What Radiology Residents Need to Know: Musculoskeletal Radiology

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Trauma: Introduction and Spine
	General Terminology
		Fracture Type (Fig. 1.2)
		Fracture Site (Fig. e1.2)
		Position of the Distal Fragment
		Angulation: Two Approaches (Fig. 1.6)
		Special Terms
		Chronicity
		Intra-articular Fracture (Fig. 1.10)
	Fracture Healing
		Normal
		Delayed Union
		Nonunion
		Malunion
	Stress Fracture
	Cervical Spine
		Imaging Approach
		Atlantoaxial Subluxation
		Jefferson Fracture
		Odontoid Fractures
		Hangman’s Fracture
		Flexion Teardrop Fracture
		Extension Teardrop Fracture
		Locked Facet Joint
		Clay Shoveler’s Fracture
	Thoracolumbar Spine
		Anterior (Wedge) Compression Fracture
		Burst Fracture
		Chance Fracture
		Sacral Fracture (Fig. 1.32)
		Coccyx Fracture (Fig. 1.33; see Fig. e1.21)
	References
2: Trauma: Upper Extremity
	Shoulder
		Acromioclavicular (AC) Separation/Dislocation
		Anterior Dislocation of the Shoulder
		Bankart Lesion
		Hill-Sachs Deformity
		Posterior Dislocation of the Shoulder
		Inferior Dislocation of the Shoulder
	Distal Humerus, Elbow, Forearm
		Supracondylar Fracture
		Radial Head Fracture
		Complex Forearm Fracture-Dislocations
		Greenstick Fracture
	Wrist
		Colles’ Fracture
		Smith Fracture
		Chauffer (Hutchinson) Fracture (Fig. 2.16; see Fig. e2.17)
		Wrist Dislocations
		Triquetral Fracture
		Scaphoid Fracture
		Rotary Subluxation of the Scaphoid
	Hand
		Bennett Fracture (Fig. 2.25)
		Rolando Fracture (Fig. 2.26; see Fig. e2.20)
		Gamekeeper’s Thumb (Fig. 2.27)
		Mallet Fracture (Fig. 2.28)
		Boutonniere Deformity
		Volar Plate Fracture (Fig. 2.29)
		Boxer’s Fracture (Fig. 2.30; see Fig. e2.21)
	References
3: Trauma: Pelvis, Hip, Lower Extremity, and Avulsion Injuries
	Pelvis
		Pelvic Insufficiency Fracture
		Fractures Involving the Rami
		Acetabular Fracture (Fig. 3.4; see Fig. e3.2)
	Hip
		Hip Fracture
	Occult Hip Fracture
	Posterior Hip Dislocation
	Anterior Hip Dislocation
	Lower Extremity
		FBI Sign (Fat-Blood Interface) (Fig. 3.11; see Fig. e3.8)
		Tibial Plateau Fracture (Fig. 3.12; see Fig. e3.9)
		Segond Fracture
		Patellar Fracture (Fig. 3.14)
		Patellar Dislocation (Fig. e3.10)
		Patella Alta and Baja
		Distal Tibia and Fibula
		Other Named Ankle Fractures
			Maisonneuve Fracture (Fig. 3.19; see Fig. e3.11)
			Pilon Fracture (Fig. 3.20; see Fig. e3.12)
			Tillaux Fracture (Fig. e3.13)
		Calcaneus Fracture
		Chopart Dislocation (Fig. 3.24)
		Fifth Metatarsal Fractures (Fig. 3.25)
			Avulsion Fracture (Fig. e3.16)
			Jones Fracture (Fig. e3.17)
			Stress Fracture (Fig. e3.18)
		Lisfranc Fracture-Dislocation
		Sesamoid Fracture (Fig. e3.21)
	Salter-Harris Fracture
	Battered Child Syndrome (Child Abuse)
		Avulsion Injuries
		Pelvis (Fig. 3.31)
			Ischial Tuberosity (Fig. e3.31)
			Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (Fig. e3.32)
			Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (Fig. e3.33)
			Symphysis Pubis (Fig. e3.34)
			Iliac Crest
			Lesser Trochanter (Fig. e3.35)
			Greater Trochanter (Fig. e3.36)
		Knee
			Segond Fracture
			Fibular Head (Fig. e3.37)
			Tibial Eminence (Fig. 3.32)
			Posterior Cruciate Ligament (Fig. e3.38)
			Tibial Tuberosity (Fig. 3.33)
			Inferior Pole of the Patella (Fig. e3.39)
		Ankle and Foot
			Calcaneal Insufficiency (Fig. e3.40)
			Posterior Capsule
			Anterior Capsule (Fig. e3.41)
			Base of the Fifth Metatarsal (see Fig. e3.16)
		Shoulder and Elbow
			Greater Tuberosity (Fig. 3.34)
			Lesser Tuberosity (Fig. e3.42)
			Medial Epicondyle (Fig. 3.35)
	References
4: Periosteal Reaction
	Major Types of Periosteal Reaction
	Unilateral Versus Bilateral Periosteal Reaction
	References
5: Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor like Conditions
	Osseous Matrix
		Bone Island (Enostosis)
		Osteoma
		Osteoid Osteoma
		Osteoblastoma
	Chondroid (Cartilage) Matrix
		Enchondroma
		Osteochondroma (Exostosis)
		Multiple Hereditary Exostoses
		Chondroblastoma
		Chondromyxoid Fibroma
	Fibrous Matrix
		Fibrous Dysplasia
		Non-ossifying Fibroma
		Simple Bone Cyst
	Other Benign Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions
		Giant Cell Tumor
		Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
		Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		Sarcoidosis
		Hyperparathyroidism (Brown Tumor)
		Hemophilic Pseudotumor
		Intraosseous Lipoma (Figs. e5.35 and e5.36)
	References
6: Malignant Bone Tumors
	Signs of Malignancy
	Osteosarcoma
	Chondrosarcoma
	Metastases
	Multiple Myeloma
	Fibrous Malignancies
	Ewing’s Sarcoma
	Lymphoma of Bone
	Leukemia
	Chordoma
	Adamantinoma (Fig. 6.34)
	References
7: Soft-Tissue Lesions
	Synovial Sarcoma
	Synovial Osteochondromatosis
	Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)
	Lipoma/Liposarcoma
	Hemangioma of Soft Tissue
	Baker’s Cyst
	Bursitis
		Olecranon Bursitis
		Iliopsoas Bursitis
	Calcifications in Soft Tissues
		Scleroderma
		Reynaud’s Disease
		Dermatomyositis
	Vascular Calcification
		Arterial
		Venous
	Parasites
		Cysticercosis
		Dracunculiasis
		Myositis Ossificans
	Muscular Dystrophy
	Foreign Bodies
	References
8: Arthritis
	General Observations
	Osteoarthritis
		Patterns in Other Joints
		Erosive Osteoarthritis
	Rheumatoid Arthritis
	Patterns in Other Joints
	Seronegative HLA-B27 Arthropathies
		Psoriatic Arthritis
		Reactive Arthritis
		Ankylosing Spondylitis
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease
	Crystal Deposition Arthropathy
		Gout
		Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD)
		Calcium Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease (HADD)
	Other Arthropathies
		Hemochromatosis
		Amyloid Arthropathy
		Hemophilic Arthropathy
		Neuropathic Arthropathy (Charcot Joint)
		Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis
		Ochronosis
	References
9: Metabolic, Endocrine, and  Hematologic/Bone Marrow
	Metabolic
		Osteoporosis
		Causes
		Osteomalacia
	Endocrine
		Hyperparathyroidism
		Acromegaly
		Fluorosis
		Gaucher Disease
	Hematologic/Bone Marrow
		Sickle Cell Disease
		Thalassemia Major
		Myelofibrosis
		Mastocytosis
	References
10: Avascular Necrosis (AVN)
	Hip
		Underlying Causes
	Bone Infarct
	Freiberg Infraction
	Kienbock’s Disease
	Osteochondral Defect
	References
11: Infections
	Acute Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
		Brodie’s Abscess
		Garré’s Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
	Septic (Pyogenic) Arthritis
	Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis
	Tuberculous Vertebral Osteomyelitis
		Tuberculous Osteomyelitis
	References
12: Normal Variants and  “Don’t Touch” Lesions
	Bipartite Patella
	Herniation Pit
		Os Odontoideum
		Osteopoikilosis
		Osteopetrosis
		Osteopathia Striata
		Melorheostosis
		Osgood-Schlatter Disease
		Pellegrini-Stieda Lesion
	Limbus Vertebra
	Schmorl’s Node (Fig. e12.9)
	Vertebral Hemangioma
	Spina Bifida Occulta
	References
13: Miscellaneous Conditions (by Skeletal Area)
	Spine and Pelvis
		Neurofibroma
		Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)
		DISH (Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis)
		Scheuermann’s Disease
		Spondylolisthesis
		Ivory Vertebra
		Osteitis Condensans Ilii
		Protrusio Acetabuli
		Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
		Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)
			Cam Type (Fig. 13.13)
			Pincer Type (Fig. 13.14)
			Lateral Center-Edge Angle (Fig. e13.8)
	Upper Extremity
		Post-traumatic Osteolysis of the Clavicle
		Madelung Deformity
		Ulnar Variance Abnormality
		Scapholunate Advanced Collapse (SLAC Wrist)
	Lower Extremity
		Tarsal Coalition
	MRI of the Knee
		Menisci
		Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
		Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
		Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
	References
14: Miscellaneous Lesions (No Specific Skeletal Area)
	Paget’s Disease
	Hypertrophic Osteoarthopathy
	Thyroid Acropachy
	Osteogenesis Imperfecta
	Radiation Osteonecrosis
	References
15: Surgical Interventions
	Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF)
		Loosening of Screw, Plate, or Intramedullary Rod
		Infection
		Fracture of a Metal Plate
	Periprosthetic Complications
		Fracture
		Dislocation
		Heterotopic Bone
		Particle-Related Disease
Index