Supreme Council
				2.5.1 Regulation Pertaining to Alcoholic Beverages
				2.5.2 Sanctions Applicable against Violations of the rtsc’s Regulation on Alcoholic Beverages
				2.5.3 Recent Developments Concerning Online Media Service Platforms
		3 Trade Dress Regulation and Protection
			3.1 Restrictive Trade Dress Rules Applying Specifically to Wine
				3.1.2 Communiqué Regarding the Warning Messages on the Packaging of Alcoholic Beverages Dated August 11, 2013
				3.1.3 Regulation Regarding the Sale and Servicing of Tobacco Products and Alcoholic Beverages Dated January 7, 2011
				3.1.4 By-Law Regarding the Special Qualities of Foodstuffs and Other Goods and Disposables in Relation to Public Health (“By-Law”)
				3.1.5 Turkish Codex Alimentarius Wine Communiqué
				3.1.6 Turkish Codex Alimentarius Communiqué on Aromatized Wine, Beverages Based on Aromatized Wine, and Aromatized Wine Cocktail
			3.2 Trade Dress Protection of Wine
				3.2.1 Protection of Trade Dress through Trademark Registration
					3.2.1.1 An Overview of Trademark Registration in Turkey
					3.2.1.2 Specific Statutory Rules Applying to Wine under the Turkish Trademark Law
					3.2.1.3 The Approach of turkpatent and Turkish Courts Regarding Trademarks Covering Wine and Wine-related Goods and Services and Trademarks Representing Wine-related Elements
				3.2.2 Protection of Trade Dress through Design Registration
				3.2.3 Protection of Trade Dress through Unfair Competition Provisions
				3.2.4 Protection Via Copyright Law
		4 Conclusion
	Chapter 19 Patent Search and Analysis in the Wine Industry: A Guided Tour from Vineyards to Your Table
		1 Introduction
		2 Patent Classification Codes Covering Wine-Related Topics
			2.1 Essential ipc & cpc Codes Describing Inventions in the Wine Industry
			2.2 Using Essential Wine ipc & cpc Codes to Improve ipc/cpc-based Searches
			2.3 Using Essential Wine ipc & cpc Codes to Improve Keyword-Based Searches
		3 Trends in Wine-Related Patent Filings at Main Patent Offices
			3.1 The pct System and Wine-Related Global Trends at a Global Patent Office
			3.2 The epc System: Filing and Granting Trends at a Patent Intergovernmental Authority
			3.3 Trends in Establishing Patent Rights in Wine Industry at Selected Patent Offices Worldwide
		4 Conclusions
Part 3 Wine beyond the Market: Health Policy, Ethical and Social Issues
	Chapter 20 On the Jurisprudence of Wine’s Journeys from National Terroirs to a Global Market: Places of Normativity, Mythology and Justice in London and Aotearoa/ New Zealand
		1 Pepeha (Māori for ‘Introductions’)1
		2 Images from Walking Leytonstone: Experiencing the Global Market
		3 Has New Zealand Got a ‘National Terroir’? If So Would It Be that of New Zealand or of Aotearoa/New Zealand?
		4 By Way of a Conclusion, an Exercise in Applying Turangawaewae: a Brief Walk Around the Trade Tasting
		5 Conclusion
	Chapter 21 Protecting Wine Packaging as a Trademark: Why the Substantial Value Exclusion Makes the Task Unreasonably Burdensome
		1 Introduction
		2 Protecting Packaging in the Wine Sector: Shapes at the Borders between Trademarks and Designs
		3 Inconsistencies in Demarcating the Scope of Application of the Substantial Value Ground for Refusal
		4 Overview of Case-Law Concerning Registrability and Protection of Wine Packaging and Bottles as a Trademark
		5 Different Grounds for Refusal, Similar Assessment
		6 Limiting the “Loudspeaker Test” to the Artistic Value Assessment
		7 Conclusion: Is the Substantial Value Ground for Refusal Still Reasonable?
	Chapter 22 Prošek or Prosecco: Intellectual Property or Intangible Cultural Heritage?
		1 The Dispute – Prošek or Prosecco?1
		2 What Is Cultural Heritage?
			2.1 What Is Intangible Cultural Heritage?
			2.2 Development of Recognition and Protection for Intangible Cultural Heritage
			2.3 The Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003
			3.0 Are Prosecco and Prošek Cultural Heritage?
		4 Protecting Wine as Intellectual Property?
		5 The European Union and Intangible Cultural Heritage
		6 The Conflict: Intellectual Property v. Intangible Cultural Heritage
		7 The Future: Cultural Appropriation and Cultural Theft
		8 Conclusion
	Chapter 23 The Use of All Wines: A Legal Analysis for Conservative Judaism
		1 Introduction
		2 Issues of Jewish Dietary Laws (Kashrut) in the Making of Wine: Clarifying the Wine
			2.1 Clarifying the Wine through Fining It
			2.2 Clarifying Wine through Filtration
			2.3 The Halakhic (Jewish Legal) Problems Involved in Clarifying Wine
		3 Halakhic Principles and Precedents Relevant to Fining Wine
			3.1 “No Prior Nullification of Remainders” (Ain Mevatlin Issur Mi’likhathilah)
			3.2 “An Unintended Result” (B’aino Mitkaven)
			3.3 Permissive Precedents
			3.4 Possible Stringencies
			3.5 Evaluating Contemporary Wine Making in Light of the Precedents
		4 The Issue of Gentile Wine (Stam Yeinam)
			4.1 Rabbi Silverman’s 1964 Responsum
			4.2 The Prohibitions of Wine Made by Gentiles are No Longer Relevant
		5 Producing Wine on the Sabbath
		6 Lessons
			6.1 The Individual
			6.2 Conservative Synagogues
			6.3 Communal Institutions
		7 Conclusion
	Chapter 24 Risk Management in the Wine Supply Chain
		1 Introduction
		2 Risk Management in Context
			2.1 Climatic Risks
			2.2 Wine Production Processes and Product Liability Risks
			2.3 Product Liability Rules and Legislation: State of the Art and Future Developments
			2.4 Commercial Risks and Transaction Costs
		3 Risk Management and Wine
		4 Wine Industry and Supply Chain Risk Management (“scrm”)
			4.1 scrm: Best Practices
	Chapter 25 The Grass is Greener on the Other Side: Biodynamic Wines and Trademarks, the Quest for Answers
		1 Introduction1
			1.1 A Brief History of Organic Wines
			1.2 Persia
			1.3 Georgia
			1.4 Turkey
			1.5 Jordan
			1.6 Greece
		2 An Introduction of the Concept of Biodynamic Wines
			2.1 What Is Organic Wine?
			2.2 Certification of Organic Wine
			2.3 Definition of Organic Production, Including Wines
		3 Trade Marks for Organic Wines, Certification Marks and Labels: Reputation, Brand and a Deceptive Attitude to Transparency
		4 Conclusion
	Chapter 26 In Vino Veritas: Blockchain as a Viable Solution for Combating Counterfeit Wines in China
		1 Introduction
		2 Wine in the Chinese Context
			2.1 Issues of Counterfeit Wine
			2.2 Regulation of Wine in China
				2.2.1 Food Safety Law
				2.2.2 Trademark Law
			2.3 Anti-Counterfeiting Methods without Blockchain
		3 Blockchain – a New Technology to Combat Counterfeit Wine
			3.1 Blockchain Demystified
			3.2 Characteristics of Blockchain
				3.2.1 Data Encryption66
				3.2.2 Verification of Transactions
				3.2.3 Immutability
				3.2.4 Traceability
			3.3 Blockchain in Action
		4 Ways Forward for Wider Blockchain Adoption
			4.1 Blockchain Transparency, Interoperability and Data Accessibility
			4.2 Blockchain Readability and Consumer Confidence
			4.3 Resolving the Issue of the “Last Mile”
		5 Conclusion
Index