Wellness and Prevention, An Issue of Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice (The Clinics: Internal Medicine)

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Preventing Heart Disease: Who Needs to be Concerned and What to Do......Page 4
Air pollution......Page 5
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet......Page 6
Low-fat American Heart Association prudent diet and dietary fats......Page 7
Dietary fat: a closer look at prevention......Page 8
Stress......Page 9
Alcohol......Page 10
Vitamin E......Page 11
Coenzyme Q10......Page 12
Exercise......Page 13
Homocysteine-lowering vitamins......Page 14
References......Page 15
Obesity and Cancer......Page 23
Fruits and Vegetables......Page 24
Vitamin D and Calcium......Page 25
Folic Acid......Page 26
Periconception vitamin supplementation......Page 27
Carbohydrate Intake......Page 28
Breastfeeding......Page 29
Effectiveness of cervical, breast, prostate, lung, and gastrointestinal cancer screening......Page 30
Human Papilloma Virus......Page 32
Behavioral change......Page 33
References......Page 34
Preventing Obesity in the Primary Care Setting......Page 38
Background: obesity in the United States......Page 39
Causes and contributing factors associated with obesity......Page 42
Medical Office Reminders......Page 44
Inclusion of Nutrition History in All Patients as a New Benchmark......Page 46
Integrating Treatment Strategies to Prevent Progression of Obesity......Page 47
Diet, Physical Activity, Effective Counseling......Page 48
Pharmacotherapy for Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance......Page 50
References......Page 52
Burden of disease......Page 57
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes......Page 58
Lifestyle Modification Studies......Page 61
Dietary Counseling Strategies......Page 63
Exercise Counseling Strategies......Page 65
Managing prediabetes using pharmacologic intervention......Page 67
References......Page 71
Prevention......Page 75
Wellness......Page 77
References......Page 78
Hormones in Wellness and Disease Prevention: Common Practices, Current State of the Evidence, and Questions for the Future......Page 80
Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone......Page 81
Hormone Preparations with Molecular Formulas Unlike Those of Human Hormones......Page 82
Bioidentical Hormone Preparations......Page 83
Controversy......Page 84
Risks/Benefits......Page 87
Libido......Page 88
Formulations......Page 89
Androgen deficiency......Page 90
Mood and quality of life......Page 91
Aromatase......Page 92
Diagnosis......Page 93
Growth hormone......Page 94
Diagnostic Testing......Page 95
Treatment......Page 96
Thyroid......Page 97
Diagnostic Testing......Page 98
Summary......Page 101
References......Page 102
Toxins in Everyday Life......Page 117
Taking an environmental history......Page 118
Volatile organic chemicals......Page 119
Outdoor Air Pollutants......Page 120
Ground-level ozone......Page 121
Heavy Metals......Page 122
Screening......Page 123
Health effects......Page 124
Arsenic......Page 125
Monitoring......Page 126
Household Pesticides......Page 127
Insecticides......Page 128
Mitigation......Page 129
Assessing exposure of the worker’s family......Page 130
Electromagnetic fields......Page 131
Emerging issues-endocrine disrupting chemicals......Page 132
Summary......Page 133
References......Page 134
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements......Page 138
Cancer......Page 141
Musculoskeletal Problem......Page 142
Diabetes......Page 143
Birth Defects......Page 144
Vitamin C......Page 145
Summary......Page 148
References......Page 149
Acknowledgments......Page 157
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga Racemosa)......Page 158
Echinacea......Page 159
Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)......Page 162
Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis)......Page 163
Lutein......Page 164
Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum)......Page 165
Crohn’s disease......Page 166
Evaluating evidence for patients......Page 167
References......Page 168
Common Foods and Farming Methods Thought to Promote Health: What the Data Show......Page 176
Acknowledgments......Page 177
Raw diet......Page 179
Designer diets......Page 180
United States food system and how farming practices affect health......Page 181
Nutritional Differences Between Organic and Conventional Produce......Page 182
Organic Farming and Planetary Health......Page 183
Labels......Page 184
Dairy......Page 185
Planetary Health Differences Between Conventional and Grass-Fed/Organic Dairy......Page 186
Genetically Modified Foods......Page 187
Summary......Page 188
References......Page 189
Does Bottled Water Taste Better?......Page 196
How much water do we have and what does it cost?......Page 197
Who regulates tap water, bottled water, and commercially available filters?......Page 198
Is chlorine a safe method of water disinfection?......Page 199
Where do water bottles come from and where do they go?......Page 200
Health risks and benefits......Page 201
Does filtration or other methods to reduce microorganism levels prevent infection?......Page 202
Do higher mineral levels result in any meaningful health risks?......Page 203
Are there any health risks from reusing bottled water containers, or from using bottled water after prolonged storage?......Page 204
Does increased use of bottled water among infants or children increase the frequency of dental disease?......Page 205
Informational Resources......Page 206
References......Page 207
Exercise: the Data on its Role in Health, Mental Health, Disease Prevention, and Productivity......Page 210
Exercise and obesity......Page 211
Recommended daily activity......Page 212
Exercise and cardiovascular disease......Page 213
Exercise and blood glucose......Page 214
Exercise and osteoarthritis......Page 215
Exercise and osteoporosis......Page 216
Exercise and anxiety......Page 217
Summary......Page 218
References......Page 219
Types of Sleep......Page 224
Optimal Sleep and its Benefits......Page 225
Effects of Sleep Deprivation......Page 226
Symptoms and signs......Page 227
Treatment......Page 228
Signs and symptoms......Page 230
Evaluation and treatment......Page 235
Medical conditions and sleep......Page 236
The effect of medications on sleep......Page 237
Common Conditions......Page 239
Treatment......Page 241
References......Page 242
Stress and Health......Page 245
Stress and the Endocrine System......Page 246
Stress and the Gastrointestinal System......Page 247
Stress and the Cardiovascular System......Page 248
Impact of stress on health behaviors......Page 249
Management of stress......Page 250
Pharmacotherapy for Stress......Page 251
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy......Page 252
Professional support......Page 253
Mindfulness Meditation......Page 254
Brief Interpersonal Counseling......Page 256
References......Page 257
Spirituality, health, and wellness......Page 263
Education, health, and wellness......Page 265
Economics, health, and wellness......Page 266
Political systems, health, and wellness......Page 268
Summary......Page 269
References......Page 270