Why Brains Don't Compute

Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
About the Author
Part I: Solving Problems in Different Realities
	Chapter 1: Solving Problems
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Two Perspectives
		1.3 Consequences
		1.4 Intelligence
		1.5 Artificial Intelligence
		1.6 Common Ground
		1.7 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 2: Objective and Subjective Reality
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Newtonian Reality
		2.3 Biological Measurements
		2.4 What, Then, That What We Perceive?
		2.5 Discrepancies Between Objective and Subjective
		2.6 What About Machines
		2.7 Conclusion
		Further Readings
Part II: Algorithmic Computation
	Chapter 3: Algorithms
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Instantiation of Algorithms in Machines
		3.3 Turing Machines
		3.4 Boolean Algebra
		3.5 Electronic Computers
		3.6 The Emergence of Modern Computation
		3.7 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 4: Coding
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Computer Codes
		4.3 Programming Languages
		4.4 Personal Computers
		4.5 Neural Coding
		4.6 Action Potentials
		4.7 Conclusion
		Further Readings
Part III: Neural Networks
	Chapter 5: Neural Networks
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 History
		5.3 A Problem for Artificial Networks
		5.4 Failure to Take Off
		5.5 Perceptrons
		5.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 6: Resurrection of Neural Networks
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Error Correction by Back Propagation
		6.3 Unsupervised Credit Assignment
		6.4 Search Spaces
		6.5 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 7: Learning Empirically
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 An Algorithmic Beginning
		7.3 Games that Cannot Be Won Algorithmically
		7.4 Conclusion
		Further Readings
Part IV: Perception
	Chapter 8: What We Perceive
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Traditional Assumptions
		8.3 The Dilemma
		8.4 A Solution
		8.5 Caveats
		8.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 9: Spatial Intervals
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Discrepancies
		9.3 Determining Frequencies of Occurrence
		9.4 An Example
		9.5 Explanation
		9.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 10: Angles
		10.1 Perceived Angles
		10.2 Determining the Frequency of Angle Sources
		10.3 Reason for Different Frequencies of Angle Projections
		10.4 The Systematic Misestimation of Angles
		10.5 Alternative Explanations
		10.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 11: Lightness and Darkness
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Seeing in Black and White
		11.3 A Possible Physiological Explanation
		11.4 A Different Approach
		11.5 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 12: Empirical Ranking
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Stimuli as Recurrent Patterns
		12.3 Luminance and Lightness as Examples
		12.4 Explaining More Complex Patterns
		12.5 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 13: Color
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Seeing Color
		13.3 Color Explained Empirically
		13.4 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 14: Color Psychophysics
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Psychophysics
		14.3 An Example
		14.4 The Bezold-Brucke Effect
		14.5 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 15: Motion Speed
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Physical Motion
		15.3 The Problem
		15.4 An Example
		15.5 The Explanation
		15.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 16: Motion Direction
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Apertures
		16.3 Effect of a Circular Aperture
		16.4 Effect of a Vertical Aperture
		16.5 Explanation
		16.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 17: Object Size
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Classical Size “Illusions”
		17.3 Object Sizes in Scenes with 3-D Cues
		17.4 Relevance to a Long-Standing Puzzle
		17.5 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 18: Stereopsis
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Image Versus Anatomical Correspondence
		18.3 Binocular Circuitry
		18.4 Ocular Dominance
		18.5 Relevance to Perception
		18.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
Part V: Linking Objective and Subjective Domains
	Chapter 19: Stimuli and Behavior
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 What, Then, Are Stimuli?
		19.3 Behaviors as Understood by Physiologists
		19.4 Behaviors as Understood by Psychologists
		19.5 The Common Strategy
		19.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 20: Associations
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Associations Wrought by Evolution
		20.3 Associations Wrought by Lifetime Learning
		20.4 Associations Wrought by Culture
		20.5 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 21: Mechanisms
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Neural Plasticity
		21.3 Short-Term Changes
		21.4 More Enduring Changes
		21.5 Reward
		21.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 22: Reflexes
		22.1 Introduction
		22.2 Behavioral Responses as Reflexes
		22.3 Is All Behavior Reflexive?
		22.4 Counterarguments
		22.5 Conclusion
		Further Readings
Part VI: Other Theories
	Chapter 23: Feature Detection
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Feature Detection
		23.3 Neurons that Respond to more Specific Stimuli
		23.4 Perception in Monkeys
		23.5 Back to Sherrington
		23.6 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 24: Statistical Inference
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Statistical Inference
		24.3 Bayes’ Theorem
		24.4 The Problem with a Bayesian Approach
		24.5 Conclusion
		Further Readings
	Chapter 25: Summing Up
		25.1 In Brief
Figure Sources
Glossary: Definitions of Some Relevant Terms
Index