Western Civilization (Seventh Edition)

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 7
Detailed Contents......Page 8
Documents......Page 18
Maps......Page 20
Chronologies......Page 22
Preface......Page 23
Acknowledgments......Page 27
Introduction to Students of Western Civilization......Page 31
1 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS......Page 34
The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age......Page 35
The Neolithic Revolution (c. 10,000–4000 B.C.)......Page 36
The Emergence of Civilization......Page 38
The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia......Page 40
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia......Page 42
The Code of Hammurabi......Page 43
The Culture of Mesopotamia......Page 45
Egyptian Civilization: “The Gift of the Nile”......Page 48
The Impact of Geography......Page 49
The Old and Middle Kingdoms......Page 50
Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt......Page 53
The Culture of Egypt......Page 54
Disorder and a New Order: The New Kingdom......Page 56
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Akhenaten’s HYMN TO ATEN and Psalm 104 of the Hebrew Bible......Page 58
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt......Page 59
On the Fringes of Civilization......Page 61
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE The Egyptian Diet......Page 62
The Hittite Empire......Page 63
Conclusion......Page 64
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 65
2 THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: PEOPLES AND EMPIRES......Page 67
The Divided Kingdom......Page 68
The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel......Page 69
The Social Structure of the Hebrews......Page 72
The Neighbors of the Israelites......Page 74
The Assyrian Empire......Page 75
The Assyrian Military Machine......Page 76
Assyrian Society and Culture......Page 78
The Persian Empire......Page 79
Cyrus the Great......Page 80
Expanding the Empire......Page 81
Governing the Empire......Page 82
The Great King......Page 83
Persian Religion......Page 84
Conclusion......Page 85
Notes......Page 86
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 87
3 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS......Page 88
Minoan Crete......Page 89
The First Greek State:Mycenae......Page 90
The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100–c. 750 B.C.)......Page 91
Homer and Homeric Greece......Page 92
Homer’s Enduring Importance......Page 93
The Polis......Page 94
Colonization and the Growth of Trade......Page 95
Tyranny in the Greek Polis......Page 96
Sparta......Page 97
Athens......Page 99
Greek Culture in the Archaic Age......Page 100
The Challenge of Persia......Page 102
The Growth of an Athenian Empire......Page 105
The Great Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.)......Page 106
The Writing of History......Page 109
Greek Drama......Page 110
The Arts: The Classical Ideal......Page 111
The Greek Love of Wisdom......Page 113
Greek Religion......Page 114
Daily Life in Classical Athens......Page 116
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Activities of Athenian women......Page 117
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Women in Athens and Sparta Education: The Importance of Rhetoric 128......Page 118
Conclusion......Page 119
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 120
4 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD......Page 122
Philip and the Conquest of Greece......Page 123
Alexander the Great......Page 124
FILM & HISTORY Alexander (2004) The Death of the Republic 137......Page 128
Hellenistic Monarchies......Page 129
Political and Military Institutions......Page 130
Hellenistic Cities......Page 131
Economic Trends......Page 132
New Opportunities for Upper-Class Women......Page 133
The Role of Slavery......Page 135
New Directions in Literature......Page 136
A Golden Age of Science and Medicine......Page 137
Philosophy: New Schools of Thought......Page 139
Religion in the Hellenistic World......Page 141
The Jews in the Hellenistic World......Page 142
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 144
5 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC......Page 146
The Etruscans......Page 147
Early Rome......Page 148
The Roman Republic (c. 509–264 B.C.)......Page 149
The Roman State......Page 150
The Roman Conquest of Italy......Page 153
The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264–133 B.C.)......Page 154
The Struggle with Carthage......Page 155
The Nature of Roman Imperialism......Page 157
Evolution of the Roman Army......Page 158
Society and Culture in the Roman Republic......Page 159
Roman Religion......Page 160
Education: The Importance of Rhetoric......Page 161
The Roman Family......Page 162
FILM & HISTORY Spartacus (1960)......Page 163
The Evolution of Roman Law......Page 164
The Development of Literature and Art......Page 165
Background: Social, Economic, and Political Problems......Page 167
The Role of Sulla......Page 169
The Death of the Republic......Page 170
FILM & HISTORY Julius Caesar (1953)......Page 174
Literature in the Late Republic......Page 175
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 178
6 THE ROMAN EMPIRE......Page 180
The New Order......Page 181
The Army......Page 182
Roman Provinces and Frontiers......Page 183
Augustan Society......Page 184
A Golden Age of Latin Literature......Page 185
Significance of the Augustan Age......Page 186
The Five “Good Emperors” (96–180)......Page 187
The Roman Empire at Its Height: Frontiers and Provinces......Page 189
Prosperity in the Early Empire......Page 191
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Trade and the Products of Trade......Page 193
The Silver Age of Latin Literature......Page 194
Imperial Rome......Page 195
The Gladiatorial Shows......Page 197
The Art of Medicine......Page 199
The Upper-Class Roman Family......Page 200
Transformation of the Roman World: Crises in the Third Century......Page 201
Political and Military Woes......Page 202
The Jewish Background......Page 203
The Origins of Christianity......Page 204
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Roman Authorities and a Christian on Christianity......Page 207
The Growth of Christianity......Page 208
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 210
7 LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD......Page 212
The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine......Page 213
The Empire’s New Religion......Page 215
The End of the Western Empire......Page 216
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Two Views of the Huns......Page 217
The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy......Page 220
The Frankish Kingdom......Page 222
The Society of the Germanic Kingdoms......Page 223
The Church Fathers......Page 225
Church and State......Page 226
Pope Gregory the Great......Page 227
The Monks and Their Missions......Page 228
Christian Intellectual Life in the Germanic Kingdoms......Page 233
The Reign of Justinian (527–565)......Page 234
From Eastern Roman to Byzantine Empire......Page 238
Muhammad......Page 239
The Teachings of Islam......Page 240
The Spread of Islam......Page 241
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 244
8 EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, 750–1000......Page 246
Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (768–814)......Page 247
The Carolingian Intellectual Renewal......Page 251
Life in the Carolingian World......Page 252
Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire......Page 257
Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries......Page 258
Fief-Holding......Page 261
New Political Configurations in the Tenth Century......Page 263
The Manorial System......Page 264
The Macedonian Dynasty......Page 267
Western Slavs......Page 269
The Abbasid Dynasty......Page 270
Islamic Civilization......Page 272
Conclusion......Page 273
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 274
9 THE RECOVERY AND GROWTH OF EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES......Page 276
The New Agriculture......Page 277
The Life of the Peasantry......Page 279
The Aristocracy of the High Middle Ages......Page 280
The Revival of Trade......Page 284
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Two Views of Trade and Merchants......Page 286
The Growth of Cities......Page 287
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Life in a Medieval Town......Page 290
The Rise of Universities......Page 292
A Revival of Classical Antiquity......Page 295
The Development of Scholasticism......Page 296
Literature in the High Middle Ages......Page 298
Romanesque Architecture: “A White Mantle of Churches”......Page 299
The Gothic Cathedral......Page 300
Notes......Page 302
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 303
10 THE RISE OF KINGDOMS AND THE GROWTH OF CHURCH POWER......Page 304
England in the High Middle Ages......Page 305
of Conciliarism 324 FILM & HISTORY The Lion in Winter (1968)......Page 307
The Growth of the French Kingdom......Page 309
Christian Reconquest: The Spanish Kingdoms......Page 310
The Lands of the Holy Roman Empire: Germany and Italy......Page 311
New Kingdoms in Northern and Eastern Europe......Page 314
The Mongol Empire......Page 315
The Development of Russia......Page 316
The Cluniac Reform Movement......Page 317
Reform of the Papacy......Page 318
Growth of the Papal Monarchy......Page 319
New Religious Orders and Spiritual Ideals......Page 320
Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages......Page 323
Voices of Protest and Intolerance......Page 325
The Crusades......Page 327
The Early Crusades......Page 328
The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century......Page 331
The Making of Renaissance Society 338 Economic Recovery 338 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Siege of Jerusalem: Christian and Muslim Perspectives......Page 332
Conclusion......Page 333
Notes......Page 334
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 335
11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY......Page 336
The Black Death......Page 337
Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval......Page 341
Causes of the Hundred Years’War......Page 344
Conduct and Course of the War......Page 345
Political Instability......Page 349
Music in the Renaissance 362 FILM & HISTORY Joan of Arc (1948), The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999)......Page 350
The Problems of the French Kings......Page 351
The German Monarchy......Page 352
The States of Italy......Page 353
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State......Page 355
The Great Schism......Page 356
New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of Conciliarism FILM & HISTORY......Page 357
Changes in Theology......Page 358
The Development of Vernacular Literature......Page 359
Art and the Black Death......Page 361
Changes in Urban Life......Page 363
New Directions in Medicine......Page 364
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Entertainment in the Middle Ages The Cluniac Reform Movement 284......Page 365
Inventions and New Patterns......Page 366
Notes......Page 367
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 368
12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE......Page 370
Economic Recovery......Page 371
Social Changes in the Renaissance......Page 373
The Family in Renaissance Italy......Page 375
The Five Major States......Page 377
Independent City-States......Page 378
Warfare in Italy......Page 379
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy......Page 380
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft......Page 381
Italian Renaissance Humanism......Page 382
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Renaissance Prince: The Views of Machiavelli and Erasmus A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social......Page 383
Education in the Renaissance......Page 385
Humanism and History......Page 387
Art in the Early Renaissance......Page 388
The Artistic High Renaissance......Page 391
The Artist and Social Status......Page 393
The Northern Artistic Renaissance......Page 394
The European State in the Renaissance......Page 395
England: Civil War and a New Monarchy......Page 396
The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Habsburgs......Page 398
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe......Page 399
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire......Page 400
The Renaissance Papacy......Page 401
Conclusion......Page 402
Notes......Page 403
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 404
13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY......Page 406
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism......Page 407
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation......Page 409
The Early Luther......Page 410
The Rise of Lutheranism......Page 412
FILM & HISTORY FILM & HISTORY Luther (2003)......Page 413
Organizing the Church......Page 415
Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics......Page 416
The Zwinglian Reformation......Page 419
The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists......Page 420
Globalization 440 Conclusion 441 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS A Reformation Debate: Conflict at Marburg......Page 421
The Reformation in England......Page 422
John Calvin and Calvinism......Page 424
The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation......Page 425
The Family......Page 426
Education in the Reformation......Page 427
The Catholic Reformation......Page 428
The Society of Jesus......Page 429
The Council of Trent......Page 431
The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)......Page 432
Philip II and Militant Catholicism......Page 434
The England of Elizabeth......Page 436
Europe 459 FILM & HISTORY Elizabeth (1998)......Page 439
Conclusion......Page 440
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 441
14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800......Page 443
The Motives for Expansion......Page 444
The Means for Expansion......Page 445
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire......Page 446
Voyages to the New World......Page 448
The Spanish Empire in the New World......Page 450
New Rivals on the World Stage......Page 454
Africa: The Slave Trade......Page 455
The West in Southeast Asia......Page 458
The French and British in India......Page 459
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS West Meets East: An Exchange of Royal Letters Prelude to Reformation 374......Page 461
China......Page 462
Japan......Page 463
The Americas......Page 464
The Conquered......Page 466
FILM & HISTORY The Mission (1986) Luther (2003) 380......Page 468
The Conquerors......Page 469
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism......Page 471
Mercantilism......Page 472
Overseas Trade and Colonies:Movement Toward Globalization OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS......Page 473
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 474
15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY......Page 476
The Witchcraft Craze......Page 477
The Thirty Years’War......Page 479
A Military Revolution?......Page 482
Rebellions......Page 483
Absolute Monarchy in France......Page 484
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715)......Page 485
The Decline of Spain......Page 491
The German States......Page 492
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power......Page 494
The Great Northern States......Page 496
The Ottoman Empire......Page 497
The Limits of Absolutism......Page 499
The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic......Page 500
England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy......Page 501
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Dutch Domesticity......Page 502
The Changing Faces of Art......Page 508
A Wondrous Age of Theater......Page 510
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 514
16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE......Page 516
Technological Innovations and Mathematics......Page 517
Copernicus......Page 518
Kepler......Page 520
Galileo......Page 522
FILM & HISTORY OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS A New Heaven? Faith Versus Reason......Page 525
Newton......Page 526
Paracelsus......Page 528
William Harvey......Page 529
Margaret Cavendish......Page 530
Debates on the Nature of Women......Page 531
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind......Page 532
The Scientific Method......Page 533
The Spread of Scientific Knowledge......Page 535
Science and Religion......Page 536
Conclusion......Page 539
Notes......Page 540
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 541
17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT......Page 542
The Paths to Enlightenment......Page 543
The Philosophes and Their Ideas......Page 545
The Social Environment of the Philosophes......Page 553
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Women in the Age of the Enlightenment: Rousseau and Wollstonecraft......Page 554
Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature......Page 555
The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century......Page 559
Crime and Punishment......Page 561
The World of Medicine......Page 562
Popular Culture......Page 563
The Institutional Church......Page 565
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century......Page 567
Notes......Page 569
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 570
18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE......Page 571
Enlightened Absolutism?......Page 572
The Atlantic Seaboard States......Page 573
FILM & HISTORY Marie Antoinette (2006)......Page 574
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe......Page 576
The Mediterranean World......Page 582
Wars and Diplomacy......Page 583
The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)......Page 584
European Armies and Warfare......Page 585
Growth of the European Population......Page 587
Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns......Page 588
An Agricultural Revolution?......Page 590
European Industry......Page 591
Mercantile Empires and Worldwide Trade......Page 592
The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century......Page 594
The Nobility......Page 595
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE The Aristocratic Way of Life......Page 597
The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities......Page 598
Conclusion......Page 601
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 602
19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON......Page 604
The War for Independence......Page 605
Forming a New Nation......Page 606
Impact of the American Revolution on Europe......Page 607
Social Structure of the Old Regime......Page 608
The French Revolution......Page 610
From Estates-General to a National Assembly......Page 611
Destruction of the Old Regime......Page 613
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Natural Rights of the French People: Two Views......Page 614
The Radical Revolution......Page 617
Reaction and the Directory......Page 625
The Rise of Napoleon......Page 626
The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon......Page 627
Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response......Page 630
The Fall of Napoleon......Page 632
Conclusion......Page 633
Notes......Page 634
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 635
20 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON EUROPEAN SOCIETY......Page 637
Origins......Page 638
Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization......Page 640
Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851......Page 644
Limitations to Industrialization......Page 646
The Industrial Revolution in the United States......Page 648
Population Growth......Page 651
The Growth of Cities......Page 652
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class......Page 655
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age......Page 656
Standards of Living......Page 658
Efforts at Change: The Workers......Page 660
Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government......Page 661
Conclusion......Page 663
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 664
21 REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM, 1815–1850......Page 665
The Peace Settlement......Page 666
The Ideology of Conservatism......Page 668
Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe......Page 669
Conservative Domination: The European States......Page 671
The Ideologies of Change......Page 674
Liberalism......Page 675
Early Socialism......Page 677
Another French Revolution......Page 679
Reform in Great Britain......Page 680
The Revolutions of 1848......Page 681
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Response to Revolution: Two Perspectives......Page 683
The Maturing of the United States......Page 686
New Police Forces......Page 687
Prison Reform......Page 689
The Characteristics of Romanticism......Page 690
Romantic Poets......Page 691
Romanticism in Art......Page 692
Romanticism in Music......Page 693
The Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism......Page 695
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 696
22 AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND REALISM, 1850–1871......Page 698
The Second Napoleonic Empire......Page 699
Foreign Policy: The Crimean War......Page 701
The Unification of Italy......Page 703
FILM & HISTORY The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936)......Page 704
The Unification of Germany......Page 706
Imperial Russia......Page 711
Great Britain: The Victorian Age......Page 715
The United States: Slavery and War......Page 716
The Emergence of a Canadian Nation......Page 717
Industrialization on the Continent......Page 718
Marx and Marxism......Page 719
A New Age of Science......Page 720
A Revolution in Health Care......Page 722
Science and the Study of Society......Page 725
Realism in Art......Page 726
Music: The Twilight of Romanticism......Page 727
Conclusion......Page 729
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 730
23 MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF PROGRESS,” 1871–1894......Page 731
New Products......Page 732
New Markets......Page 733
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy......Page 735
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities......Page 737
Organizing the Working Classes......Page 738
Population Growth......Page 741
Emigration......Page 742
Transformation of the Urban Environment......Page 743
Social Structure of the Mass Society......Page 746
“The Woman Question”: The Role of Women......Page 748
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Advice to Women: Two Views......Page 749
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE The Middle-Class Family......Page 751
Education in the Mass Society......Page 752
Mass Leisure......Page 754
Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy......Page 755
Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order......Page 758
Conclusion......Page 761
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 762
24 AN AGE OF MODERNITY, ANXIETY, AND IMPERIALISM, 1894–1914......Page 764
Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New Physics......Page 765
Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational......Page 766
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis......Page 767
The Impact of Darwin......Page 768
The Attack on Christianity......Page 769
Modernism in the Arts......Page 770
Modernism in Music......Page 774
Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties......Page 775
The Movement for Women’s Rights......Page 776
Jews in the European Nation-State......Page 777
The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain and Italy......Page 779
Growing Tensions in Germany......Page 781
Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia......Page 782
The Rise of the United States......Page 783
The Growth of Canada......Page 784
Causes of the New Imperialism......Page 785
The Scramble for Africa......Page 786
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS White Man’s Burden Versus Black Man’s Burden......Page 787
Imperialism in Asia......Page 789
Responses to Imperialism......Page 792
The Bismarckian System......Page 794
New Directions and New Crises......Page 795
Conclusion......Page 798
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 799
25 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS: WAR AND REVOLUTION......Page 801
Internal Dissent......Page 802
The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914......Page 803
1914–1915: Illusions and Stalemate......Page 806
1916–1917: The Great Slaughter......Page 810
The Widening of the War......Page 812
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Life in the Trenches Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New......Page 813
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War......Page 816
The Russian Revolution......Page 822
Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary......Page 828
Peace Aims......Page 829
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Three Voices of Peacemaking......Page 830
The Treaty of Versailles......Page 831
The Other Peace Treaties......Page 832
Conclusion......Page 833
Notes......Page 834
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 835
26 THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS, 1919–1939......Page 836
The Search for Security......Page 837
The Hopeful Years (1924–1929)......Page 838
The Great Depression......Page 839
Great Britain......Page 840
France......Page 842
European States and the World: The Colonial Empires......Page 843
The Retreat from Democracy......Page 845
Fascist Italy......Page 846
Hitler and Nazi Germany......Page 849
The Soviet Union......Page 856
Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe......Page 859
Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula......Page 860
Radio and Movies......Page 861
Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years......Page 862
FILM & HISTORY Triumph of the Will (1934)......Page 863
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music......Page 864
The Search for the Unconscious in Literature......Page 867
The “Heroic Age of Physics”......Page 868
Conclusion......Page 869
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 870
27 THE DEEPENING OF THE EUROPEAN CRISIS: WORLD WAR II......Page 872
The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933–1936)......Page 873
The Path to War in Europe (1937–1939)......Page 875
The Path to War in Asia......Page 878
Victory and Stalemate......Page 880
The War in Asia......Page 882
The Turning Point of the War (1942–1943)......Page 884
The Last Years of the War......Page 887
The Nazi Empire......Page 888
The Holocaust......Page 890
FILM & HISTORY Europa, Europa (1990)......Page 891
The New Order in Asia......Page 894
The Mobilization of Peoples......Page 895
Front-Line Civilians: The Bombing of Cities......Page 898
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE The Impact of Total War......Page 900
The Costs of World War II......Page 901
The Allied War Conferences......Page 902
Emergence of the Cold War......Page 903
Conclusion......Page 905
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 906
28 COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD, 1945–1965......Page 908
Confrontation of the Superpowers......Page 909
OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Who Started the Cold War? American and Soviet Perspectives......Page 910
FILM & HISTORY The Third Man (1949) Years 829......Page 912
Globalization of the Cold War......Page 913
Europe and the World: Decolonization......Page 916
Africa: The Struggle for Independence......Page 917
Conflict in the Middle East......Page 918
Asia: Nationalism and Communism......Page 921
The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev......Page 923
Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain......Page 925
Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy......Page 926
Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity......Page 930
Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960s......Page 931
Postwar Society and Culture in the Western World......Page 932
Creation of the Welfare State......Page 933
Women in the Postwar Western World......Page 934
Postwar Art and Literature......Page 935
The Revival of Religion......Page 937
The Explosion of Popular Culture......Page 938
Notes......Page 940
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 941
29 PROTEST AND STAGNATION: THE WESTERN WORLD, 1965–1985......Page 942
Youth Protest and Student Revolt......Page 943
IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Youth Culture in the 1960s......Page 944
The Feminist Movement......Page 946
Stagnation in the Soviet Union......Page 947
Conformity in Eastern Europe......Page 948
Repression in East Germany and Romania......Page 949
Western Europe: The Winds of Change......Page 950
The United States: Turmoil and Tranquillity......Page 952
The Second Vietnam War......Page 953
FILM & HISTORY Dr. Strangelove, Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)......Page 954
China and the Cold War......Page 956
The Practice of Détente......Page 957
The World of Science and Technology......Page 958
The Environment and the Green Movements......Page 959
Postmodern Thought......Page 960
Trends in Art, Literature, and Music......Page 961
Popular Culture: Image and Globalization......Page 963
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 966
30 AFTER THE FALL: THE WESTERN WORLD IN A GLOBAL AGE (SINCE 1985)......Page 968
The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union......Page 969
Eastern Europe: The Revolutions of 1989 and the Collapse of the Communist Order......Page 972
The Reunification of Germany......Page 974
The Disintegration of Yugoslavia......Page 975
Western Europe and the Search for Unity......Page 978
FILM & HISTORY The Lives of Others (2006)......Page 979
The Unification of Europe......Page 980
The End of the Cold War......Page 982
Terrorist Attack on the United States......Page 984
The West and Islam......Page 985
Transformation in Women’s Lives......Page 986
Guest Workers and Immigrants......Page 987
Varieties of Religious Life......Page 988
Art and Music in the Age of Commerce: The 1980s and 1990s......Page 989
Music and Art in the Digital Age......Page 991
Reality in the Digital Age......Page 992
The Global Economy......Page 993
Globalization and the Environmental Crisis......Page 994
New Global Movements and New Hopes......Page 996
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 998
Glossary......Page 1000
Pronunciation Guide......Page 1008
Photo Credits......Page 1025
Index......Page 1030