Water resources systems analysis

Front Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 8
1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.3 Water Resources Systems: Basic Concepts......Page 23
1.4 System Definition and Properties......Page 25
1.5.1 Hydrologic Cycle......Page 28
1.5.2 Hydrologic Variables and Parameters......Page 30
1.6 Conflict Issues in Water Resources Planning and Management......Page 31
1.7 Decision Tools in Water Resources Management......Page 32
References......Page 38
2.1 Introduction......Page 40
2.2 Single-Criterion Optimization......Page 41
2.3 Multiple-Criteria Optimization......Page 49
2.3.1 Sequential Optimization......Page 54
2.3.3 The Weighting Method......Page 55
2.3.4 Direction-Based Method......Page 60
2.3.5 Distance-Based Methods......Page 63
2.4 Group Decision Making......Page 67
2.5 Conflict Resolution......Page 71
2.6.1 Dynamic Programming......Page 74
2.6.2 Genetic Algorithms......Page 79
2.7 Problems......Page 82
References......Page 85
3.2.1 Random Variables......Page 86
3.2.2 Central Tendencies and Variances......Page 94
3.2.3 Joint Distributions......Page 98
3.3.1 Neural Networks......Page 101
3.3.2 Observers......Page 103
3.3.3 Stochastic Simulation......Page 105
3.4 Measures of Reliability......Page 108
3.5 Stochastic Processes......Page 114
3.6 Markov Chains......Page 115
3.7 Optimization under Uncertainty......Page 119
3.7.1 Chance-Constrained Programming......Page 120
3.7.2 Stochastic Dynamic Programming......Page 121
3.8 Risk, Uncertainty, and Bayesian Decision Theory......Page 122
3.8.1 Risk and Value of Information......Page 123
3.8.2 Bayesian Decision Making......Page 124
3.8.3 Conjugate Distribution Families......Page 125
3.9 Fuzzy Sets and Parameter Imprecision......Page 127
3.10 Problems......Page 131
References......Page 134
4.2 Benefits and Costs......Page 136
4.3 Money–Time Relationship......Page 138
4.3.1 Future Value and Present Value of Money......Page 139
4.3.3 Present Value of Money and End-of-Period Cash Flows......Page 140
4.3.5 Present Value of Money and End-of-Period Uniform Gradient Cash Flows......Page 141
4.3.6 End-of-Period Cash Flows and End-of-Period Uniform Gradient Cash Flows......Page 142
4.4.1 Present Worth Method......Page 145
4.4.2 Future Worth Method......Page 147
4.4.4 The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Method......Page 148
4.4.5 The External Rate of Return Method......Page 149
4.4.6 Comparing Alternatives Using the Rate of Return Method......Page 150
4.5 Economic Evaluation of Projects Using the Benefit–Cost Ratio Method......Page 151
4.6 Public vs. Private Projects and Goods......Page 154
4.7.1 Production Functions......Page 155
4.7.3 Demand Functions......Page 156
4.8 Efficiency and Equity in Economic Analysis......Page 157
4.9 Problems......Page 160
References......Page 162
5.2 Stochastic Processes......Page 164
5.4 Data Preparation......Page 166
5.5.1 Method of Moments......Page 171
5.5.2 Method of Least Squares......Page 172
5.5.3 Method of Maximum Likelihood......Page 173
5.6.1 Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test......Page 174
5.6.2 Kolmogorov–Smirnov Goodness of Fit Test......Page 176
5.6.3 Tests of Normality......Page 177
5.6.4 Tests of Independence in Time......Page 180
5.7 Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC)......Page 185
5.9 Autoregressive Modeling......Page 186
5.10 Moving Average Process......Page 190
5.11 Autoregressive Moving Average Modeling......Page 191
5.12 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) Modeling......Page 192
5.13.1 Multivariate Modeling......Page 194
5.13.2 Disaggregation Modeling......Page 198
5.14 Problems......Page 200
References......Page 202
Appendix A......Page 204
Appendix B......Page 206
6.3.1 Drainage Area......Page 210
6.3.4 Watershed Shape......Page 212
6.4.3 Soil Moisture......Page 214
6.5.1 Hydrologic and Climatologic Data......Page 215
6.5.2 Physical Characteristics......Page 216
6.5.3 Hydrologic Characteristics......Page 217
6.5.5 Demand Points......Page 219
6.5.9 Return Flows and Drainage......Page 220
6.6.1 Water Supply......Page 221
6.6.2 Flood Control......Page 223
6.7.1 Streamflow and Excess Water Estimation......Page 226
6.7.2 Simulation Models......Page 231
6.7.3 Optimization Models......Page 245
6.8 Conflict Issues in River Systems......Page 248
6.9 Problems......Page 251
References......Page 254
7.2.1 Hydraulic Properties of Soils and Groundwater......Page 258
7.3.1 The Continuity Equation......Page 262
7.3.2 Equation of Motion in Groundwater......Page 265
7.3.3 The Groundwater Flow Equation......Page 267
7.4.1 The Flow Net......Page 269
7.4.2 Numerical Methods......Page 271
7.5.1 Groundwater Simulation Models......Page 290
7.5.3 Optimization Models for Groundwater Management......Page 291
7.6 Conflict Issues in Groundwater Systems......Page 303
7.7 Problems......Page 309
References......Page 312
8.2.1 Inflow......Page 314
8.2.2 Water Demands......Page 315
8.2.3 Physical Characteristics......Page 317
8.3 Objectives......Page 320
8.3.2 Power Generation......Page 321
8.3.5 Environmental Water Rights......Page 322
8.4.1 Interbasin Water Transfer......Page 323
8.4.2 Optimal Sizing of a Single Reservoir System......Page 326
8.4.3 Reliability-Based Design......Page 328
8.4.5 Sedimentation and Dredging......Page 329
8.5.1 Water Supply with Monthly Varying Release......Page 330
8.5.2 Flood Control......Page 332
8.6 Application of Deterministic Dynamic Programming in Reservoir Operation: DPR Model......Page 335
8.7 Stochastic Reservoir Operation Modeling......Page 338
8.7.1 Stochastic Linear Programming......Page 339
8.7.2 Stochastic Dynamic Programming Model......Page 341
8.7.3 BSDP and DDSP Models......Page 347
8.8.1 Cascade Reservoirs......Page 353
8.8.2 Parallel Reservoirs......Page 354
8.9 Reservoir Operating Rules......Page 356
8.10 Cost Functions......Page 359
8.11 Efficiency of Operating Policies......Page 362
8.11.2 Resiliency......Page 363
8.11.3 Vulnerability......Page 364
8.12 Conflict Issues in River–Reservoir Systems......Page 365
8.13 Problems......Page 375
References......Page 379
9.1.1 Water Pollutants and Their Principal Sources......Page 382
9.1.2 Water Quality Criteria and Standards for Water Use......Page 384
9.1.3 Pollutant Material Balance in Surface Water......Page 386
9.1.4 Water Quality Monitoring......Page 388
9.2.1 River Water Quality Management......Page 401
9.2.2 Low Flow Determination......Page 402
9.2.3 Computer Models for Streamwater Quality Simulation......Page 403
9.2.4 Simple Streamwater Quality Models......Page 406
9.2.5 Water Quality Management Models for Rivers and Streams......Page 414
9.2.6 Lake and Reservoir Water Quality Management......Page 431
9.2.7 River–Reservoir Simulation Model Packages......Page 433
9.2.8 Reservoir Water Quality Management......Page 435
9.2.9 Conflict Resolution in Surface Water Quality Management......Page 438
9.3.3 Contaminant Transport in the Saturated Zone......Page 441
9.3.4 Optimization Model for Groundwater Quality Management......Page 445
9.4 Problems......Page 447
References......Page 457
10.2 Basic Definitions......Page 460
10.3 Components of Hydropower Plants......Page 462
10.4.2 Physical Characteristics......Page 464
10.4.3 Power Load and Reliability of Power Systems......Page 465
10.5.1 The Flow–Duration Method......Page 468
10.5.2 Sequential Streamflow Routing (SSR) Method......Page 472
10.6 Hydropower Reservoir Operation......Page 478
10.6.1 Long-Term Planning Models......Page 482
10.6.3 Short-Term Planning Models......Page 484
10.6.4 Real-Time Operation Models......Page 485
10.7 Hydrothermal Coordination......Page 486
10.8 Conflict Issues in the Operation of Hydropower Systems......Page 493
10.9 Problems......Page 498
References......Page 500
11.1 Introduction......Page 502
11.2 Water Use and Demand: Basic Definitions......Page 503
11.3 Water Demand Forecasting for Regional and National Planning......Page 505
11.4.2 Desalination......Page 507
11.4.4 Groundwater Dams......Page 509
11.5.1 Flow Measurement in Pipes......Page 510
11.7 Municipal Water Demand Estimation and Forecasting......Page 511
11.8 Elements of Urban Water Distribution Networks......Page 515
11.9.1 Water Loss Reduction......Page 517
11.9.3 Institutional Measurements and Effective Legislation......Page 519
11.10 Agricultural Water Demand......Page 520
11.11 Irrigation Methods......Page 522
11.12 Drainage and Salinity Control......Page 527
11.13.1 Increasing Irrigation Efficiency......Page 528
11.13.2 Development of the Proper Crop Mix......Page 529
11.14 Industrial Water Demand Management......Page 530
11.15 Environmental Water Demands......Page 531
11.16 Water Reuse......Page 532
11.17.2 Primary Treatment......Page 534
11.17.3 Secondary Treatment......Page 536
11.17.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment......Page 537
11.18 Gray Water: Definition and Reuse Issues......Page 538
11.19 Conflict Issues in Water Demand Management......Page 539
11.20 Problems......Page 544
References......Page 545
12.2 Drought Definition......Page 548
12.3 Drought Preparedness/Management......Page 549
12.4.1 Point Evaluation......Page 551
12.4.2 Regional Analysis of Climatic Drought......Page 564
12.5 Prediction of Drought Trends......Page 568
12.6 Hydrologic Drought: Definition and Background......Page 569
12.6.2 Probability Distribution Function of Drought Characteristics......Page 571
12.7.1 Thornthwaite Water Balance Model......Page 572
12.7.2 Agricultural Drought Indicators......Page 573
12.8 Geostatistic Tools in Drought Studies......Page 584
12.8.1 Kriging......Page 586
12.8.2 Spatial Kriging in Drought Studies......Page 589
12.8.3 Spatiotemporal Kriging......Page 590
12.9 Problems......Page 593
References......Page 596
C......Page 598
D......Page 599
E......Page 600
H......Page 601
L......Page 602
P......Page 603
R......Page 604
S......Page 605
T......Page 606
W......Page 607
Z......Page 608