Water Encyclopedia - Domestic Municipal and Industrial Water Supply and Waste Disposal

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
ISBN 0471736872......Page 5
Municipal Water Supply......Page 6
Waste Water Treatment......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
ACKNOWLEGMENTS......Page 10
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 11
THE ARSENIC DRINKING WATER CRISIS IN BANGLADESH......Page 15
BOTTLED WATER......Page 17
CORROSION CONTROL IN DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS......Page 19
ECONOMICS OF RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMANDS......Page 26
GRAY WATER REUSE IN HOUSEHOLDS......Page 30
WATER AND HUMAN HEALTH......Page 33
NITRATE HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 44
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY—PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP......Page 56
METHODS OF REDUCING RADON IN DRINKING WATER......Page 65
WATER REUSE......Page 67
ROOF DRAINAGE HYDRAULICS......Page 68
SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS......Page 75
DOMESTIC SOLAR WATER HEATERS......Page 77
HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE......Page 81
VIRUS TRANSPORT IN THE SUBSURFACE......Page 84
WINDMILLS......Page 87
MIXING AND AGITATION IN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS......Page 90
ARSENIC IN NATURAL WATERS......Page 95
EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL COMPONENTS OF BIOFOULING......Page 97
THREAT AGENTS AND WATER BIOSECURITY......Page 101
GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON......Page 106
COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION OF SEVERAL ORGANICS AND HEAVY METALS ON ACTIVATED CARBON IN WATER......Page 121
A REAL-TIME HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR CITIES......Page 135
CHLORINE AND CHLORINE RESIDUALS......Page 141
MODELING CHLORINE RESIDUALS IN URBAN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS......Page 145
PARTICULATE MATTER REMOVAL BY COAGULATION......Page 151
SELECTIVE COAGULANT RECOVERY FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANT RESIDUALS USING THE DOMAIN MEMBRANE PROCESS......Page 153
PHYSICAL WATER CONDITIONING......Page 155
CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS......Page 159
WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES......Page 160
PREVENTING WELL CONTAMINATION......Page 163
CORROSION CONTROL......Page 166
CROSS CONNECTION AND BACKFLOW PREVENTION......Page 169
MOLECULAR-BASED DETECTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUMPARVUMIN WATER......Page 172
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM......Page 176
MEASURING CRYPTOSPORIDIUMPARVUM OOCYST INACTIVATION FOLLOWING DISINFECTION WITH ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT......Page 179
DECHLORINATION......Page 183
DESALINATION......Page 184
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH FILTRATION FOR DRINKING WATER......Page 188
EMERGING WATERBORNE INFECTIOUS DISEASES......Page 191
IMPROVING WATERBORNE DISEASE SURVEILLANCE......Page 197
DISINFECTANTS......Page 206
DISINFECTION......Page 210
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATION......Page 214
WATER QUALITY IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS......Page 218
DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS......Page 221
WHAT IS IN OUR DRINKING WATER?......Page 227
THE ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES ALLOCATION......Page 229
ANSWERING THE CHALLENGE......Page 232
KEY CAUSES OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY FAILURE IN A RURAL SMALL WATER SUPPLY OF SOUTH AFRICA......Page 235
FILTRATION......Page 240
WATER FILTRATION......Page 243
FILTRATION WITH GRANULAR MEDIA......Page 246
SLOW SAND FILTRATION AND THE IMPACT OF SCHMUTZDECKE......Page 249
MULTISTAGE DRINKING WATER FILTRATION......Page 251
MULTISTAGE FILTRATION: AN INNOVATIVE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY......Page 252
PARTICULATE MATTER REMOVAL BY FILTRATION AND SEDIMENTATION......Page 257
FILTRATION WATER TREATMENT......Page 259
SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL ORGANIC REMOVAL BY BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION......Page 262
GRANULAR BED AND PRECOAT FILTRATION......Page 263
FLOCCULATION......Page 266
FLUORIDATION......Page 268
GIARDIASIS......Page 271
GRAVITY SEPARATION/SEDIMENTATION......Page 273
WATER HAMMER......Page 275
HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMMONLY OCCURRING DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES......Page 278
HEALTH EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINANTS AND BIOTOXINS IN DRINKING WATER......Page 291
DRINKING WATER AND PUBLIC HEALTH PROTECTION......Page 295
1962 U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE STANDARDS......Page 306
ION EXCHANGE AND DEMINERALIZATION......Page 311
THE STATE OF THE WATER INDUSTRY—2004......Page 315
IRON AND MANGANESE REMOVAL......Page 326
EXTRATERRITORIAL LAND USE CONTROL TO PROTECT WATER SUPPLIES......Page 329
LEAK DETECTION AND WATER LOSS CONTROL......Page 331
LIME–SODA ASH PROCESSES......Page 334
LIME SOFTENING......Page 336
ION EXCHANGE—USE OF MAGNETIC ION EXCHANGE RESIN FOR DOC REMOVAL......Page 339
MEMBRANE FILTRATION......Page 345
WATER METERS......Page 351
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONCERNS OF DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS......Page 355
NITRIFICATION OF POTABLE WATER USING TRICKLING FILTERS......Page 360
ORGANIC REMOVAL......Page 364
OZONE......Page 368
OZONE–BROMIDE INTERACTIONS......Page 371
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY: OZONATION......Page 376
REVIEW OF PARASITE FATE AND TRANSPORT IN KARSTIC AQUIFERS......Page 379
PARTICULATE REMOVAL......Page 384
PHARMACEUTICALS IN WATER SYSTEMS......Page 386
POINT-OF-USE/POINT-OF-ENTRY SYSTEMS (POU/POE)......Page 392
ASSESSING THE BACTERICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF POLYDEX FOR THE DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER IN RURAL AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA......Page 396
PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION, MARKETING AND CORPORATE STRATEGIES IN MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE......Page 401
PUMPS......Page 405
RADIONUCLIDES......Page 409
USE OF REDOX POTENTIALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT......Page 413
REPAIRING DISTRIBUTION LINE BREAKS......Page 414
ROLE OF SMALL WATER RESERVOIRS IN ENVIRONMENT......Page 417
RESERVOIRS, TOWERS, AND TANKS DRINKING WATER STORAGE FACILITIES......Page 422
WATER TREATMENT PLANT RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT......Page 425
REVERSE OSMOSIS, PROCESS CHEMISTRY......Page 428
REVERSE OSMOSIS, MEMBRANE FOULANTS......Page 430
REVERSE OSMOSIS, MEMBRANE CLEANING......Page 433
APPLICATION OF RISK ASSESSMENTS IN CRAFTING DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS......Page 436
POTENTIAL RISKS OF WATERBORNE TRANSMISSION OF ESCHERICHIACOLI O157:H7......Page 443
SLOW SAND FILTRATION......Page 445
APPROACHES FOR SECURING A WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM......Page 448
WATER SECURITY: AN EMERGING ISSUE......Page 451
GUIDE TO SELECTION OF WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES......Page 453
SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT......Page 458
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION STORAGE TANKS......Page 462
SYSTEM CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA)......Page 463
SETTLING TANKS......Page 466
TREATMENT FOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS......Page 471
ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION......Page 480
ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION......Page 483
WATER DISINFECTION USING UV RADIATION—A SRI LANKAN EXPERIENCE......Page 485
DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (DWQS)-UNITED STATES......Page 490
VALVES......Page 496
REMOVAL OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND PROTOZOA......Page 499
WATER METER......Page 503
MUNICIPAL WATERSHEDS......Page 509
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY WORLD......Page 514
TEN KEY TRENDS THAT WILL SHAPE THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD WATER INDUSTRY......Page 522
ZEBRA MUSSEL CONTROL WITHOUT CHEMICALS......Page 524
PACKAGE PLANTS......Page 528
ANAEROBIC SEWAGE TREATMENT......Page 531
PERSISTENCE OF PATHOGENS IN WATER......Page 535
WELL HEAD PROTECTION......Page 538
CHEMICAL DRINKING WATER STANDARDS, PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE......Page 543
MAGNETIC WATER CONDITIONING......Page 548
WATER IMPACTS FROM CONSTRUCTION SITES......Page 551
INDUSTRIAL COOLING WATER—BIOFOULING......Page 552
INDUSTRIAL COOLING WATER—CORROSION......Page 556
INDUSTRIAL COOLING WATER—SCALE FORMATION......Page 559
ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMANDS......Page 563
ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS—EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS......Page 567
ENERGY DISSIPATION......Page 572
WATER USE IN ENERGY PRODUCTION......Page 574
EVALUATION OF TOXIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS BY ON-LINE RESPIROMETRY......Page 579
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS......Page 585
HYDROCARBON TREATMENT TECHNIQUES......Page 589
USE OF ANAEROBIC-AEROBIC TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR MAIZE PROCESSING PLANTS......Page 595
BONDING OF TOXIC METAL IONS......Page 600
APPLICATION OF MICROFILTRATION TO INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS......Page 605
WATER TREATMENT IN SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL STORAGE......Page 609
INDUSTRIAL MINE USE: MINE WASTE......Page 623
SUGARCANE INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS TREATMENT......Page 628
ESTIMATED USE OF WATER IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1990 INDUSTRIAL WATER USE......Page 634
AERATION......Page 637
FINE BUBBLE DIFFUSED AIR AERATION SYSTEMS......Page 640
AIR STRIPPING......Page 645
LAND APPLICATIONS OF WASTEWATER IN ARID LANDS: THEORY AND CASE STUDIES......Page 646
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM CONTAMINATED WATER SOURCES......Page 650
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND......Page 653
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TOOLS FOR MONITORING BIODIVERSITY IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS......Page 656
BIOSOLIDS......Page 660
INTEGRATED CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND WASTEWATER SANITATION......Page 665
WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION......Page 670
CHEMICALLY ENHANCED PRIMARY TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER......Page 673
GETTING OUR CLEAN WATER ACT TOGETHER......Page 674
INADEQUATE TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER: A SOURCE OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN RECEIVING SURFACE WATER BODIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES—CASE......Page 675
DENITRIFICATION IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS......Page 681
DETERGENTS......Page 683
ECOLOGICAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT......Page 689
WASTE TREATMENT IN FISH FARMS......Page 695
FLOTATION AS A SEPARATION PROCESS......Page 698
DEGRADATION OF CHLORO-ORGANICS AND HYDROCARBONS......Page 702
LANDFILL......Page 709
LANDFILL LEACHATES, PART I: ORIGIN AND CHARACTERIZATION......Page 713
LANDFILL LEACHATES: PART 2: TREATMENT......Page 716
MACROPHYTES AS BIOMONITORS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS......Page 728
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 732
MERCURY REMOVAL FROM COMPLEX WASTE WATERS......Page 736
METAL SPECIATION AND MOBILITY AS INFLUENCED BY LANDFILL DISPOSAL PRACTICES......Page 737
MICROBIAL FOAMING IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS......Page 742
INTRODUCTION TO WASTEWATER MODELING AND TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN......Page 744
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF WASTEWATER MODELING AND TREATMENT PLANT DESIGN......Page 752
NEW YORK CITY HARBOR SURVEY......Page 759
NITRIFICATION IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS......Page 765
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND THE NPDES PERMIT......Page 769
ODOR ABATEMENT IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS......Page 774
AQUEOUS REACTIONS OF SPECIFIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH OZONE......Page 779
THE FATE OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) IN THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS......Page 780
THE ROLE OF ORGANOCLAY IN WATER CLEANUP......Page 785
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW TREATMENT......Page 796
BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS......Page 802
PHOTOCATALYTIC MEMBRANE REACTORS IN WATER PURIFICATION......Page 805
EPA’S NATIONAL PRETREATMENT PROGRAM, 1973–2003: THIRTY YEARS OF PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 812
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING PIPE REPAIR AND RENEWAL......Page 815
RADIOACTIVE WASTE......Page 816
RECLAIMED WATER......Page 819
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES......Page 822
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES AND WATER REUSE......Page 828
WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE RESEARCH......Page 833
WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE......Page 839
WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY......Page 840
SEWAGE......Page 842
DOMESTIC SEWAGE......Page 844
SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION OF HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES......Page 849
WASTEWATER TREATMENT—SMALL SCALE......Page 854
MICROBIAL FOAMING AND BULKING IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS......Page 858
AQUEOUS BEHAVIOR OF ELEMENTS IN A FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SLUDGE DISPOSAL SITE......Page 862
SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL......Page 867
WASTEWATER SLUDGE......Page 875
PROCESSING OF SLUDGE......Page 878
MUNICIPAL STORM WATER MANAGEMENT......Page 880
WHAT WASTEWATER UTILITIES CAN DO NOW TO GUARD AGAINST TERRORIST AND SECURITY THREATS......Page 884
WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNIQUES—ADVANCED......Page 885
TRENCHLESS REPAIR AND REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES......Page 890
BASICS OF UNDERGROUND WATER AND SEWER PIPELINE ASSESSMENT, REPAIR, AND REHABILITATION......Page 897
WATER HAMMER: QUANTITATIVE CAUSES AND EFFECTS......Page 905
CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS......Page 906
USING ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TO TREAT MINE WASTEWATER IN IRELAND......Page 911
WATER AND WASTEWATER PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS......Page 914
ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT......Page 918
SEWERAGE ODORS—HOW TO CONTROL......Page 924
ULTRAFILTRATION—COMPLEXATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT......Page 930
A......Page 937
B......Page 939
C......Page 940
D......Page 943
E......Page 945
F......Page 946
H......Page 948
I......Page 949
L......Page 950
M......Page 951
N......Page 953
O......Page 954
P......Page 955
R......Page 957
S......Page 959
T......Page 961
U......Page 962
W......Page 963
X,Y,Z......Page 966