Wellbeing (Success in Academic Surgery)

Contents
Part I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: What Is Wellbeing?
		1.1 Origin of Wellbeing Concepts
		1.2 Concept of Wellbeing
		1.3 Definition of Wellbeing
		References
	Chapter 2: Why Focus on Wellbeing?
		2.1 Personal Losses
			2.1.1 Loss of Physical Health
			2.1.2 Loss of a Healthy Lifestyle
			2.1.3 Loss of Mental Health
			2.1.4 Loss of Relationships
			2.1.5 Loss of Employment
			2.1.6 Loss of Life
		2.2 Institutional Losses
			2.2.1 Loss of Employees
			2.2.2 Loss of Productivity
			2.2.3 Loss of Patient Satisfaction, Quality and Safety
		2.3 Societal Losses
		2.4 Loss of Meaning and Purpose
		2.5 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Maintaining Wellbeing as a Surgeon
	Chapter 3: Important Terms in Wellbeing
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Factors Positively Associated with Wellbeing
		3.3 Factors Negatively Associated with Wellbeing
		3.4 Individual Characteristics to Combat Burnout and Support Wellbeing
		3.5 External Strategies to Promote Wellbeing
		References
	Chapter 4: Conceptual Framework for Wellbeing
		4.1 The National Academy of Medicine Action Collaborative on Clinician Wellbeing and Resilience
		4.2 Conceptual Model of the Factors Affecting Clinician Wellbeing and Resilience
		4.3 Intervening on Physician Wellbeing
		References
Part III: Individual Factors of Wellbeing
	Chapter 5: Healthcare Role
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Administrative Responsibilities
		5.3 Alignment of Responsibility and Authority
		5.4 Clinical Responsibilities
		5.5 Learning and Career Stage
		5.6 Patient Population
		5.7 Specialty Related Issues
		5.8 Student and Trainee Responsibilities
		5.9 Teaching and Research Responsibilities
		5.10 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Personal Factors
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Intrinsic Personal Factors
			6.2.1 Personality Traits
			6.2.2 Flexibility and Ability to Respond to Change
			6.2.3 Personal Values, Ethics, and Morals
		6.3 Extrinsic Personal Factors
			6.3.1 Relationships and Social Support
			6.3.2 Family Dynamics
			6.3.3 Work-Life Integration
			6.3.4 Financial Stressors/Economic Vitality
		6.4 Work Environment Personal Factors
			6.4.1 Inclusion and Connectivity
		6.5 Conclusion
			6.5.1 Physical, Mental, and Spiritual Well-being
			6.5.2 Sense of Meaning
		References
	Chapter 7: Meaning/Purpose in Work
		7.1 Background
		7.2 Empathy, Meaning, and Empathetic Distress
		7.3 Enhancers of Enjoyment and Meaning in Work
		7.4 Elements That Detract from Meaning in Work
		7.5 Net Meaning
		References
	Chapter 8: Skills and Abilities
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Clinical Competency
		8.3 Mentorship
		8.4 Management, Delegation, Leadership, Communication, and Teamwork Skills
		8.5 Optimizing Workflow, Organizational Skills, Mastering New Technologies
		8.6 Resilience and Grit
		8.7 Coping Skills, Empathy, and Emotional Intelligence
		8.8 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: External Factors of Wellbeing
	Chapter 9: Sociocultural Factors of Wellbeing
		9.1 Economic and Political Climate
		9.2 Alignment of Societal Expectations and Clinician’s Role
		9.3 Media Portrayal
		9.4 Patient Behaviors and Expectations
		9.5 Culture of Safety and Transparency
		9.6 Discrimination and Overt and Unconscious Bias
		9.7 Stigmatization of Mental Illness
		9.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Regulatory, Business, and Payer Environment
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Regulatory and Business Factors Affecting Surgeon Wellness
			10.2.1 Regulatory Environment
			10.2.2 Clerical Burden and Electronic Systems
			10.2.3 Financial Reimbursement
			10.2.4 Litigation
			10.2.5 Shifting Practice Patterns
		10.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Organizational Factors
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Congruent Organizational Mission and Values
		11.3 Leadership, Culture, and Staff Engagement
		11.4 Professional Development
		11.5 Workload, Performance, Compensation, and Value Attributed to Work Elements
		11.6 Bureaucracy and Scope of Practice
		11.7 Level of Support for All Healthcare Team Members
		11.8 Data Collection Requirements
		11.9 Diversity, Inclusion, and Discrimination
		11.10 Harassment and Bullying
		11.11 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 12: Learning and Practice Environment
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Autonomy
		12.3 Collaborative vs Competitive Environment
		12.4 Curriculum
		12.5 Health It Operability and Usability/Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
		12.6 Learning and Practice Setting
		12.7 Mentorship
		12.8 Physical Learning and Practice Conditions
		12.9 Professional Relationships
		12.10 Student Affairs Policies
		12.11 Student-Centered and Patient-Centered Focus
		12.12 Team Structures and Functionality
		12.13 Major Domains of Teamwork
		12.14 Workplace Safety and Violence
		12.15 Conclusion
		References
Part V: Improving Wellbeing
	Chapter 13: Addressing Individual Factors
		13.1 Healthcare Role
		13.2 Personal Factors
		13.3 Skills and Abilities
		13.4 Conclusion
		References
			Suggested Reading
			Emotional Intelligence
			Mindfulness
	Chapter 14: Addressing External Factors
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Conceptual Model
		14.3 Socio-cultural Factors
		14.4 Regulatory Business and Payer Environment
		14.5 Organizational Factors
		14.6 Learning Practice Environment
		14.7 Summary
		References
	Chapter 15: Wellbeing Considerations for Medical Students
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 The Impact of Student Demographics on Wellbeing
		15.3 The Impact of Step 1 on Wellbeing
		15.4 The Impact of Clinical Rotations on Wellbeing
			15.4.1 Mistreatment and Wellbeing
			15.4.2 Defining Mistreatment
			15.4.3 Student-Centered Solutions
		15.5 The Impact of Residency Applications on Wellbeing
		15.6 Student Support Instead of Remediation
		15.7 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 16: Wellbeing Consideration for Residents
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Life of a Surgery Resident
		16.3 Burnout and Wellness in Residency
		16.4 What to Do from Here?
		16.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Approaches to Study Wellbeing
		17.1 Observational Studies
			17.1.1 A Note on Epistemology
			17.1.2 Cross-Sectional Studies
			17.1.3 Qualitative Methods
			17.1.4 Mixed Methods Research
		17.2 Correlational Studies
			17.2.1 Cross-Sectional Studies
			17.2.2 Case-Control Studies
			17.2.3 Cohort Studies
		17.3 Interventional Studies
			17.3.1 Experimental Studies
			17.3.2 Pseudo-Experimental Studies
		17.4 Research as Intervention
		17.5 Conclusion
		References
Part VI: The Study of Wellbeing
	Chapter 18: Tools of the Trade
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 Burnout Assessment Tools
			18.2.1 Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)
			18.2.2 Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OBI)
			18.2.3 Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI)
		18.3 Wellbeing Assessment Tools
			18.3.1 Short Form-12 Health Survey (SF-12)
			18.3.2 Physician Wellbeing Index (PWBI)
			18.3.3 Quality Work Competence (QWC)
		18.4 Personality Assessments
			18.4.1 Grit Scale (Grit-O)/Short Grit Scale (Grit-S)
			18.4.2 Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)
		18.5 Burnout + Wellbeing Interventions
		18.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 19: Evaluating Organizational Structures and Institutional Policy for Wellbeing
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Content to Evaluate
			19.2.1 Exposures
			19.2.2 Outcomes
		19.3 Methods
			19.3.1 Measuring Exposures
			19.3.2 Measuring Outcomes
		19.4 Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 20: Emerging Areas of Research
		20.1 Organizational Interventions
		20.2 Physician Interventions
		20.3 Limitations
		20.4 Implications for the Future
		20.5 Conclusion
		References
Index