Water Conservation and Wastewater Treatment in BRICS Nations: Technologies, Challenges, Strategies and Policies

Chapter 1 - Water-related problem with special reference to global climate change in Brazil
	1.1 - Overview of Brazilian water resources
	1.2 - Major threats for conservation of Brazilian Amazonian water resources and aquatic biodiversity
		1.2.1 - Industrial and domestic effluents
		1.2.2 - Changes in land-use and deforestation
		1.2.3 - Petroleum hydrocarbon
		1.2.4 - Pesticides and herbicides
		1.2.5 - Global climate changes
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 2 - Water-related problems with special reference to global climate change in Russia
	Abstract
	Keywords
	2.1 - Introduction
	2.2 - Water resources and anthropogenic impacts in Russia
	2.3 - Climate change in Russia: trends and projections
	2.4 - Impacts on water-related economic sectors
	2.5 - Climatic risk management in Russia
	2.6 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 - Water-related problem with special reference to global climate change in India
	Abstract
	Keywords:
	3.1 - Introduction
	3.2 - Indian context on climate change and water
		3.2.1 - Climate change and precipitation
		3.2.2 - Climate change and Indian monsoon pattern
		3.2.3 - Climate change and glaciers of Himalaya
		3.2.4 - Climate change and groundwater resources
		3.2.5 - Climate change and drought and flood
	3.3 - Impact on agricultural economy
	3.4 - Indian context on climate change and water policies
	3.5 - Scientific simulation model for future prediction
		3.5.1 - The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) modeling
		3.5.2 - General Circulation Model or Global Climate Model (GCM)
		3.5.3 - Regional Climate Modeling (RCM)
		3.5.4 - ClimGen
		3.5.5 - Precipitation Runoff Modelling Systems (PRMS)
	3.6 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 - Water-related problems with special reference to global climate change in China
	4.1 - Global climate change and China’s water resources status
		4.1.1 - Global climate change and water vulnerability
		4.1.2 - The status of China’s water resources
		4.1.3 - The research history of the impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources
	4.2 - China’s water problem in the context of climate change
		4.2.1 - Climate change poses new challenges to China’s solutions to the water problem
		4.2.2 - The sensitivity of China’s water systems to climate change
		4.2.3 - Quantitative analysis of the impact of climate change on the measured runoff of typical rivers in China
	4.3 - Quantitative evaluation of the vulnerability of China’s water systems under climate change conditions
		4.3.1 - The concept and understanding of water resources vulnerability
		4.3.2 - Index system construction
		4.3.3 - Evaluation method
		4.3.4 - Evaluation conclusion
	4.4 - Future climate change trends in China and adaptive countermeasures
		4.4.1 - Possible future climate change trends
		4.4.2 - Climate change adaptive countermeasures
	References
Chapter 5 - Influence of global climate change on water resources in South Africa: toward an adaptive management approach
	5.1 - Introduction
	5.2 - State of water resources and their management in South Africa
		5.2.1 - Water availability
	5.3 - Water resource quality
		5.3.1 - Microbial pollution
		5.3.2 - Eutrophication
		5.3.3 - Salinization
		5.3.4 - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
	5.4 - Potential climate change impacts on water resources in South Africa
		5.4.1 - Impacts on surface water resources
		5.4.2 - Impacts on groundwater resources
		5.4.3 - Impacts on rainwater harvesting
	5.5 - Water security and governance in face of climate change risks
		5.5.1 - Transitions toward adaptive management of water in South Africa: sector-wide challenges and opportunities
		5.5.2 - Potential technologies in adaptation of the water sector to climate change
		5.5.3 - Climate smart agriculture
		5.5.4 - Recycling and reuse strategies
		5.5.5 - Desalination
		5.5.6 - Role of governance in adaptation to climate change
	5.6 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 - Recent trends and research strategies for treatment of water and wastewater in Russia
	6.1 - Introduction
	6.2 - Materials and methods
	6.3 - The Russian water supply and sanitation sector: key trends and uncertainties
	6.4 - Strategies for Russian water supply and sanitation companies
	6.5 - Policy recommendations for the governance of water resources
	6.6 - Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7 - Recent trends and research strategies for treatment of water and wastewater in India
	7.1 - Introduction
	7.2 - Water resources in India
		7.2.1 - Water demand
		7.2.2 - Water sources
		7.2.3 - Water supply
	7.3 - Water contaminants
	7.4 - Water treatment technologies
		7.4.1 - Thermal (heat-based) technologies
		7.4.2 - Solar disinfection
		7.4.3 - UV light technologies using lamps, including UV light-emitting diodes
		7.4.4 - Coagulation–flocculation and/or sedimentation
		7.4.5 - Chemical disinfection
			7.4.5.1 - Chlorination
			7.4.5.2 - Disinfection with iodine
			7.4.5.3 - Ozone disinfection
			7.4.5.4 - Disinfection by strong acids or bases
			7.4.5.5 - Silver- and copper-based disinfectants
		7.4.6 - Ion exchange
		7.4.7 - Filtration
			7.4.7.1 - Cloth filters
			7.4.7.2 - Ceramic filters
			7.4.7.3 - Granular media filters
			7.4.7.4 - Carbon adsorption
			7.4.7.5 - Ultrafiltration
			7.4.7.6 - Nanofiltration
			7.4.7.7 - Reverse osmosis
	7.5 - Treatment of wastewater
		7.5.1 - Primary treatment
			7.5.1.1 - Screening
			7.5.1.2 - Filtration
			7.5.1.3 - Centrifugal separation
			7.5.1.4 - Sedimentation and gravity separation
			7.5.1.5 - Floatation
		7.5.2 - Secondary treatment
			7.5.2.1 - Aerobic decomposition
			7.5.2.2 - Anaerobic decomposition
		7.5.3 - Tertiary treatment
			7.5.3.1 - Soil aquifer treatment
		7.5.4 - Use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture
		7.5.5 - Production of drinking water from wastewater
	7.6 - Technological advances in water purification technologies
	7.7 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 - Recent trends and research strategies for wastewater treatment in China
	8.1 - A definition of wastewater and an overview of wastewater in China
		8.1.1 - Definition of wastewater
		8.1.2 - Types of wastewater treatment in China
		8.1.3 - Commonly used methods in wastewater treatment
	8.2 - Advances in wastewater treatment technology and research in China
		8.2.1 - Process flow
		8.2.2 - Sludge disposal
		8.2.3 - Chlorination
		8.2.4 - Phosphorus and nitrogen removal
	8.3 - Methods and research progress in water treatment in different industries in China
		8.3.1 - Industrial field
			8.3.1.1 - Electroplating wastewater
			8.3.1.2 - Heavy metal wastewater
			8.3.1.3 - Grading
		8.3.2 - Domestic water
		8.3.3 - Environmental field
	8.4 - Characteristics and experience of wastewater treatment in China
		8.4.1 - Micro-electrolysis technology used in wastewater pretreatment
		8.4.2 - Research on ceramic membranes: from organic membranes to inorganic membranes
		8.4.3 - Combining water management and other administrative means to improve wastewater treatment efficiency
	8.5 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 - Recent trends and national policies for water provision and wastewater treatment in South Africa
	9.1 - Introduction
	9.2 - The human right to water in South Africa
	9.3 - Drinking water infrastructure in South Africa
	9.4 - Water services regulation framework in South Africa
	9.5 - Blue Drop Certification scheme
	9.6 - Overview of wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa
	9.7 - Wastewater reuse in South Africa
	9.8 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 - Government initiative and policies on water conservation and wastewater treatment in Brazil
	10.1 - Introduction
	10.2 - Historical and legal framework
	10.3 - National Policy of Water Resources – PNRH
		10.3.1 - Water resources plans
		10.3.2 - Framing of water bodies in classes of prevailing uses
		10.3.3 - Granting of rights to use water resources
		10.3.4 - Charge for the use of water resources
		10.3.5 - National Information System on Water Resources
	10.4 - Administrative aspects
	10.5 - Additional government initiatives
	References
Chapter 11 - Government initiative and policies on water conservation and wastewater treatment in Russia
	11.1 - Introduction
	11.2 - Materials and methods
	11.3 - Water infrastructure state and environmental issues
	11.4 - National regulation
	11.5 - Water supply and sanitation infrastructure management system
	11.6 - Tariff policy and financial standing of enterprises
	11.7 - Water meters
	11.8 - Mechanisms of public private partnership
	11.9 - Is it possible to increase tariffs?
	11.10 - Are there alternatives to unitary enterprises and concession?
	11.11 - Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Legislative and normative acts
Chapter 12 - The role of sustainable decentralized technologies in wastewater treatment and reuse in subtropical Indian con...
	12.1 - Introduction
	12.2 - Decentralized wastewater treatment: Case studies
		12.2.1 - Constructed wetlands
		12.2.2 - Rooftop wastewater treatment gardens
		12.2.3 - Zero liquid discharge technology for industry
	12.3 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 - An exploration of China’s practices in water conservation and water resources management
	13.1 - Introduction
	13.2 - The evolution of water resources management in China
		13.2.1 - Water resources management before the founding of the People’s Republic of China
		13.2.2 - Water resources management after the founding of the People’s Republic of China
			13.2.2.1 - Initial stage of water resources management (1949∼1977)
			13.2.2.2 - The water supply management stage (1978–1997)
			13.2.2.3 - The transitional stage of water demand management (1998∼2010)
			13.2.2.4 - The deepening reform stage of water resources management (2011∼)
	13.3 - The Most Stringent Water Resource Management System
		13.3.1 - Background
		13.3.2 - Implementation
		13.3.3 - The Four Systems structure
			13.3.3.1 - Total water consumption control system
			13.3.3.2 - Water use efficiency improvement system
			13.3.3.3 - The system on pollution carrying capacity in water functional zones
			13.3.3.4 - The accountability and appraisal supporting system
	13.4 - Achievements and major problems of water resources management in China
		13.4.1 - Achievements
		13.4.2 - Major problems
			13.4.2.1 - A flawed monitoring system
			13.4.2.2 - Incomplete reflection of regional differences
			13.4.3.3 - An inadequate legal system
	13.5 - Future trends in water resources management in China
		13.5.1 - A management philosophy focused on sustainability
		13.5.2 - A shift in the object of management
		13.5.3 - Management objectives focused on diversification
		13.5.4 - Management that combines administrative management and market forces
		13.5.5 - Management that is gradually refined
	13.6 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14 - Government initiatives and policies for water conservation and wastewater treatment in South Africa and indige...
	14.1 - Introduction
	14.2 - Water management: A driver of the Millennium Development Goals
	14.3 - Water legislation
		14.3.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
		14.3.2 The Water Services Act (Act 108 of 1997)
		14.3.3 The White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy
	14.4 - Government initiatives for water conservation
	14.5 - Wastewater treatment in South Africa
	14.6 - Indigenous knowledge and development
	14.7 - Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15 - Future prospects for the management of water resources in Russia using indigenous technical knowledge
	15.1 - Introduction
	15.2 - ITK conceptual framework
		15.2.1 - Origins of the ITK concept
		15.2.2 - Development of the ITK concept in Russia
	15.3 - Opportunities for integration of ITK into water resources management in Russia
		15.3.1 - Water supplies
		15.3.2 - Demographic structure
		15.3.3 - Regulatory environment
	15.4 - Case studies of ITK application to water resources management in Russia
		15.4.1 - Fishing in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District
		15.4.2 - Sea hunting in the Chukotka Autonomous District
		15.4.3 - Poaching in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District
	15.5 - Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 16 - Indigenous knowledge systems in sustainable water conservation and management
	16.1 - Introduction
	16.2 - Indigenous knowledge in water conservation and management: some examples
	16.3 - Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 17 - The future prospect of China’s independent R&D technology (ITK) in water resources utilization and wastewater ...
	17.1 - Introduction
	17.2 - The general situation of water resources in China
	17.3 - Problems in water resources utilization in China
	17.4 - Development of seawater utilization technology
		17.4.1 - Seawater desalination technology
		17.4.2 - Seawater cooling technology
		17.4.3 - Seawater desulfurization technology
		17.4.4 - Comprehensive utilization technology of seawater chemical resources
		17.4.5 - Marine water source heat pump technology
		17.4.6 - Seawater irrigation technology
		17.4.7 - Large-scale seawater technology
	17.5 - Development of industrial wastewater treatment technology
		17.5.1 - Coagulation-sedimentation method
		17.5.2 - Method of adsorption
			17.5.2.1 - Magnesium hydroxide
			17.5.2.2 - Activated Cellulose Carbon (ACF)
			17.5.2.3 - Chitosan and its derivatives
		17.5.3 - Biodegradation method
		17.5.4 - Ion exchange resin method
		17.5.5 - Advanced oxidation-biochemical coupling
		17.5.6 - Membrane separation technology
	17.6 - Development of domestic sewage treatment technology
		17.6.1 - Activated sludge process
		17.6.2 - Intermittent activated sludge process
		17.6.3 - Oxidation ditch process
		17.6.4 - A/A/O process
		17.6.5 - Application of membrane separation technology
		17.6.6 - Constructed wetland process
		17.6.7 - Stabilization pond system
	17.7 - Development of circulating cooling water treatment technology
		17.7.1 - Acidic formula
		17.7.2 - Polyphosphate
		17.7.3 - Organic phosphonic acid (ester)
		17.7.4 - Development of limited phosphorus formula
		17.7.5 - Copolymer scale inhibitor and dispersant
		17.7.6 - Special water treatment agent
Chapter 18 - Future prospective and possible management of water resources in respect to indigenous technical knowledge in ...
	18.1 - Introduction
	18.2 - Global water scarcity
	18.3 - Traditional knowledge systems (IKS)
	18.4 - Agriculture
	18.5 - Land and soil
	18.6 - Natural resource management
	18.7 - The South African perspective
	18.8 - Contribution of water to the South African economy
	18.9 - Indigenous knowledge and SA
	18.10 - Water management strategies in SA
	18.11 - Conclusion
	References