WATERMATHS.

Cover
Copyright
Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
Units, SI
Symbols
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Water and wastewater treatment processes
	1.2 Unit operations symbols
	1.3 Water quality
	1.4 Assignment: Wastewater reuse plant
Chapter 2: Mathematics
	2.1 Rearranging equations
		Example: Stokes law
		Exercise 2.1
		Exercise 2.2
	2.2 Geometry
		Example: Volume of a tank
		Exercise 2.3
	2.3 Exponents and logarithms
		Examples: Manipulating logarithmic expressions
		Exercise 2.4
		Example: Disinfection kinetics
		Exercise 2.5
	2.4 Units
		Example: Determining derived units
		Exercise 2.6
		2.4.1 Common parameters
		Example: Flow through a rectangular conduit
		Exercise 2.7
		Exercise 2.8
		Exercise 2.9
		2.4.2 Imperial vs. SI units
Chapter 3: Fluid physics
	3.1 Pressure
	3.2 Viscosity
	3.3 Boundary layer and the reynolds number
		Exercise 3.1
	3.4 Bernoulli’s equation
		Example: Flow from a tank
		Exercise 3.2
	3.5 Friction losses in pipes and fittings
		3.5.1 Pipes
		Example: Head loss along a pipe
		Exercise 3.3
		3.5.2 Pipe fittings
		Example: Head loss through fittings
		Exercise 3.4
		Exercise 3.5
		Example: Head loss through an orifice
	3.6 Flow in open channels
		Example: Head loss through a penstock
		Example: Head loss through a slot
		Example: Head loss over a weir
		Exercise 3.6
		Exercise 3.7
	3.7 Flow through porous media
		Example: Kozeny–Carman equation
		Exercise 3.8
		Exercise 3.9
Chapter 4: Chemical stoichiometry and equilibria
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Atoms, molecules and ions, and chemical weights
	4.3 Salts, acids and bases
	4.4 Concentration and Ionic balance
		Example: Molar concentration from mass
		Example: Mass concentration from water specification
		Exercise 4.1
		Exercise 4.2
		Exercise 4.3
	4.5 Stoichiometry
		4.5.1 Stoichiometry and balancing equations
		Example: Precipitation of aluminium hydroxide
		Example: Precipitation of ferric hydroxide
		Example: Oxidation with permanganate
		Exercise 4.4
		4.5.2 Key chemical reactions in water and wastewater treatment
			4.5.2.1 pH adjustment and neutralisation
			4.5.2.2 Iron oxidation
			4.5.2.3 Carbonate precipitation
			4.5.2.4 Chlorination of ammoniacal solutions
			4.5.2.5 Biochemical oxidation
	4.6 Equilibrium thermodynamics
		4.6.1 Weak acids and bases
		Example: Ammonia equilibrium
		Exercise 4.5
		4.6.2 Dissolution of salts
		Example: Calcium sulphate dissolution
		Exercise 4.6
		Exercise 4.7
		4.6.3 Dissociation of water and pH
		Example: Alkaline pH
			4.6.3.1 Lowering the pH of an acid solution
			4.6.3.2 Raising the pH of an acid solution
		Exercise 4.8
			4.6.3.3 Raising the pH of an alkaline solution
		Example: Alkaline pH adjustment upwards
			4.6.3.4 Lowering the pH of an alkaline solution
		Exercise 4.9
		4.6.4 Dissolution of gases
		Example: Henry’s law
		Exercise 4.10
		4.6.5 Alkalinity
			4.6.5.1 Carbonate speciation
		Exercise 4.11
		Example: P and M alkalinity
		Exercise 4.12
			4.6.5.2 Buffering
		Example: Alkalinity buffering
		Exercise 4.13
		4.6.6 Hardness
		4.6.7 Langelier Saturation Index
		4.6.8 Adsorption
			4.6.8.1 Activated carbon
		Example: Adsorption
		Exercise 4.14
			4.6.8.2 Ion exchange
Chapter 5: Chemical and biochemical kinetics
	5.1 Reaction rates and orders
		5.1.1 Rate equations
		Example: First-order rate constant
		Exercise 5.1
		Exercise 5.2
	5.2 Microbial kinetics
		5.2.1 Bacterial growth
		5.2.2 Specific growth rate
		Example: Specific growth rate
		Exercise 5.3
		5.2.3 Nutrient limitation phase
		Example: Maximum specific growth rate
		5.2.4 Death phase
		Exercise 5.4
		5.2.5 Continuous cultures
		Example: HRT from oxygen mass transfer
		Exercise 5.5
Chapter 6: Mass balance
	6.1 Processes and systems
	6.2 Mass balance calculations
		6.2.1 Steady state
		Example: Intermittent discharge from a tank
		Exercise 6.1
		Exercise 6.2
		Example: Mass balance across a clarifier
		Example: Mass balance across a filter press
		Exercise 6.3
		Exercise 6.4
		Example: Seawater evaporation
		Exercise 6.5
		Example: Blending
		Exercise 6.6
		Example: Dense membrane process
		Exercise 6.7
		6.2.2 Recycled streams and accumulation
		Exercise 6.8
		6.2.3 Chemical reaction
		Example: Ferrous oxidation and removal
		Example: Acid neutralisation
		Exercise 6.9
		Exercise 6.10
		6.2.4 Biological processes
		Example: SRT determination
		Exercise 6.11
		Example: F:M determination
		Exercise 6.12
Chapter 7: Mass transfer and sedimentation
	7.1 Mass transfer
		Example: Ammonia absorption
	7.2 Mass transfer and phase boundaries
		Exercise 7.1 Oxygen transfer across a boundary
	7.3 Adsorption coefficient and sherwood number
		Example: Aeration
		Exercise 7.2
		Example: Sherwood number
		Exercise 7.3
	7.4 Experimental measurement
	7.5 Sedimentation
		Example: Particle settlement
		Exercise 7.4
		Exercise 7.5
Chapter 8: Reactor theory
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mass balance
	8.3 Batch reactors
		Example: Disinfection kinetics
		Exercise 8.1
	8.4 Continuous reactors
		8.4.1 Stirred tank reactors
		8.4.2 Plug-flow reactors
	8.5 Comparison of reactor configurations
	8.6 Stirred tank reactors in series
		Exercise 8.2
	8.7 Fed batch reactors
		Example: CSTR vs. PFR
		Exercise 8.3
		Exercise 8.4
Chapter 9: Cost analysis
	9.1 Capex and opex
		Example: Domestic supply of fizzy drinks
	9.2 Discounting
		Example: Domestic supply of fizzy drinks, cost analysis with discounting
		Example: Roadbuilding project
		Exercise 9.1
	9.3 Other factors
Chapter 10: Solutions to exercises
	Chapter 2 Mathematics
	Chapter 3 Fluid physics
	Chapter 4 Chemical stoichiometry and equilibria
	Chapter 5 Chemical kinetics and biokinetics
	Chapter 6 Mass balance
	Chapter 7 Mass transfer
	Chapter 8 Reactor theory
	Chapter 9 Cost analysis
	Assignment solution hints and answers