Whole-Body Cryostimulation: Clinical Applications

Foreword
Introduction
Contents
Part I: Introduction
	1: Prolonged or Repeated Cold Exposure: From Basic Physiological Adjustment to Therapeutic Effects
		Basic Physiology of Cold Exposure
			Biophysical Factors
			Acute Physiological Responses to Cold
				Primary Thermoregulatory Responses to Cold: Vasomotor Responses (Peripheral Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation)
				Metabolic Heat Production: Thermogenesis
		The Therapeutic Use of Cold: A Centuries-Long History
			Whole-Body Cryostimulation
			General Physiologic Effect of Partial/Whole-Body Cryostimulation
			Source of Variability in the Physiological Response to WBC
				Anthropometry, Body Composition and Sex
				Cardiovascular System and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Level
			Physiological Adjustments to Prolonged or Repeated Cold Exposure to WBC
				Habituation
				Metabolic Adaptations
				Insulative Adaptations
		References
	2: Adaptive Endocrine and Metabolic Effects
		Introduction
		Human Adaptation to Cold: A Matter of Fact
		Metabolic and Endocrine Adaptation to Cold
			Insulative Response
			Metabolic Response
		Metabolic Response to Cryostimulation
		Effects of WBC on Metabolic Indexes
			Effects on Body Composition
			Effects on Lipid Profile and Energy Metabolism
			Effects on Metabolic Inflammation
			Effects on the Endocrine Function of Adipose Tissue
		Effects of WBC on Endocrine Axis
			Neurohumoral Axis
			Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Gland Axis
		Conclusions
		References
	3: Cellular Cold Perception
		TRMP8
		TRPA1
		TRP Channel and Energy Homeostasis
		Conclusion
		References
	4: Subjective Cold Perception
		Cold Perception during Whole-Body Cryotherapy
		References
	5: Muscular and Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation and Blood Flow
		Introduction
		Muscular Oxygenation and Blood Flow
			Cold-Water Immersion
			Whole- and Partial-Body Cryostimulation
			Cold-Water Immersion vs. Whole- and Partial-Body Cryostimulation
		Cerebral Oxygenation
			Cold-Water Immersion
			Whole- and Partial-Body Cryostimulation
		Conclusion
		References
	6: Muscle Exercise
		Muscle Damage
		Physical Efficiency
		Training
		Myokines/Exerkines
		References
	7: Metabolomics: Metabolite Changes in Response to Cold Stress with a Special Focus on Whole-body Cryostimulation
		Introduction
		Metabolomic Approach
			Biological Samples
			Sample Preparation
			Analytical Techniques
			Data Analysis
			Pathway Analysis
		Metabolomics and Cold Stress
		Conclusion
		References
	8: Metabolites, Bioactive Compounds, and Browning: Unveiling the Therapeutic Potential of Whole-Body Cryostimulation for Metabolic Health
		Diet Metabolites Regulating Browning
		Bioactive Compound Agonists for TRPM8
			Menthol
			Eucalyptol
			Borneol
			Geraniol
		Bioactive Compound Agonists for TRPA1
			Thymol
			Carvacrol
			1′S-1′-Acetoxychavicol Acetate (ACA)
			Cinnamaldehyde
			Thymoquinone
			Isothiocyanates
		Conclusion
		References
	9: Possible Applications of Cold Stimulus in Obesity and Diabetes
		Introduction
		The Adipose Organ in Obesity
		Therapeutic Perspectives of Cold-Induced Adipocyte Transdifferentiation
		Conclusion
		References
Part II: Applications in Clinical Conditions
	10: Fibromyalgia
		Fibromyalgia: Overview and Clinical Manifestations
		Whole-Body Cryostimulation
			Clinical Effects
			Duration of Effects
			Molecular Effects
			Gene Expression
		Conclusive Remarks
		References
	11: Obesity
		Obesity: Overview and Clinical Manifestations
			Clinical Effects
			Haematological Parameters
			Inflammatory Response
			Body Composition
			Lipid Profile and Adipokines
			Energy and Bone Metabolism
			Autonomic Modulation
		Conclusive Remarks
		References
	12: Multiple Sclerosis
		Introduction
		The Role of WBC as Adjuvant Treatment of MS
		Impact of WBC on Biochemical Markers
			Oxidative Stress
			Other Blood Parameters
		WBC as an Impairment-Based Approach
			Spasticity
			Fatigue
			Functional Status
			Psychological Well-Being
			Cognitive Functioning
			Pain
		Conclusion
		References
	13: Parkinson’s Disease
		Introduction
		Whole-Body Cryostimulation and Autonomic Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
		Cardiovascular Dysfunction
		Thermoregulatory Dysfunction
		Metabolism
		Motor Dysfunction
		Conclusion
		References
	14: Post-COVID-19 Condition
		Post-COVID Condition (PCC): Overview and Clinical Manifestations
		Preliminary Evidence
		Conclusive Remarks
		References
	15: Cryostimulation as a Nonpharmacological Intervention for the Promotion of Mental Health: A Focus on Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
		Definition, Prevalence, and Incidence of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
		Global Burden of Disease and Societal Cost
		Treatment Gap
		Treating Depression or Anxiety with Repeated Cold Exposure: An Immune Perspective
		Can Cryostimulation Programs Prevent or Treat Clinical Depression or Anxiety?
		Conclusion and Perspectives
		References
	16: Sleep Disorders
		Introduction
		Effect of BC on Sleep Quality
		Effect of BC on Sleep-Related Diseases
		Conclusion
		References
	17: Risks
		Consensus on Contraindications
		Documented WBC-Related Adverse Events
		Dermatological
			Cold Panniculitis
			Urticaria
		Neurological
			Transient Global Amnesia
			Intracerebral Hemorrhage
		Vascular
			Moyamoya Angiopathy
			Abdominal Aortic Dissection
		Other Complications
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	18: Toward Personalized Protocols: A Scoping Review
		Introduction
		Overview of Cryostimulation Chambers
		Overview of Common Practices
		Gender Influence on Body Thermal Resistance
		Influence of Gender on the Duration of Protocols
		Conclusion
		References
	19: Future Perspectives
		Spasticity
		Pain
		Obesity and Diabetes
		Autonomic Dysfunction
		Intestinal Syndromes
		Capsulitis and Joint Stiffness
		Ageing
		Sleep Disorders
		Microbiota
		Resting Energy Expenditure
		Personalised WBC
		Conclusive Remarks
		References