Wine and Wine Offering in the Religion of Ancient Egypt

Chapter I Wine in Egyptian Society 5
(1) The Development of Viticulture in Egypt
(2) The Location of the Vineyards
(2.1) The Delta
(2.11) Upper Egypt
(2.111) The Oases
(3) Words Used to Designate Wine (Graeco-Roman Period)
(3.1) s3
(3.11) in-Hr w3dt
(3. Ill) inmt
(3. IV) 3pd
(3.V) nfrw
(3. VI) h3t
(3.VII) sip
(3.VIII) wns
(4) The Use of Wine in Egyptian Society
(4.1) As a Prestigious Drink
(4.11) As Offerings
(4.II.a) Funerary Offering
(4.II.b) Divine Offering
(4.111) In Medical Treatment
(5) The Attitude of Egyptians Toward Wine-drinking

Chapter II Representations of Wine Offering on Royal Monuments  39
(1) The Old and Middle Kingdoms
(2) From the New Kingdom to the End of the Pharaonic Period
(2.1) The Posture and Headdress of the King
(2.II) Scenes in the Temples
(2.II.a) The Positions of Wine Offering Scenes
(2.II.a.i) Doorways
(2.II.a.ii) Walls
(2.II.a.iii) Columns
(2.II.b) The Inscriptions Accompanying the Scenes
(2.II.b.i) Title of the Act
(2.II.b.ii) Replies of the Deities
(2.II.b.iii) Comparison with Other Offerings
(2.II.c) The Ritual Context
(2.II.c.i) As Part of Known Rituals
(2.II.c.ii) As Part of Unidentified Rituals
(2-II.c.iii) As a Decorative Theme
(2. HI) Scenes Represented on Stelae and Obelisks
(2. IV) Scenes Represented by Royal Statues
(2.V) Scenes Represented in the Royal Tombs
Graeco-Roman Temples
(3.1) Philae
(3.II) Edfu
(3.III) Dendera
(3.IV) Esna
(3.V) Kom Ombo
(3.VI) Temple of Opet at Karnak
Summary

Chapter III Wine Offering Liturgies in Funerary and Divine Cults  71
(1) Funerary Rituals
(2) Divine Cults in the Pharaonic Period

Chapter IV Wine Offering Liturgies in the Ptolemaic Temples  87
(1) Five Textual Types
(2) Irregular Texts

Chapter V The Replies of the Deities in Wine Offering Scenes   133
(1) The Confirmation of Kingship
(1.1) Bequest of the Throne
(1.111) Endowment of Land and People
(2) The Donation of Material Benefits
(3) The Assurance of Spiritual Enjoyment
(4) Greeting and Acceptance of the Offering
(5) Summary

Chapter VI The Significance of Wine and Wine Offering in Egyptian Religion  147
(1) Mythological and Theological Associations of Wine
(1.1) A Divine Drink
(1 .II) Osiris, the Flood, and Wine
(1.111) Wine and Shesmu
(l.IV) Wine and Blood
(l.V) Wine and the Appeasement of Hathor
(l.VI) Wine, Hathor, and the Inundation
(l.VII) Thoth and Wine
(l.VIII) Seth and Wine
(2) The Significance of Wine Offering
(2.1) Mythological and Theological Allusions
(2.II) Blessings Expected from the Deities

Conclusion  169

important for agricultural installations at Qubur Walaydah