Water Engineering and Management Through Time: Learning from History

Water Engineering And Management Through Time – Learning From History......Page 2
Water Engineering Andmanagement Throughtime – Learning From history......Page 3
Table Of Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Part A Introduction......Page 12
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 14
2 ASPECTS IN THE MAN-WATER INTERRELATIONSHIP WITHOUT BACKGROUND CHANGES......Page 16
3 THE NEW FRAMEWORK IN THE MAN-WATER INTERRELATIONSHIP......Page 24
3.1.1 A new framework for the man-water interrelationship......Page 25
3.1.3 Competition between uses......Page 26
3.2.1 The growing increase of contamination......Page 28
3.2.2 The complex access to water and hygiene for millions of inhabitants......Page 29
3.2.4 The overexploitation of ground resources......Page 30
3.2.6 The climate change......Page 31
4 THE CHANGE OF PARADIGM......Page 32
5 THE CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 35
Part B Water engineering and management through time......Page 38
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 40
2.1 The Euphrates and Tigris river system and the early cities in the IVth and IIIrdmillennium BC......Page 41
2.2 The control of the lower Mesopotamia river system from texts of the Ur, Lagashand Babylon dynasties (2200–1700 BC)......Page 43
3.1 Early water management systems in arid countries......Page 47
3.3 Land reclamation and drainage in continental Greece......Page 49
4.1 Urban drainage......Page 51
4.2 Water resources for the cities......Page 53
5.2 Dikes......Page 56
5.4 Canals for large-scale gravity irrigation......Page 57
5.5 Dams......Page 58
5.6 Intake structures, structures allowing to feed a secondary canal......Page 59
5.8 Irrigation structures for water distribution into the fields: repartitors and furrows......Page 60
6 RAINFALL COLLECTION AND CONSERVATION STRUCTURES......Page 61
7.1 Specialists for hydraulic works and water management......Page 62
7.3 Legislation regarding the use of water......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 66
2.2 Geography......Page 67
2.3 Hydrology of the Nile River......Page 68
2.4 Theories of the origin and rise of the Nile......Page 69
2.5 Agricultural origins in the Nile valley/emergence of a floodplain civilization......Page 70
2.6 Measurement and Long-term records of the Nile......Page 71
4 WATER ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT: PREDYNASTIC......Page 72
5.2 Water management......Page 75
5.4 Sadd-el-Kafara Dam......Page 76
5.5 Faiyum depression......Page 78
6 WATER MANAGEMENT: GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD......Page 80
7.1 Aswan high dam......Page 82
7.2 New projects with Nile River water......Page 83
8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 85
1 INTRODUCTION – POLITICAL SITUATION, ATTITUDE TO THEWATERAND NECESSITY OF TRANSFERS......Page 88
2 PERGAMUM......Page 89
3.1 Fountain-houses: Infiltration-tunnel at the “Gurnellia” and “Agios Stratigos”......Page 90
3.2 Cisterns......Page 91
4.1 Attalos-aqueduct......Page 92
4.2 Demophon-aqueduct......Page 95
4.3 Madradag-aqueduct......Page 98
4.4 Other Hellenistic aqueducts......Page 103
5 ROMAN AQUEDUCTS – MADRADAG -CANAL, KAIKOS-AQUEDUCT AND AKSUAQUEDUCT......Page 104
6 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN PRIENE......Page 106
7 ROMAN SYSTEMS......Page 108
7.2 Weirs......Page 109
7.4 Adits......Page 110
7.5 Aqueducts......Page 111
7.6 Substructures and bridges......Page 112
7.7 Inverted siphons......Page 113
7.10 Reservoirs......Page 121
7.11 Distribution system......Page 122
8.1 Staff......Page 123
8.2 Works......Page 124
9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 125
REFERENCES......Page 126
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 128
2 THE SPREAD OF ISLAMIC IRRIGATION. DIFFUSION TO THE NEWWORLD......Page 129
3 INTAKE, DIVERSION AND TRANSPORTATION OFWATER......Page 131
4 IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY......Page 135
5 IRRIGATION ADMINISTRATION......Page 138
6 IRRIGATION TERMINOLOGY......Page 139
REFERENCES......Page 140
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 142
2 ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERS......Page 143
3 PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS......Page 145
4 NOTABLE HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS......Page 150
4.1 WANG 23.12. 1855Wien/A – 26.4. 1917Wien/A......Page 152
4.2 DENIL 2.1. 1865 Namur/B – 7.9. 1940 Bruxelles/B......Page 153
4.3 SMETANA 12.5. 1883 Svobodne Dvory/CR – 13.8. 1962 Praha/CR......Page 154
4.4 ENGELUND 26.11. 1925 Copenhagn/DK – 1.6. 1983 Copenhagn/DK......Page 155
4.5 NAVIER 15.2. 1785 Dijon/F – 21.8. 1836 Paris/F......Page 156
4.6 PRANDTL 4.2. 1875 Freising/D – 15.8. 1953 Göttingen/D......Page 157
4.7 ARGYROPOULOS 21.11. 1918 Athens/GR – 30.6. 1995 Athens/GR......Page 158
4.8 BOGARDI 11.6. 1909 Torda/YU – 18.11. 1998 Budapest/H......Page 159
4.9 NASH 9.3. 1927 Sligo/IE – 17.4. 2000 Galway/IE......Page 160
4.10 BIDONE 19.1. 1781 Casal-Noceto/I – 25.8. 1839 Torino/I......Page 161
4.11 WEINBLUM 22.1. 1897 Neu-Kalzenau/LV – 4.4. 1974 Hamburg/D......Page 162
4.12 KOLUPAILA 14.9. 1892 Tuminiskiai/LT – 9.4. 1964 South Bend/USA......Page 163
4.13 DRONKERS 24.5. 1910 /NL – 20.2. 1973 s’Gravenhage/NL......Page 164
4.14 VOGT 23.12. 1892 Kristiania/N – 26.1. 1970 Oslo/N......Page 165
4.15 MATAKIEWICZ 27.6. 1875 Niepolomice/PL – 3.2. 1940 Lemberg/UA......Page 166
4.16 ALMEIDA D’EÇA 17.10. 1825 Esgueira/P – 2.2. 1906 Lisboa/P......Page 167
4.17 COANDA 7.6. 1886 Bucharest/RO – 25.11. 1972 Bucharest/RO......Page 168
4.18 KOCHINA 13.5. 1899 Astrakhan/RU – 3.7. 1999 Moscow/RU......Page 169
4.19 IRIBARREN 15.4. 1900 Irun/E – 21.2 1967 Madrid/E......Page 170
4.20 FELLENIUS 10.9. 1876 Viksberg/S – 2.9. 1957 Stockholm/S......Page 171
4.21 SCHNYDER 25.3. 1904 Kriens/CH – 28.10. 1974 Rüschlikon/CH......Page 172
4.22 FROUDE 28.11. 1810 Dartington/UK – 4.5. 1879 Simon’s Town/ZA......Page 173
4.23 BORELI 31.8. 1922 Zadar/HR – 5.3. 1995 Beograd/YU......Page 174
5.1 19th century......Page 175
5.2 20th century......Page 176
5.3 21st century......Page 178
REFERENCES......Page 179
Part C The great challenges of water in the 21st century......Page 180
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 182
2 WATER CULTURE IN COUNTRIES WITH AN AGRICULTURAL TRADITION......Page 186
3 THE TURNING POINT......Page 187
4 THE FACTS......Page 191
5 THE THREATS......Page 197
6 DRIVING FORCES AND BARRIERS......Page 200
7 THE GREAT CHALLENGES......Page 201
8.2 Educating the citizens......Page 203
8.3 Reforming the administration......Page 204
9 CONCLUSION......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 206
1 INTRODUCTION: AGRICULTURE & NUTRITION......Page 210
2 IRRIGATION ISSUES RELATING TO THE USE OFWATER IN AGRICULTURE.DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 216
3 IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION......Page 221
4 THE IMPLICATIONS OF THEWATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE FOR IRRIGATEDAGRICULTURE COST RECOVERY......Page 226
5 THE CASE OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN SPAIN: THE CAP REFORMAND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION PLAN......Page 229
6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 235
REFERENCES......Page 236
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 238
2 WATER AND THE CITY THROUGHOUT HISTORY......Page 241
3 THEWATER AND THE CITY CRISIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY......Page 242
4 THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABILITY......Page 244
4.1.1 Infrastructure renovation......Page 245
4.1.4 The millennium challenges......Page 246
4.2.3 The subsidy culture......Page 247
4.2.6 Conflicts of interest......Page 248
4.3.1 Water pollution......Page 249
4.3.3 Water–land nexus......Page 250
4.3.5 The exhaustion of resources (seen, essentially, from the standpoint of quantity)......Page 251
5 THEWAY FORWARD......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
2 MAJOR SUBJECTS FORWATER RESEARCH......Page 256
3 DRIVERS......Page 257
3.1 Brief outline of EU water legislation......Page 258
3.1.4 Drinking water Directive (98/83/EC)......Page 259
3.1.7 A new EU Floods Directive (2007/60/EC)......Page 260
3.2 Other initiatives of interest......Page 261
4 EU FUNDEDWATER RESEARCH SO FAR......Page 262
4.1 Participating in EU funded research......Page 263
4.3 FP preparation and orientation......Page 264
5 CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS FOR EUWATER RESEARCH......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 269
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 270
2 THE “WATER CRISIS”......Page 272
3 GOVERNANCE......Page 274
3.1 Water uncertainty and conflict......Page 278
3.1.1 Water conflicts......Page 279
3.2 Water conflict as an object of knowledge......Page 280
4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
1 THE GLOBAL BACKGROUND......Page 288
2 THE CONCEPT OF LONG-DISTANCE HYDRAULIC INTERCONNECTIONS: PROSAND CONS......Page 290
3.1 The Lybian project: ‘The Great Man-made River Project’(GMRP)......Page 291
3.2 The Chinese interconnection scheme: TheWestern Route, Middle Routeand Eastern Route Projects......Page 293
3.3 The Brazilian project......Page 294
4.1 The European picture......Page 295
4.2 The Italian case......Page 296
5 CONCLUSIONS, FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 300
2 WATER RESOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 302
3 WATER DEMANDS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 304
4.2 Achieve universal primary education......Page 306
5 WHY SOME REGIONS ARE NOT GOING TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL CONCERNINGWATER FIT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND BASIC SANITATION?......Page 307
8 THEWATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CRISIS IS A CHALLENGEFOR THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY......Page 309
9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 311
REFERENCES......Page 312
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 314
2.1 Water supply......Page 316
2.1.1 Eleven water challenges – UN......Page 318
3 WATER CHALLENGES IN THE 21st CENTURY......Page 320
3.1 Challenges for water managers......Page 322
3.1.2 IntegratedWater Resources Management (IWRM)......Page 323
3.1.3 Water transfers......Page 324
3.1.5 Virtual water......Page 325
3.2.1 Sedimentation of reservoirs......Page 327
3.2.3 Climate change......Page 328
3.2.4 Safe drinking water......Page 330
3.2.5 Agricultural water supply......Page 332
4.1 The Bureau of Reclamation’s Past......Page 334
4.2 Role of the Bureau of Reclamation in the 21st century......Page 335
4.3 New directions for Reclamation’s hydraulic research......Page 336
4.6 Emergency spillway concepts: Fuse plugs......Page 337
4.8 Environmental restoration......Page 338
4.9 Reservoir selective withdrawal......Page 339
4.11 Fish passage......Page 340
4.13 River water-quality improvement: Dissolved gases......Page 341
5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 342
REFERENCES......Page 343
Part D Conclusions......Page 346
Conclusions......Page 348