Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Climate Change in Cities

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
1: Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Cities: Opportunities for Innovations to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals in the Face of Climate Change
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 The Evolution of the WEF Nexus Concept
	1.3	 Science-Policy-Society Interfaces Based on Hybridity and Humility
	1.4	 Multilevel and Intersectoral Governance for the Nexus
	1.5	 Innovations: Moving the WEF Nexus in Cities Forward
	1.6	 Concluding Remarks
	References
Part I: Sustainable Development: Cities and the Big Picture
	2: The Importance of Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Promotion of Sustainable Cities in the Perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Theoretical Framework
			2.2.1	 The Energy-Water-Food Nexus as Graphene for the SDGs
			2.2.2	 The Energy-Water-Food Nexus in the Context of Sustainable Cities
		2.3	 Methodology
		2.4	 Presentation of Results
			2.4.1	 PLS (Partial Least Squares) Analysis
			2.4.2	 Evaluation of the Model: Validity and Reliability
			2.4.3	 Evaluation of the Structural Model
		2.5	 Conclusion
		References
	3: What Can Cities Do to Enhance Water-Energy-Food Nexus as a Sustainable Development Strategy?
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Interlinkages Between Urban Water, Energy, and Food Systems
			3.2.1	 Water System
			3.2.2	 Food System
			3.2.3	 Energy System
		3.3	 Urban Water-Energy-Food Nexus and the Sustainable Development Goals
		3.4	 Approaches to Address WEF Nexus in Cities
			3.4.1	 Integrated WEF Planning Supported by Ecosystem-Based Approaches
			3.4.2	 Bottom-Up Decision- Making Through Participatory Planning
			3.4.3	 Energy and Circular Economy Transitions Toward Urban Sustainability Using New Technologies
		3.5	 Final Remarks
		References
	4: Water-Energy-Food Nexus Under Climate Change: Analyzing Different Regional Socio-ecological Contexts in Brazil
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Climate Change and Its Impacts
		4.3	 Discussion
			4.3.1	 Nexus Approach to Resource Management in the Cerrado and Caatinga Biomes
			4.3.2	 Paraíba do Sul River Basin
		4.4	 Final Remarks
		References
	5: How Can the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach Contribute to Enhancing the Resilience of Amazonian Cities to Climate Change?
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Methodology
			5.2.1	 Study Area
			5.2.2	 Data Source and Analysis
				5.2.2.1	 Data Description
				5.2.2.2	 Self-Organizing Maps with SOMbrero
		5.3	 Results
			5.3.1	 Municipalities Characteristics
			5.3.2	 SOMbrero Analysis
			5.3.3	 Analysis of Clusters
		5.4	 Discussion
		5.5	 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Innovation and Transformative Change
	6: The Water-Energy-Food Nexus and the Micro-politics of Everyday: A View from Institutional Bricolage
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Conceptual Framework: Unpacking the Nexus and Institutional Bricolage
			6.2.1	 The Water-Energy-Food Nexus
			6.2.2	 Institutional Bricolage
		6.3	 Method and Case Study Area
		6.4	 The Microbacias Project: Framing the “Integrated Resource Management” in Sepé Tiaraju
		6.5	 Local Arrangements, Nexus Disconnections, and Uneven Relations
		6.6	 Unexpected Outcomes
		6.7	 Conclusions
		References
	7: WEF Nexus Innovations: The Institutional Agenda for Sustainability
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 The WEF Nexus as an Institution for Urban Sustainability Governance
		7.3	 The Role of the WEF Nexus in the Evolution of a New Rationality for Sustainable Urban Systems
		7.4	 Understanding WEF Nexus Dimensions Through Institutional Development Analysis for Future Sustainable Systems
		7.5	 Final Considerations
		Supplementary Material
		References
	8: Innovations Towards “the Nexus” in the Science-Politics-Society Interface: What Transformations Do We Really Seek?
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Methodology
		8.3	 Knowledge at the Science-Politics Interface
		8.4	 The Production of Knowledge and the Interface with Society
		8.5	 Nexus Innovations
		8.6	 Exploring the Sustainable Cities Innovation Observatory
		8.7	 Concluding Remarks: What Transformations Do We Really Seek?
		References
	9: The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Latin America and the Caribbean: Priority Interconnections
		9.1	 Introduction
			9.1.1	 Materials and Methods
		9.2	 Interrelations Between Water and Energy
			9.2.1	 Interrelations Between Energy and Water
		9.3	 Interrelations Between Water and Food
		9.4	 Interrelations Between Water, Energy, and Food
		9.5	 Priority Interrelations for LAC Region
		9.6	 Conclusions
		References
	10: Methods for Evaluating Food-Energy-Water Nexus: Data Envelopment Analysis and Network Equilibrium Model Approaches
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Network Equilibrium Model (NEM): Some Insights About the Models and Applications
			10.2.1	 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
			10.2.2	 Network Equilibrium Model (NEM)
			10.2.3	 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Network Equilibrium Model (NEM)
		10.3	 A Dual-Step Procedure Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Network Equilibrium Model (NEM): An Application to Few Nexus Performance Evaluation
			10.3.1	 DEA Model Formulation
			10.3.2	 Data and Variable Description
			10.3.3	 Network Equilibrium Model Formulation
			10.3.4	 Transportation Network and Scenarios
		10.4	 Results and Discussion
			10.4.1	 DEA Approach
			10.4.2	 NEM Approach
		10.5	 Main Conclusions
		References
Part III: Lessons in Urban Resilience
	11: Learning About the Nexus from Vulnerable Urban Communities
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 The Urban Nexus from Urban Peripheries
		11.3	 Social Practices Related to Intertwined Scarcities
		11.4	 Youth Agency and the Nexus
		11.5	 Learning and Coupling with Local Contexts and Knowledges
		References
	12: Urban Gardens and Composting: Effective Government for Strengthening Urban Resilience and Community Waste Management
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 Theoretical Framework
			12.2.1	 Environmental Governance
			12.2.2	 Urban Green Commons
			12.2.3	 Organic Waste Management in Urban Gardens
		12.3	 Methodology
			12.3.1	 Clarify the Objectives of the Analysis
			12.3.2	 Create a System That Encompasses All Objectives
			12.3.3	 Identify Decision-Makers and Stakeholders
			12.3.4	 Investigate Stakeholder Interests and Agendas
			12.3.5	 Identify Patterns of Interaction and Dependency, Such As Conflicts and Compatibilities
		12.4	 Results
			12.4.1	 Characterization of the Study Area
				12.4.1.1	 The Municipality of Salvador and the Direction to Sustainable Development
				12.4.1.2	 The Municipal Solid Waste Management System of Salvador
				12.4.1.3	 Overview of the Urban Green Salvador Project
			12.4.2	 Stakeholder Analysis (SA): Identification of the Actors and Their Characteristics
				12.4.2.1	 Government
				12.4.2.2	 Enterprises
				12.4.2.3	 Educational Institutions
				12.4.2.4	 Civil Society
			12.4.3	 Network of Interactions Between Key Actors
				12.4.3.1	 Positive Relationships Between Key Actors
				12.4.3.2	 Conflict Relationships Between Key Actors
		12.5	 Discussion
		12.6	 Conclusions
		References
	13: WEF Nexus and Sustainable Investments in West Africa: The Case of Nigeria
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Drivers and Significance of WEF Nexus in West Africa
			13.2.1	 Unprecedented Increase in Demand for Water, Energy and Food in Cities
			13.2.2	 Climate Change
			13.2.3	 The Need for Holistic Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
			13.2.4	 Addressing the Interactions Between WEF Projects and Human Rights
		13.3	 Law and Governance Barriers to Implementing WEF Nexus in Nigeria
			13.3.1	 Methodology
			13.3.2	 Results
				13.3.2.1	 Fragmented Laws and Institutions
				13.3.2.2	 Weak Multi-Stakeholder Engagement and Participation in WEF Projects
				13.3.2.3	 Weak Infrastructure and Technology for Knowledge Sharing
				13.3.2.4	 Capacity Questions
		13.4	 Advancing Responsible Investment in Food, Water and Energy Sectors
		13.5	 Conclusion
		References
	14: The Food-Water-Renewable Energy Nexus Resource Security Examples for Asia-Pacific Cities
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Food-Water-Energy Flows
		14.3	 City-Scale Analysis of Food-Water-Energy Flows
		14.4	 Food-Water Renewable Energy Perspective on SDGs
		14.5	 Food-Water-Renewable Energy Nexus: Status and Progress of Renewable Energy Use
		14.6	 Food-Water Renewable Energy Nexus: Research Gaps in the Asia-Pacific
		14.7	 Food-Water Renewable Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities
		14.8	 Conclusion
		References
	15: Urban Living Labs and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Experiences from the GLOCULL Project in São Paulo, Brazil
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 The GLOCULL Project in São Paulo, Brazil
		15.3	 Reflecting on the ULL Experience
			15.3.1	 Methodological Process
			15.3.2	 Features that Facilitate the Integration Process
			15.3.3	 Creating Space for Interaction Between Actors
			15.3.4	 Including the WEF Nexus Within the Public Sector
			15.3.5	 Barriers and Difficulties
			15.3.6	 Opportunities for Future Research
		15.4	 Conclusions
		References
	16: The Challenges of the Food, Water, and Energy Nexus and Potential Interlinkages with Instruments to Tackle Climate Change: Cases of Brazilian Cities
		16.1	 Introduction and Context
		16.2	 Evaluation of Two Brazilian Nexus Case Studies
			16.2.1	 Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil
				16.2.1.1	 Context
				16.2.1.2	 Florianópolis Case Study
			16.2.2	 São José dos Campos, State of São Paulo, Brazil
				16.2.2.1	 Context
				16.2.2.2	 São José dos Campos Case Study
		16.3	 Discussion
			16.3.1	 Insights from Local Climate Action Plans as a Tool to Increase the Nexus Potential
			16.3.2	 Can Municipal Instruments to Tackle Climate Change Increase the Interconnectivity of Specific Water-Energy-Food Sectors at the Local Level?
		16.4	 Conclusion
		References
	17: Food Waste Redistribution and Implications for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: The Case of a Food Bank in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 Literature Background
		17.3	 Methods
		17.4	 Case: The Operation and Challenges Faced by a Food Bank in the Municipality of São Paulo
		17.5	 Implications for Achieving the SDGs and an Agenda for Future Research
		References
Index