Natural and Enhanced Remediation Systems

HAZARDOUS WASTES POLLUTION AND EVOLUTION OF REMEDIATION. Introduction. The Concept of Risk. Evolution of Understanding of Fate and Transport in Natural Systems. Evolution of Remediation Technologies. CONTAMINANT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS. Introduction. Contaminant Characteristics. Environmental Characteristics. MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION. Approaches for Evaluating Natural Attenuation. Patterns vs. Protocols. Processes Affecting Natural Attenuation of Compounds. Monitoring and Sampling for Natural Attenuation. IN SITU REACTIVE ZONES. Engineered Anaerobic Systems. Engineered Aerobic Systems. In Situ Chemical Oxidation Systems. Nano-Scale Fe (0) Colloid Injection within an IRZ. PHYTOREMEDIATION. Chemicals in the Soil-Plant System. Types of Phytoremediation. Phytoremediation Design. CONSTRUCTED TREATMENT WETLANDS. Types of Constructed Wetlands. Microbial and Plant Communities of a Wetland. Treatment - Wetland Soils. Contaminant Removal Mechanisms. Treatment Wetlands for Groundwater Remediation. ENGINEERED VEGETATIVE LANDFILL COVERS. Historical Perspective on Landfill Practices. The Role of Caps in the Containment of Wastes. Conventional Landfill Covers. Landfill Dynamics. Alternative Landfill Cover Technology. Phyto-Cover Technology. Phyto-Cover Design. Cover System Performance. Example Application. Summary of Phyto-Cover Water Balance. General Phyto-Cover Maintenance Activities. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Schedule. Specific Operational Issues. APPENDICES.