WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA Evolution and LTE, Fifth Edition

WCDMA FOR UMTS......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 21
Abbreviations......Page 23
1.1 WCDMA Early Phase......Page 33
1.2 HSPA Introduction and Data Growth......Page 34
1.3 HSPA Deployments Globally......Page 36
1.4 HSPA Evolution......Page 37
1.5 HSPA Network Product......Page 38
1.6 HSPA Future Outlook......Page 39
References......Page 40
2.1 Introduction......Page 41
2.2 Voice......Page 43
2.2.1 Narrowband AMR and Wideband AMR Voice Services......Page 44
2.2.2 Circuit-Switched over HSPA......Page 46
2.2.3 Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC)......Page 48
2.2.4 Voice-over IP......Page 49
2.3 Video Telephony......Page 50
2.3.2 Video Codec......Page 51
2.4.2 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)......Page 53
2.5 Mobile Email......Page 54
2.6 Browsing......Page 55
2.7 Application and Content Downloading......Page 56
2.9 Gaming......Page 58
2.10 Mobile Broadband for Laptop and Netbook Connectivity......Page 59
2.10.1 End-to-End Security......Page 60
2.10.2 Impact of Latency on Application Performance......Page 61
2.11 Social Networking......Page 62
2.12 Mobile TV......Page 63
2.13 Location-Based Services......Page 64
2.13.2 Assisted GPS (A-GPS)......Page 65
2.14 Machine-to-Machine Communications......Page 66
2.15 Quality of Service (QoS) Differentiation......Page 67
2.16 Maximum Air Interface Capacity......Page 72
2.17 Terminals......Page 76
2.18 Tariff Schemes......Page 77
References......Page 78
3.2 Summary of the Main Parameters in WCDMA......Page 79
3.3 Spreading and Despreading......Page 81
3.4 Multipath Radio Channels and Rake Reception......Page 83
3.5 Power Control......Page 87
3.6 Softer and Soft Handovers......Page 89
References......Page 91
4.2 Background in Europe......Page 93
4.2.1 Wideband CDMA......Page 94
4.2.3 Wideband TDMA/CDMA......Page 95
4.3 Background in Japan......Page 96
4.5.2 UWC-136......Page 97
4.5.5 WP-CDMA......Page 98
4.6 Creation of 3GPP......Page 99
4.7 How Does 3GPP Operate?......Page 100
4.9 Harmonization Phase......Page 101
4.11 Beyond 3GPP Release 99 WCDMA......Page 102
4.12 Industry Convergence with LTE and LTE-Advanced......Page 104
References......Page 105
5.1 Introduction......Page 107
5.2 UTRAN Architecture......Page 110
5.3.1 General......Page 111
5.3.3 Vertical Planes......Page 112
5.4 Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface......Page 113
5.4.1 Protocol Structure for Iu CS......Page 114
5.4.2 Protocol Structure for Iu PS......Page 115
5.4.3 RANAP Protocol......Page 116
5.4.4 Iu User Plane Protocol......Page 117
5.4.5 Protocol Structure of Iu BC, and the Service Area Broadcast Protocol......Page 118
5.5.1 RNC–RNC Interface (Iur Interface) and the RNSAP Signaling......Page 119
5.5.2 RNC–Node B Interface and the NBAP Signaling......Page 121
5.6.1 IP Transport in UTRAN......Page 123
5.6.5 IP-Based RAN Architecture......Page 124
5.7.1 Release 99 CN Elements......Page 125
5.7.2 Release 5 CN and IP Multimedia Subsystem......Page 126
References......Page 127
6.1 Introduction......Page 129
6.2 Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels......Page 130
6.2.2 Common Transport Channels......Page 131
6.2.3 Mapping of Transport Channels onto the Physical Channels......Page 133
6.3.2 Channelization Codes......Page 134
6.3.3 Uplink Spreading and Modulation......Page 136
6.3.4 Downlink Spreading and Modulation......Page 139
6.4 User Data Transmission......Page 142
6.4.1 Uplink Dedicated Channel......Page 143
6.4.2 Uplink Multiplexing......Page 145
6.4.5 Downlink Dedicated Channel......Page 147
6.4.6 Downlink Multiplexing......Page 149
6.4.8 Forward Access Channel for User Data Transmission......Page 151
6.4.9 Channel Coding for User Data......Page 152
6.5.1 Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)......Page 153
6.5.3 Primary Common Control Physical Channel (Primary CCPCH)......Page 154
6.5.4 Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (Secondary CCPCH)......Page 155
6.5.6 Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)......Page 156
6.5.7 Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)......Page 157
6.6.2 Open-Loop Power Control......Page 158
6.6.4 RACH Procedure......Page 159
6.6.5 Cell Search Procedure......Page 160
6.6.7 Handover Measurements Procedure......Page 161
6.6.8 Compressed Mode Measurement Procedure......Page 163
6.6.9 Other Measurements......Page 165
6.6.10 Operation with Adaptive Antennas......Page 166
6.6.11 Site Selection Diversity Transmission......Page 167
6.7 Terminal Radio Access Capabilities......Page 168
References......Page 170
7.2 Protocol Architecture......Page 173
7.3.1 MAC Layer Architecture......Page 175
7.3.2 MAC Functions......Page 176
7.3.4 Mapping between Logical Channels and Transport Channels......Page 177
7.3.5 Example Data Flow Through the MAC Layer......Page 178
7.4.1 RLC Layer Architecture......Page 179
7.4.2 RLC Functions......Page 180
7.4.3 Example Data Flow Through the RLC Layer......Page 181
7.5.1 PDCP Layer Architecture......Page 182
7.6 The Broadcast/Multicast Control Protocol......Page 183
7.7 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service......Page 184
7.8.1 RRC Layer Logical Architecture......Page 185
7.8.2 RRC Service States......Page 186
7.8.3 RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures......Page 189
7.10 Improvements for Call Set-up Time Reduction......Page 202
References......Page 203
8.1 Introduction......Page 205
8.2 Dimensioning......Page 206
8.2.1 Radio Link Budgets......Page 207
8.2.2 Load Factors......Page 211
8.2.3 Capacity Upgrade Paths......Page 220
8.2.4 Capacity per km2......Page 221
8.2.5 Soft Capacity......Page 222
8.2.6 Network Sharing......Page 225
8.3.1 Iterative Capacity and Coverage Prediction......Page 226
8.3.2 Planning Tool......Page 227
8.3.3 Case Study......Page 228
8.3.4 Network Optimization......Page 231
8.4 GSM Co-planning......Page 234
8.5.1 Introduction......Page 236
8.5.2 Uplink Versus Downlink Effects......Page 237
8.5.3 Local Downlink Interference......Page 238
8.5.4 Average Downlink Interference......Page 239
8.5.6 Solutions to Avoid Adjacent Channel Interference......Page 241
8.6 WCDMA Frequency Variants......Page 242
8.7 UMTS Refarming to GSM Band......Page 243
8.7.1 Coverage of UMTS900......Page 244
8.8 Interference between GSM and UMTS......Page 246
8.9 Remaining GSM Voice Capacity......Page 247
8.10 Shared Site Solutions with GSM and UMTS......Page 248
8.11 Interworking of UMTS900 and UMTS2100......Page 249
References......Page 250
9.1 Introduction......Page 251
9.2.1 Fast Power Control......Page 252
9.2.2 Outer Loop Power Control......Page 258
9.3.1 Intra-Frequency Handovers......Page 264
9.3.2 Inter-System Handovers between WCDMA and GSM......Page 273
9.3.3 Inter-Frequency Handovers within WCDMA......Page 276
9.3.4 Summary of Handovers......Page 277
9.4.1 Uplink Load......Page 278
9.4.2 Downlink Load......Page 281
9.5.2 Wideband Power-Based Admission Control Strategy......Page 282
9.6 Load Control (Congestion Control)......Page 284
References......Page 285
10.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)......Page 287
10.3 Round Trip Time......Page 293
10.4.1 Common Channels (RACH/FACH)......Page 296
10.4.2 Dedicated Channel (DCH)......Page 297
10.4.4 Uplink Common Packet Channel (CPCH)......Page 299
10.4.5 Selection of Transport Channel......Page 300
10.4.6 Paging Channel States......Page 302
10.5 Cell-Specific Packet Scheduling......Page 304
10.5.2 Scheduling Algorithms......Page 306
10.6.1 Link Level Performance......Page 307
10.6.2 System Level Performance......Page 309
10.7.1 Introduction to Application Performance......Page 312
10.7.2 Person-to-Person Applications......Page 313
10.7.3 Content-to-Person Applications......Page 316
10.7.4 Business Connectivity......Page 319
10.7.5 Conclusions on Application Performance......Page 321
References......Page 323
11.2 Cell Coverage......Page 325
11.2.1 Uplink Coverage......Page 327
11.2.2 Downlink Coverage......Page 336
11.3.1 Downlink Orthogonal Codes......Page 337
11.3.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity......Page 342
11.3.3 Downlink Voice Capacity......Page 344
11.4.1 Single Cell Capacity Trials......Page 345
11.4.2 Multicell Capacity Trials......Page 359
11.4.3 Summary......Page 360
11.5.1 Eb/N0 Performance......Page 362
11.5.2 RF Noise Figure......Page 365
11.6.1 Smart Antenna Solutions......Page 366
11.6.2 Multiuser Detection......Page 372
References......Page 381
12.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities......Page 385
12.3 The HSDPA Concept......Page 386
12.4 HSDPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture......Page 388
12.6.1 High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH)......Page 389
12.6.2 High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)......Page 393
12.6.3 Uplink High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)......Page 394
12.6.4 HSDPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure......Page 395
12.7 HSDPA Terminal Capability and Achievable Data Rates......Page 397
12.8 Mobility with HSDPA......Page 398
12.8.2 Intra-Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover......Page 399
12.8.3 Inter-Node–Node B HS-DSCH to HS-DSCH Handover......Page 400
12.8.4 HS-DSCH to DCH Handover......Page 401
12.9 HSDPA Performance......Page 402
12.9.2 Spectral Efficiency, Code Efficiency and Dynamic Range......Page 403
12.9.3 User Scheduling, Cell Throughput and Coverage......Page 406
12.9.4 HSDPA Network Performance with Mixed Non-HSDPA and HSDPA Terminals......Page 410
12.10 HSPA Link Budget......Page 412
12.11 HSDPA Iub Dimensioning......Page 414
12.13 Terminal Receiver Aspects......Page 416
12.14 Evolution in Release 6......Page 418
References......Page 420
13.2 Release 99 WCDMA Downlink Packet Data Capabilities......Page 423
13.3 The HSUPA Concept......Page 424
13.4 HSUPA Impact on Radio Access Network Architecture......Page 425
13.4.1 HSUPA Iub Operation......Page 426
13.6 HSUPA Physical Layer Structure......Page 427
13.7.1 E-DPDCH......Page 428
13.7.2 E-DPCCH......Page 430
13.7.5 E-AGCH......Page 431
13.8 HSUPA Physical Layer Operation Procedure......Page 432
13.8.1 HSUPA and HSDPA Simultaneous Operation......Page 433
13.9 HSUPA Terminal Capability......Page 434
13.10 HSUPA Performance......Page 435
13.10.3 Node B-Based Scheduling......Page 436
13.10.5 Delay and QoS......Page 438
13.10.6 Overall Capacity......Page 439
References......Page 440
14.1 Introduction......Page 441
14.2 MBMS Impact on Network Architecture......Page 444
14.3 High Level MBMS Procedures......Page 446
14.4.1 Logical Channels......Page 447
14.4.4 Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Connections......Page 448
14.4.5 Example Radio Interface Procedure during MBMS Session Start......Page 449
14.5.1 Selective Combining and Soft Combining......Page 450
14.6.1 3GPP Performance Requirements......Page 451
14.6.2 Simulated MBMS Cell Capacity......Page 453
14.6.3 Iub Transport Capacity......Page 455
14.7 MBMS Deployment and Use Cases......Page 456
14.8 Benchmarking of MBMS with DVB-H......Page 457
14.10 Why Did MBMS Fail?......Page 458
14.11 Integrated Mobile Broadcast (IMB) in Release 8......Page 459
14.12 Conclusion......Page 460
References......Page 461
15.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)......Page 463
15.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA......Page 465
15.4 Enhanced FACH and Enhanced RACH......Page 469
15.5 Latency......Page 471
15.6 Fast Dormancy......Page 473
15.7 Downlink 64QAM......Page 474
15.8 Downlink MIMO......Page 476
15.9 Transmit Diversity (TxAA)......Page 479
15.10 Uplink 16QAM......Page 480
15.11 UE Categories......Page 481
15.12 Layer 2 Optimization......Page 482
15.13 Architecture Evolution......Page 483
15.14 Conclusion......Page 484
References......Page 485
16.1 Introduction......Page 487
16.2 Dual Cell HSDPA in Release 8......Page 491
16.3 Dual Cell HSUPA in Release 9......Page 493
16.4 Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO in Release 9......Page 494
16.5 Dual Band HSDPA in Release 9......Page 495
16.6 Three and Four Carrier HSDPA in Release 10......Page 496
16.8 Conclusion......Page 497
References......Page 498
17.1 Introduction......Page 499
17.2 Multiple Access and Architecture Decisions......Page 500
17.3 LTE Impact on Network Architecture......Page 502
17.4.1 OFDMA Principles......Page 503
17.4.2 SC-FDMA Principles......Page 506
17.5 LTE Physical Layer Design and Parameters......Page 508
17.6.2 Data Reception and Transmission......Page 511
17.6.3 CQI Procedure......Page 513
17.6.4 Downlink Transmission Modes......Page 514
17.7 LTE Protocols......Page 515
17.8.2 Spectral Efficiency......Page 519
17.8.3 Link Budget and Coverage......Page 522
17.10 LTE-Advanced Outlook......Page 524
References......Page 526
18.1.1 TDD......Page 527
18.3 TD-SCDMA Physical Layer......Page 529
18.3.1 Transport and Physical Channels......Page 530
18.3.3 Physical Channel Structures, Slot and Frame Format......Page 533
18.4 TD-SCDMA Data Rates......Page 536
18.5.2 TD-SCDMA Receiver......Page 537
18.5.4 Dynamic Channel Allocation......Page 538
18.5.5 Summary of the TD-SCDMA Physical Layer Operation......Page 539
18.6.1 TDD–TDD Interference......Page 540
18.6.2 TDD and FDD Co-existence......Page 541
18.6.3 Conclusions on TDD and TD-SCDMA Interference......Page 543
References......Page 544
19.1 Introduction......Page 547
19.2 Home Node B Specification Work......Page 549
19.3 Technical Challenges of Uncoordinated Mass Deployment......Page 550
19.4 Home Node B Architecture......Page 551
19.4.1 Home Node B Protocols and Procedures for Network Interfaces......Page 552
19.4.2 Femtocell Indication on a Terminal Display......Page 554
19.5.2 Closed Subscriber Group Access Control......Page 555
19.6.1 Idle Mode Mobility......Page 556
19.6.3 Inbound Relocations......Page 557
19.6.4 Relocations between HNB Cells......Page 558
19.6.7 Macro to Home Node B Handover......Page 559
19.6.8 Home Node B Cell Identification Ambiguity......Page 560
19.7.1 Home Node B Radio Frequency Aspects......Page 561
19.7.2 Recommended 3G Home Node B Measurements......Page 562
19.7.3 Home Node B Interference Considerations......Page 564
19.7.4 Adaptive Control of Home Node B Transmit Powers......Page 566
19.7.5 Femtocell Interference Simulations......Page 568
19.7.6 Network Planning Aspects......Page 572
19.7.7 Summary of Home Node B Frequency Usage......Page 576
19.9 Conclusion......Page 577
References......Page 578
20.1 Introduction......Page 579
20.2.1 The Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio/Power Consumption Trade-Off......Page 581
20.2.2 Phase Discontinuity......Page 586
20.3 Receiver Chain Design Challenges......Page 587
20.3.1 UE Reference Sensitivity System Requirements......Page 588
20.3.2 Inter-Operator Interference......Page 595
20.3.3 Impact of RF Impairments on HSDPA System Performance......Page 598
20.4 Improving Talk-Time with DTX/DRX......Page 599
20.4.1 Talk-Time Benchmark of Recent WCDMA Handsets......Page 600
20.4.2 Trend in RF-IC Power Consumption and Model......Page 602
20.4.3 Power Amplifier Control Schemes and Power Consumption Model......Page 605
20.4.4 UE Power Consumption Models......Page 609
20.4.5 Talk-Time Improvements in Circuit Switched Voice over HSPA with DTX/DRX......Page 611
20.5.1 From Mono-Mode/Mono-Band to Multi-Mode/Multi-Band and Diversity......Page 614
20.5.2 New Requirements Due to Co-existence......Page 616
20.5.4 Impact on Today’s Architectures......Page 620
References......Page 622
Index......Page 625