Weapons of Words: Intertextual Competition in Babylonian Poetry

‎Contents
‎Acknowledgements
‎Introduction
	‎1. Intertextuality and Allusion
	‎2. The Three Poems
	‎3. The Study of Ancient Allusions
		‎3.1. What Counts as an Allusion?
		‎3.2. Intentionality
	‎4. Competitive Strategies of Allusion
	‎5. The Babylonian Literary Background
		‎5.1. An Intellectual Context
		‎5.2. Scribal Education
		‎5.3. Versions and Variants
	‎6. Structure of the Book
‎Chapter 1. Allusions in Anzû
	‎1. Introduction
		‎1.1. From Old Babylonian to Standard Babylonian
	‎2. The Re-shaping of Ninurta’s Victories: Lugal-e and An-gin₇
		‎2.1. Ominous Beginnings
		‎2.2. The Weapon Brought to Life
	‎3. New Names, New Identities
		‎3.1. Labbu
		‎3.2. Atraḫasīs
		‎3.3. The Return of Lugalbanda
	‎4. Lamentations
	‎5. Reverse Intertextuality
	‎6. Conclusions
‎Chapter 2. Enūma eliš and Anzû
	‎1. Introduction
	‎2. Marduk as the New Ninurta
		‎2.1. The Dutiful Son
		‎2.2. Blood on the Wind
	‎3. The Tablet of Destinies
	‎4. Poisonous Monsters, ‘Poisonous’ Arrows
	‎5. Structural Imitations and Adaptations
		‎5.1. The Beginning—Hysteron Proteron
		‎5.2. The End—the Names
		‎5.3. Repetition, Expansion, Contraction
		‎5.4. Replacing the Traditional Triad
	‎6. Lord of Incantations
	‎7. Conclusions
‎Chapter 3. Enūma eliš and Atraḫasīs
	‎1. Introduction
	‎2. Destructions: The Dethroning of Enlil
		‎2.1. Noise and the Deluge
		‎2.2. Overthrowing Bad Kings
		‎2.3. When the Gods Were (like) Man
		‎2.4. The Stripping of the Crown
		‎2.5. The Second Sleep Disturbance
	‎3. Creations: Superseding Ea
		‎3.1. A Counterpart to Apsû
		‎3.2. The Creation of Man
		‎3.3. Freedom from Toil
		‎3.4. The Creation of Babylon
	‎4. Conclusions
‎Chapter 4. Enūma eliš and Lugal-e
	‎1. Introduction
	‎2. Elements of the Battle
		‎2.1. Šar-ur Reappears
		‎2.2. Winds, Deluge, Spear
		‎2.3. Qingu and the Leader of the Stones
	‎3. Establishing Order
		‎3.1. New Creation
		‎3.2. Controlling the Waters
		‎3.3. Controlling Apsû’s Waters
		‎3.4. 50 Destinies, 50 Names
		‎3.5. Structural Overview
	‎4. Conclusions
‎Chapter 5. Erra and Išum: Allusions to Anzû and Lugal-e
	‎1. Introduction
	‎2. Anzû: The Background
	‎3. Erra as Anzû
		‎3.1. The Tablet of Destinies
		‎3.2. Stripped of Power
		‎3.3. As if to Catch the Evil Anzû?
	‎4. Išum as Ninurta
	‎5. Šar-ur Divides
	‎6. Išum the Door
	‎7. Where Is the Young Hero?
	‎8. Conclusions
‎Chapter 6. Overturning the Old Order: Erra and Išum and Enūma eliš, Atraḫasīs, and Gilgameš
	‎1. Introduction
	‎2. Enūma eliš
		‎2.1. Turning Marduk’s Own Poem against Him
	‎3. The Deluge
	‎4. Disturbed Sleep
		‎4.1. Atraḫasīs
		‎4.2. Enūma eliš
	‎5. A Time before the Flood
	‎6. Marduk’s Defeat and Erra’s Victory
	‎7. Conclusions
‎Chapter 7. Erra and Išum and Lamentations
	‎1. Introduction
	‎2. Erra and Išum and the Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur
		‎2.1. Other Possibilities
		‎2.2. The Continuity of a Tradition
		‎2.3. Akkadian Traditions of the Destruction of Cities
		‎2.4. The Parallels in Detail
		‎2.5. Interpretation
	‎3. The Functions of Lamentation and Praise
	‎4. Conclusions
‎Conclusion—a Self-Conscious Tradition
	‎1. The Consequences of Competition
	‎2. Implications for Literary History
	‎3. The Power of Intertextuality
‎References
‎General Index
‎Index of Texts Cited