Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Vol. 2: Since 1560

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
BRIEF CONTENTS\n......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 18
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 24
INTRODUCTION: THE WEST BEFORE 1560......Page 26
CHAPTER 15 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF RELIGIOUS WARS, 1560–1648......Page 42
The Revolt of the Netherlands......Page 44
The Failure of the Invincible Armada......Page 49
Successes at Home and Around the Mediterranean......Page 50
Spain in Decline, 1600–1648......Page 51
The French Religious Wars, 1562–1598......Page 52
The Consolidation of Royal Authority in France, 1598–1643......Page 54
Precarious Stability in England: The Reign of Elizabeth I, 1558–1603......Page 56
Rising Tensions in England, 1603–1642......Page 58
Fragile Peace in the Holy Roman Empire, 1556–1618......Page 61
The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648......Page 63
The Effects of the War......Page 65
Stability and Dynamism in Eastern Europe......Page 66
ECONOMIC CHANGE AND SOCIAL TENSIONS......Page 68
Economic Change and the Common People......Page 69
Coping with Poverty and Violence......Page 70
The Hunt for Witches......Page 71
Literacy and Literature......Page 73
Literature, Society, and Politics......Page 74
The Great Age of Theater......Page 75
Drama, Art, and Political Thought......Page 76
LOOKING AHEAD......Page 80
SUGGESTED READING......Page 81
THE VISUAL RECORD Baroque Art......Page 78
CHAPTER 16 EUROPE IN THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV, CA. 1640–1715......Page 82
The Last Challenge to Absolutism: The Fronde, 1648–1653......Page 84
France Under Louis XIV, 1661–1715......Page 85
The Life of the Court......Page 87
The Burdens of War and the Limits of Power......Page 90
Civil War, 1642–1649......Page 93
The Interregnum, 1649–1660......Page 94
The Glorious Revolution, 1688......Page 96
NEW POWERS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE......Page 98
The Consolidation of Austria......Page 99
The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia......Page 100
Competition Around the Baltic......Page 101
Russia Under Peter the Great......Page 103
THE EXPANSION OF OVERSEAS TRADE AND SETTLEMENT......Page 104
The Growth of Trading Empires: The Success of the Dutch......Page 105
The “Golden Age” of the Netherlands......Page 106
The Growth of Atlantic Commerce......Page 107
Early Colonies in North America......Page 108
The Impact of Trade and Warfare Within Europe......Page 111
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 112
SUGGESTED READING......Page 113
THE VISUAL RECORD Table Manners......Page 88
CHAPTER 17 A REVOLUTION IN WORLDVIEW THE REVOLUTION IN ASTRONOMY, 1543–1632......Page 114
The Inherited Worldview......Page 116
The Challenge by Copernicus......Page 118
The First Copernican Astronomers......Page 119
Galileo and the Triumph of Copernicanism......Page 121
The Uses of the New Science......Page 123
Scientific Thought in France......Page 125
The Achievement of Isaac Newton......Page 129
Developments in Chemistry, Biology, and Medicine......Page 131
The Beginnings of Scientific Professionalism......Page 133
The New Science, the State, and the Church......Page 135
The New Science and Political Thought at the End of the Seventeenth Century......Page 138
LOOKING AHEAD......Page 140
SUGGESTED READING......Page 141
THE VISUAL RECORD Modern Maps......Page 126
CHAPTER 18 EUROPE ON THE THRESHOLD OF MODERNITY, CA. 1715–1789......Page 142
Voltaire: The Quintessential Philosophe......Page 144
The Variety of Enlightenment Thought......Page 146
The Growth of Public Opinion......Page 149
Art in the Age of Reason......Page 151
France During the Enlightenment......Page 153
Monarchy and Constitutional Government in Great Britain......Page 156
“Enlightened” Monarchy......Page 158
Enlightenment and Tradition: The Case of Austria......Page 159
Catherine the Great and the Empire of Russia......Page 161
The Causes and Costs of Warfare......Page 163
The Power of Austria and Prussia......Page 164
The Atlantic World: Expanding Commerce and the Slave Trade......Page 165
Great Britain and France: Wars Overseas......Page 168
ECONOMIC EXPANSION AND SOCIAL CHANGE......Page 170
More Food and More People......Page 171
The Growth of Industry......Page 172
Control and Resistance......Page 174
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 175
SUGGESTED READING......Page 176
THE VISUAL RECORD Gardens......Page 154
CHAPTER 19 AN AGE OF REVOLUTION 1789–1815......Page 178
Revolutionary Movements in Europe......Page 180
The Crisis of the Old Regime......Page 182
1789: A Revolution Begins......Page 184
The First Phase Completed, 1789–1791......Page 187
The Second Phase and Foreign War, 1791–1793......Page 189
The Faltering Republic and the Terror, 1793–1794......Page 191
The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory, 1794–1799......Page 193
Napoleon: From Soldier to Emperor, 1799–1804......Page 196
Conquering Europe, 1805–1810......Page 199
Defeat and Abdication, 1812–1815......Page 201
The Legacy of Revolution for France and the World......Page 202
The View from Britain......Page 205
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 207
SUGGESTED READING......Page 208
THE VISUAL RECORD Political Symbols......Page 194
CHAPTER 20 THE INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE, 1750–1850......Page 210
Why Europe?......Page 212
Transformations Accompanying Industrialization......Page 213
Britain’s Lead in Industrial Innovation......Page 215
Advances in the Cotton Industry......Page 217
Iron, Steam, and Factories......Page 219
Inventors and Entrepreneurs......Page 220
The Spread of Industry to the Continent......Page 221
Urbanization and Its Discontents......Page 224
Working Classes and Their Lot......Page 227
Industrialization and the Family......Page 228
The Land, the Water, and the Air......Page 230
A Changing Sense of Time......Page 231
The Growth of Working-Class Solidarity......Page 232
Collective Action......Page 233
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 237
SUGGESTED READING......Page 238
THE VISUAL RECORD Union Membership Certificates......Page 234
CHAPTER 21 RESTORATION, REFORM, AND REVOLUTION, 1814–1848......Page 240
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA, 1814–1815......Page 242
Romanticism......Page 245
Nationalism......Page 247
Liberalism......Page 250
Socialism......Page 252
Western Europe: From Reaction to Liberalism, 1815–1830......Page 255
Western Europe, 1830–1848......Page 257
The Absolutist States of Central and Eastern Europe, 1815–1848......Page 260
Roots of Rebellion......Page 263
Liberals: From Success to Defeat......Page 265
The Nationalist Impulse......Page 267
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 269
SUGGESTED READING......Page 270
THE VISUAL RECORD Raft of the “Medusa”......Page 248
CHAPTER 22 NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL REFORM, 1850–1880......Page 272
The Crimean War, 1854–1856......Page 274
The Congress of Paris, 1856......Page 276
ITALIAN UNIFICATION, 1859–1870......Page 277
Unification Achieved, 1860......Page 278
The Problems of a Unified Italy......Page 280
The Rise of Bismarck......Page 281
Prussian Wars and German Unity......Page 282
The Character of the New Germany......Page 284
The Dual Monarchy in Austria-Hungary......Page 285
The Ailing Ottoman Empire......Page 287
Russia and the Great Reforms......Page 288
Territorial Expansion and Slavery......Page 291
The Creation of a Canadian Nation......Page 292
Victorian Britain......Page 293
France: From Empire to Republic......Page 295
Scandinavia and the Low Countries......Page 299
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 300
SUGGESTED READING......Page 301
THE VISUAL RECORD An Engraving of the British Royal Family......Page 296
CHAPTER 23 THE AGE OF OPTIMISM, 1850–1880......Page 302
The “Second Industrial Revolution”......Page 304
Transportation and Communication......Page 305
The Expanding Middle Classes......Page 308
Middle-Class Lifestyles......Page 310
The Workers’ Lot......Page 312
The Transformation of the Countryside......Page 313
City Planning and Urban Renovation......Page 314
The Introduction of Public Services......Page 316
State Intervention in Welfare......Page 317
Educational and Cultural Opportunities......Page 318
Darwin and Evolution......Page 319
Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine......Page 321
The Challenge to Religion......Page 322
Culture in the Age of Material Change......Page 323
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 328
SUGGESTED READING......Page 329
THE VISUAL RECORD The Modern City and Photography......Page 326
CHAPTER 24 ESCALATING TENSIONS, 1880–1914......Page 330
Economic and Social Motives......Page 332
Other Ideological Motives......Page 333
Conquest, Administration, and Westernization......Page 336
Overseas Migrations and the Spread of European Values......Page 339
The Growth of Socialism and Anarchism......Page 341
The New Right, Racism, and Anti-Semitism......Page 345
Irrationality and Uncertainty......Page 346
Great Britain......Page 348
France......Page 349
Italy......Page 351
Germany......Page 352
Austria-Hungary......Page 353
Russia......Page 354
Power Alignments......Page 356
The Momentum Toward War......Page 357
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 359
KEY TERMS......Page 360
SUGGESTED READING......Page 361
THE VISUAL RECORD Empire and Advertising......Page 342
CHAPTER 25 WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1914–1919......Page 362
August 1914: The Domestic and Military Setting......Page 364
Into the Nightmare, 1914–1916......Page 367
1917 as a Turning Point......Page 369
Hardship on the Home Front......Page 370
Domestic Mobilization......Page 371
Propaganda and the “Mobilization of Enthusiasm”......Page 372
The Wartime Crisis of the Russian Autocracy......Page 374
The March Revolution and the Fate of the Provisional Government......Page 375
The Bolsheviks Come to Power......Page 376
The Russian Revolution and the War......Page 377
The Debate over War Aims......Page 378
The Renewal of the French War Effort......Page 379
The German Gamble, 1918......Page 380
Military Defeat and Political Change in Germany......Page 381
The Costs of War......Page 382
The Search for Peace in a Revolutionary Era......Page 383
The Peace Settlement......Page 385
The Cultural Impact of the Great War......Page 390
LOOKING AHEAD......Page 394
SUGGESTED READING......Page 395
THE VISUAL RECORD Max Beckmann’s The Night......Page 392
CHAPTER 26 THE ILLUSION OF STABILITY, 1919–1930......Page 396
THE WEST AND THE WORLD AFTER THE GREAT WAR......Page 398
The Erosion of European Power......Page 399
Enforcing the Versailles Settlement......Page 401
Changing Priorities in Communist Russia, 1918–1921......Page 403
From Lenin to Stalin, 1921–1929......Page 405
The Crisis of Liberal Italy and the Creation of Fascism, 1919–1925......Page 408
Innovation and Compromise in Fascist Italy, 1925–1930......Page 410
Economic Readjustment and the New Prosperity......Page 411
Work, Leisure, and the New Popular Culture......Page 412
Society and Politics in the Victorious Democracies......Page 416
Germany’s Cautious Revolution, 1919–1920......Page 418
Gustav Stresemann and the Scope for Gradual Consolidation......Page 419
THE SEARCH FORMEANING IN A DISORDERED WORLD......Page 421
Recasting the Tradition......Page 422
The Search for a New Tradition......Page 424
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 425
LOOKING AHEAD......Page 426
SUGGESTED READING......Page 427
THE VISUAL RECORD Advertising......Page 414
CHAPTER 27 THE TORTURED DECADE, 1930–1939......Page 428
Causes of the Depression......Page 430
Consequences and Responses......Page 432
THE STALINIST REVOLUTION IN THE SOVIET UNION......Page 435
Crash Industrialization and Forced Collectivization......Page 436
From Opposition to Terror, 1932–1938......Page 437
Communism and Stalinism......Page 438
The Emergence of Nazism and the Crisis of the Weimar Republic......Page 439
The Consolidation of Hitler’s Power, 1933–1934......Page 441
Hitler’s Worldview and the Dynamics of Nazi Practice......Page 442
Nazi Aims and German Society......Page 443
FASCIST CHALLENGE AND ANTIFASCIST RESPONSE, 1934–1939......Page 447
European Fascism and the Popular Front Response......Page 448
From Democracy to Civil War in Spain, 1931–1939......Page 449
France in the Era of the Popular Front......Page 451
The Reorientation of Fascist Italy......Page 453
Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Appeasement......Page 454
Poland, the Nazi-Soviet Pact, and the Coming of War......Page 456
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 458
SUGGESTED READING......Page 459
THE VISUAL RECORD Film as Propaganda......Page 444
CHAPTER 28 THE ERA OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1939–1949......Page 460
THE VICTORY OF NAZI GERMANY, 1939–1941......Page 462
The Fall of France, 1940......Page 463
Winston Churchill and the Battle of Britain......Page 465
Italian Intervention and the Spread of the War......Page 466
THE ASSAULT ON THE SOVIET UNION AND THE NAZI NEW ORDER......Page 467
Hitler’s New Order......Page 469
The Holocaust......Page 470
Toward the Soviet Triumph......Page 473
Japan and the Origins of the Pacific War......Page 477
The United States in Europe and the Pacific......Page 479
The Search for a Second Front in Europe......Page 480
The Yalta Conference: Shaping the Postwar World......Page 482
Victory in Europe......Page 485
The Atomic Bomb and the Capitulation of Japan......Page 486
Death, Disruption, and the Question of Guilt......Page 487
Resistance and Renewal......Page 489
The Division of Germany......Page 490
The “Iron Curtain” and the Emergence of a Bipolar World......Page 491
The West and the New World Agenda......Page 493
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 495
SUGGESTED READING......Page 496
THE VISUAL RECORD Holocaust Snapshots......Page 474
CHAPTER 29 AN ANXIOUS STABILITY: THE AGE OF THE COLD WAR, 1949–1989......Page 498
Absurdity and Commitment in Existentialism......Page 500
The Intellectual Migration and Americanism......Page 502
Economic Reconstruction and the Atlantic Orientation......Page 506
Social Welfare and the Issue of Gender......Page 507
The Restoration of Democracy......Page 509
New Discontents and New Directions......Page 512
Rethinking the Welfare State......Page 513
Dilemmas of the Soviet System in Postwar Europe, 1949–1955......Page 514
De-Stalinization Under Khrushchev, 1955–1964......Page 515
From Liberalization to Stagnation......Page 517
The Cold War Framework......Page 519
The Varieties of Decolonization......Page 521
The Energy Crisis and the Changing Economic Framework......Page 524
Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Bloc......Page 525
The Crisis of Communism in the Satellite States......Page 526
The Anticommunist Revolution in East-Central Europe......Page 529
The End of the Soviet Union......Page 531
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 533
SUGGESTED READING......Page 534
THE VISUAL RECORD Pop Art......Page 504
CHAPTER 30 A CONTINUING EXPERIMENT: THE WEST AND THE WORLD SINCE 1989......Page 536
THE UNCERTAIN INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK AFTER THE COLD WAR......Page 538
New Power Relationships in the West......Page 539
The European Union......Page 541
Ethnic Conflict and Peacekeeping Roles......Page 543
Responding to Global Terrorism......Page 546
Divisions over the Invasion of Iraq......Page 547
U.S. Unilateralism......Page 548
The Postcommunist Experiment......Page 549
Consensus in the Established Democracies......Page 551
New Economic Competitors......Page 552
Unemployment and Economic Challenges in Western Europe......Page 553
Immigration, Assimilation, and the New Right......Page 554
Supranational, National, and Subnational Identities......Page 557
Economic Growth and Environmental Concerns......Page 558
Family Life and Gender Roles......Page 559
THE WEST IN A GLOBAL AGE......Page 562
Uniformity and Diversity in the “Global Village”......Page 563
The “North-South” Divide and Mutual Interdependence......Page 564
The Controversy over Economic Globalization......Page 565
The Question of Global Responsibility......Page 566
Cultural Differences Within the West......Page 568
Common Values and the Paradox of Pluralism......Page 569
Western Civilization in a Postmodern World......Page 572
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 574
SUGGESTED READING......Page 575
THE VISUAL RECORD Postmodern Architecture......Page 570
GLOSSARY......Page 577
INDEX......Page 597