Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923

Contents......Page 12
List of Abbreviations......Page 14
Map of the South Marmara......Page 15
Introduction......Page 16
A Note on Geography and Sources......Page 23
1. Before They Became Turks: Immigration, Political Economy, and Identity in the Pre-war South Marmara......Page 27
New Elites, New Identities: Revolution, Class, and Identity during the Young Turk Period......Page 28
Resident Aliens: Reassessing Native Armenians and Greeks in the Ottoman Empire during the Nineteenth Century......Page 34
The Mountaineers: North Caucasian Migrants and the Ottoman State in the Nineteenth Century......Page 38
Bandits or Bureaucrats: Albanian Migrants and the Ottoman State in the Nineteenth Century......Page 45
2. The Politics of the Condemned: The South Marmara during the First World War......Page 52
Boycotts and Refugees: The CUP’s First Steps......Page 53
‘Tehcir’ for All: Reassessing the Wartime Deportations......Page 56
The Condemned Come Home: The Return of Non-Muslims and its Immediate Aftermath......Page 67
3. In the Company of Killers: Crime, Recruitment, and the Birth of the National Movement in the South Marmara......Page 70
Killer Patriots: Circassians and the Origins of the Ottoman Clandestine Service......Page 71
Under the Reign of Gunmen: Paramilitarism and Instability in Wartime South Marmara......Page 80
Turning Back the Clock: Origins of the Turkish National Movement......Page 83
After Izmir: Contriving a Military/Bureaucratic Response......Page 86
Çetecilik: Arming the Movement......Page 92
4. The Politics of Revenge: The Rise and Fall of the Loyalist Opposition in the South Marmara......Page 96
The Loyalist Confederacy: The Sultanate and the Opposition to the Kuva-yi Milliye......Page 98
Blood Feuds: The Prelude to Rebellion......Page 101
‘Protector of the Government and Slave to the Shariah’: Reconsidering the Rise of Ahmet Anzavur......Page 109
A Village Saint’s Last Act: The Izmit Uprising and the Death of Ahmet Anzavur......Page 119
5. Separatism, Violence, and Collaboration in Bandit Country: The South Marmara during the Greek Occupation......Page 122
The Onset of Occupation: Greece, Britain, and Non-Muslims......Page 123
‘Those who stay will be destroyed by our hands’: The National Movement under Occupation......Page 128
From Rebels to Collaborators: Circassian Paramilitarism and the Greek Occupation......Page 133
Resistance by Another Means: The Move towards Circassian Separatism in the South Marmara......Page 138
6. Settling Accounts: Circassians, Albanians, and the Founding of the Turkish Republic......Page 151
Killing Anzavur’s Ghost: Republican Politics and the End of Circassian Resistance in the South Marmara......Page 153
The Unwelcome Prodigal Sons: Albanians and the Contradictions of Turkish State Building......Page 163
Conclusion......Page 181
Appendix 1: Cast of Characters......Page 186
K......Page 197
S......Page 198
Z......Page 199
Notes......Page 200
Bibliography......Page 254
B......Page 268
H......Page 269
N......Page 270
Z......Page 271