Water and Wastewater Engineering

Contents......Page 20
Preface......Page 12
1 The Design and Construction Processes......Page 30
1-2 Project Participants......Page 31
1-3 The Professional–Client Relationship and The Code of Ethics......Page 32
1-4 Responsible Care......Page 38
1-5 Overall Design Process......Page 39
1-6 Overall Construction Process......Page 48
1-7 Hints from the Field......Page 52
1-9 Problems......Page 53
1-10 Discussion Questions......Page 54
1-11 References......Page 55
2 General Water Supply Design Considerations......Page 58
2-1 Water Demand......Page 59
2-2 Water Source Evaluation......Page 64
2-3 Water Quality......Page 79
2-5 Plant Sizing and Layout......Page 94
2-7 Chapter Review......Page 96
2-8 Problems......Page 97
2-9 Discussion Questions......Page 102
2-10 References......Page 103
3 Intake Structures......Page 104
3-2 Design Elements......Page 105
3-3 Design Criteria......Page 111
3-4 Operational Considerations......Page 134
3-5 Operation and Maintenance......Page 137
3-6 Chapter Review......Page 138
3-7 Problems......Page 139
3-9 References......Page 144
4 Wells......Page 146
4-2 Design Elements......Page 147
4-3 Well Protection......Page 148
4-4 Well Design......Page 160
4-5 Chapter Review......Page 186
4-6 Problems......Page 187
4-8 References......Page 196
5 Chemical Handling and Storage......Page 198
5-3 Delivery, Handling, and Storage......Page 199
5-4 Chemical Feed and Metering Systems......Page 204
5-6 Materials Compatibility......Page 211
5-8 Operation and Maintenance......Page 214
5-9 Chapter Review......Page 218
5-10 Problems......Page 219
5-11 Discussion Questions......Page 221
5-12 References......Page 222
6 Coagulation and Flocculation......Page 224
6-1 Introduction......Page 225
6-2 Characteristics of Particles......Page 226
6-3 Coagulation Theory......Page 228
6-4 Coagulation Practice......Page 245
6-5 Flocculation Theory......Page 246
6-6 Mixing Theory......Page 247
6-7 Mixing Practice......Page 249
6-9 Chapter Review......Page 272
6-10 Problems......Page 273
6-11 Discussion Questions......Page 280
6-12 References......Page 281
7 Lime-Soda Softening......Page 284
7-1 Hardness......Page 285
7-2 Lime-Soda Softening......Page 289
7-3 Softening Processes......Page 294
7-4 Chemical Dosages Based on Stoichiometry......Page 298
7-5 Concurrent Removal of Other Constituents......Page 309
7-6 Process Configurations and Design Criteria......Page 310
7-8 Stabilization......Page 317
7-9 Chapter Review......Page 322
7-10 Problems......Page 323
7-11 Discussion Questions......Page 329
7-12 References......Page 330
8 Ion Exchange......Page 332
8-2 Fundamental Concepts of Ion Exchange......Page 333
8-3 Process Operation......Page 341
8-4 Ion Exchange Practice......Page 344
8-5 Operation and Maintenance......Page 355
8-7 Problems......Page 356
8-8 Discussion Question......Page 359
8-9 References......Page 360
9 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration......Page 362
9-1 Introduction......Page 363
9-2 Theory......Page 364
9-3 Properties of RO and NF Membranes......Page 367
9-4 RO and NF Practice......Page 369
9-6 Chapter Review......Page 379
9-7 Problems......Page 380
9-9 References......Page 381
10 Sedimentation......Page 384
10-2 Sedimentation Theory......Page 385
10-3 Sedimentation Practice......Page 403
10-4 Sedimentation Basin Design......Page 408
10-5 Operation and Maintenance......Page 421
10-6 Chapter Review......Page 422
10-7 Problems......Page 423
10-8 Discussion Questions......Page 426
10-9 References......Page 427
11 Granular Filtration......Page 428
11-2 An Overview of the Filtration Process......Page 429
11-3 Filter Media Characteristics......Page 432
11-4 Granular Filtration Theory......Page 436
11-5 Theory of Granular Filter Hydraulics......Page 439
11-6 Granular Filtration Practice......Page 447
11-7 Operation and Maintenance......Page 472
11-8 Chapter Review......Page 473
11-9 Problems......Page 474
11-10 Discussion Questions......Page 481
11-11 References......Page 482
12 Membrane Filtration......Page 484
12-1 Introduction......Page 485
12-2 Membrane Filtration Theory......Page 486
12-3 Properties of MF and UF Membranes......Page 490
12-4 MF and UF Practice......Page 496
12-6 Problems......Page 502
12-8 References......Page 504
13 Disinfection and Fluoridation......Page 506
13-2 Disinfection......Page 507
13-4 Fluoridation......Page 547
13-5 Operation and Maintenance......Page 551
13-6 Chapter Review......Page 552
13-7 Problems......Page 553
13-9 References......Page 560
14 Removal of Specific Constituents......Page 564
14-2 Arsenic......Page 565
14-3 Carbon Dioxide......Page 569
14-4 Fluoride......Page 571
14-5 Iron and Manganese......Page 574
14-6 Nitrate......Page 577
14-7 Natural Organic Material (NOM)......Page 578
14-8 Perchlorate......Page 581
14-9 Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDCs)......Page 583
14-10 Radionuclides......Page 584
14-11 Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)......Page 585
14-12 Taste and Odor (T&O)......Page 594
14-13 Chapter Review......Page 599
14-14 Problems......Page 600
14-16 References......Page 603
15 Water Plant Residuals Management......Page 608
15-1 Introduction......Page 609
15-2 Solids Computations......Page 610
15-3 Solids Production and Characteristics......Page 613
15-4 Minimization of Residuals Generation......Page 618
15-5 Recovery of Treatment Chemicals......Page 620
15-7 Management of Sludges......Page 622
15-8 Management of Liquid Residuals......Page 651
15-9 Disposal of Specific Residuals Constituents......Page 652
15-10 Ultimate Disposal......Page 656
15-11 Chapter Review......Page 658
15-12 Problems......Page 659
15-13 Discussion Questions......Page 664
15-14 References......Page 665
16 Drinking Water Plant Process Selection and Integration......Page 668
16-2 Process Selection......Page 669
16-3 Process Integration......Page 683
16-4 Security......Page 698
16-5 Chapter Review......Page 702
16-6 Problems......Page 703
16-8 References......Page 714
17 Storage and Distribution Systems......Page 716
17-2 Demand Estimates......Page 717
17-3 Service Pressures......Page 724
17-4 Pipe Network Design......Page 725
17-5 Storage Tank Design......Page 737
17-6 Pump Selection......Page 747
17-7 Network Analysis......Page 751
17-8 Sanitary Protection......Page 753
17-9 Chapter Review......Page 755
17-10 Problems......Page 756
17-11 Discussion Questions......Page 765
17-12 References......Page 766
18 General Wastewater Collection and Treatment Design Considerations......Page 768
18-1 Wastewater Sources and Flow Rates......Page 769
18-2 Wastewater Characteristics......Page 774
18-3 Wastewater Treatment Standards......Page 778
18-4 Sludge Disposal Regulations......Page 781
18-5 Plant Sizing and Layout......Page 787
18-7 Chapter Review......Page 789
18-8 Problems......Page 790
18-9 Discussion Questions......Page 794
18-10 References......Page 795
19 Sanitary Sewer Design......Page 796
19-1 Introduction......Page 797
19-3 Gravity Sewer Collection System Design......Page 804
19-4 Alternatives Sewers......Page 823
19-5 Pump Station Design......Page 826
19-6 Operation and Maintenance......Page 834
19-7 Sewer Safety......Page 835
19-8 Chapter Review......Page 836
19-9 Problems......Page 837
19-11 References......Page 843
20 Headworks and Preliminary Treatment......Page 846
20-2 Pump Station......Page 847
20-3 Flow Measurement......Page 850
20-4 Bar Racks and Screens......Page 854
20-5 Coarse Solids Reduction......Page 868
20-6 Grit Removal......Page 870
20-7 Flow Equalization......Page 881
20-8 Alternative Preliminary Process Arrangements......Page 891
20-9 Chapter Review......Page 892
20-10 Problems......Page 893
20-12 References......Page 897
21 Primary Treatment......Page 900
21-2 Sedimentation Theory......Page 901
21-3 Sedimentation Practice......Page 902
21-4 Sedimentation Basin Design......Page 905
21-5 Other Primary Treatment Alternatives......Page 924
21-6 Chapter Review......Page 925
21-7 Problems......Page 926
21-8 References......Page 929
22 Wastewater Microbiology......Page 932
22-3 Classification of Microorganisms......Page 933
22-4 Microbial Biochemistry......Page 935
22-5 Population Dynamics......Page 941
22-6 Decomposition of Waste......Page 946
22-7 Microbiology of Secondary Treatment Unit Processes......Page 947
22-8 Operation and Maintenance......Page 955
22-9 Chapter Review......Page 956
22-10 Problems......Page 957
22-12 References......Page 959
23 Secondary Treatment by Suspended Growth Biological Processes......Page 962
23-2 Processes for BOD Removal and Nitrification......Page 963
23-3 Processes for Denitrification......Page 969
23-4 Processes for Phosphorus Removal......Page 971
23-5 Biological Treatment with Membrane Separation......Page 973
23-6 Suspended Growth Design Principles......Page 975
23-7 Suspended Growth Design Practice......Page 1000
23-8 Membrane Bioreactor Design Practice......Page 1056
23-9 Chapter Review......Page 1059
23-10 Problems......Page 1060
23-11 Discussion Questions......Page 1070
23-12 References......Page 1074
24 Secondary Treatment by Attached Growth and Hybrid Biological Processes......Page 1078
24-2 Attached Growth Processes......Page 1079
24-3 Attached Growth Design Principles......Page 1081
24-4 Attached Growth Design Practice......Page 1083
24-5 Hybrid Processes......Page 1089
24-6 Chapter Review......Page 1091
24-7 Problems......Page 1092
24-8 References......Page 1093
25 Secondary Settling, Disinfection, and Postaeration......Page 1096
25-2 Secondary Settling......Page 1097
25-3 Disinfection......Page 1110
25-4 Postaeration......Page 1116
25-5 Chapter Review......Page 1117
25-6 Problems......Page 1118
25-7 Discussion Questions......Page 1119
25-8 References......Page 1120
26 Tertiary Treatment......Page 1122
26-2 Chemical Precipitation of Phosphorus......Page 1123
26-3 Granular Filtration......Page 1126
26-4 Membrane Filtration......Page 1131
26-5 Carbon Adsorption......Page 1133
26-6 Chapter Review......Page 1136
26-7 Problems......Page 1137
26-8 References......Page 1138
27 Wastewater Plant Residuals Management......Page 1140
27-1 Sludge Handling Alternatives......Page 1141
27-2 Sources and Characteristics of Solids and Biosolids......Page 1142
27-3 Solids Computations......Page 1145
27-4 Grit Handling and Sludge Pumping......Page 1150
27-5 Management of Solids......Page 1156
27-6 Storage and Thickening of Sludges......Page 1157
27-7 Alkaline Stabilization......Page 1162
27-8 Aerobic Digestion......Page 1166
27-9 Anaerobic Digestion......Page 1172
27-10 Sludge Conditioning......Page 1191
27-11 Dewatering......Page 1192
27-12 Alternative Disposal Techniques......Page 1197
27-13 Land Application and Biosolids......Page 1198
27-14 Chapter Review......Page 1199
27-15 Problems......Page 1200
27-16 References......Page 1207
28 Clean Water Plant Process Selection and Integration......Page 1210
28-2 Process Selection......Page 1211
28-3 Simulation Modeling......Page 1233
28-4 Process Integration......Page 1234
28-5 Chapter Review......Page 1240
28-6 Problems......Page 1243
28-7 References......Page 1245
Appendix A: Properties of Air, Water, and Selected Chemicals......Page 1246
Appendix B: U.S. Standard Sieve Sizes......Page 1256
Appendix C: Pipe, Fitting, and Valve Data......Page 1258
Appendix D: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ct Values for Disinfectants......Page 1266
A......Page 1276
B......Page 1277
C......Page 1278
D......Page 1280
F......Page 1282
H......Page 1284
I......Page 1285
L......Page 1286
M......Page 1287
N......Page 1288
P......Page 1289
R......Page 1291
S......Page 1292
T......Page 1296
W......Page 1297
Z......Page 1298