Warriors or Peacekeepers?: Building Military Cultural Competence

Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Introduction: Culture and the Military
	References
Part I: The Value of Developing Cultural Competence in Military Leaders
	Cultural Intelligence as Part of an Officer’s Virtue
		Cultural Intelligence: A Concept That Attracts Much Attention
		Cultural Intelligence and Leadership
		Cultural Intelligence as a Type of “Virtue”
		The Education of Cultural Intelligence
		Conclusion
		References
	Civilians Under Attack: Diverging Threat Perspectives
		Characteristics of Contemporary Operational Environments
		Insecure Environments: The Threat as Context
			Violence as a Social Problem
		‘Appreciation of Adversaries, Friends and Neutrals’: The Threat as an Identifiable Actor
			Reds, Blues and Greens
			Violence as the Embodied (State) Enemy
		Opposing or Complementary Perspectives?
			Being Part of the Conflict Culture
			The Interpretation of Violent Cultures
			Two Sides of the Same Coin
		Conclusion
		References
	The Errors Clausewitz Made About Culture in War (and How a Clausewitzian Approach Can Solve Them)
		Clausewitz on Culture
		Peoples’ War and the “Trinity”
		Consequence for Theory
		References
Part II: Lessons Learned in Teaching Cultural Skills in Military Contexts
	Understanding Cultural Differences: The Limitations of ASCOPE/PMESII
		The Limits of ASCOPE/PMESII
		Realist Assumptions in Tactics
		The Question of Teaching Cultural Competence
		References
	Unlearning “Stranger Danger”: Developing Cultural Competence in Canadian Military Professionals Through Collective Learning and Self-Reflection
		Cultural and Institutional Barriers to Cultural Competence: The Canadian Case
		Learning Diversity in the Classroom: A Prerequisite for Cultural Competence
		Towards a Heutagogic Approach to Learning Cultural Competence
		Conclusion
		References
	Culture as Operational Enabler: Training Danish Officers to Understand the Interaction Between Cultural Dynamics and Military Operations
		Theoretical Perspectives: Developing a Practice-Oriented Approach to Culture
		Operational Culture and the Danish Defence College
		The Operational Culture Module
		The Evolution of the Module
			The First Module: 2013
			The Second Module from 2014–2015: Using Research-Based Culture Education
			The Third and Current Module: 2016
		Written Assignments, Games, and the Outdoor Classroom
		Lessons Learned from the ‘Culture as Operational Enabler’ Module
		References
	Combining the Teaching of Intelligence, Arabic, and Culture at the Norwegian Defence Intelligence School
		The Norwegian Defence Intelligence School
		Teaching a Language—Learning a Culture
		Critical Cultural Thinking as Intelligence Decision Support
		Teaching Arabic and Arabic Culture at NORDIS
		Train as You Write: Putting Intelligence Theory into Culturally Aware Practice
		Cultural Intelligence or Intelligence Culture? Integrating the Two Disciplines
		Conclusion
		References
	Intercultural Competencies in the Bundeswehr: Officer Training and Mission Realities
		Methods and Data
		Context: Bundeswehr Missions and the Concept of the ‘Innere Führung’
		Intercultural Competency Training and Education in the Bundeswehr: Structural Challenges
		Challenges in the Classroom: ICC Education at the Command and Staff College
		Challenges in the Field: Mission Experiences and Intercultural Challenges in Afghanistan
		The Continuum: From Rejection to Total Adaptation
		Conclusion
		References
	Teaching Gender, Teaching Culture: A Comparative Study of Gendered Dilemmas in Culturally Complex Situations
		The Interface Between Culture and Gender
		Cultural Competencies and the Review of a Previous Study
		Method: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
			The Afghan Case
			The Paraguayan Case
			Feedback Protocols
			Measurements
		Results
			Observations in the Dutch Classroom
			Observations from the Argentinean Classroom
			Evaluative Questions: Teaching Gendered Dilemmas in Culturally Complex Situations
			Strategies for Dealing with Gender in Culturally Complex Situations
			Comparing Cultural Competencies
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Organizational Change: When Military Culture Meets Cultural Competence
	Anthropology in the Bunker: Teaching Transcultural War at the US Naval War College
		An Irrelevant Discipline
		Cycles of Disregard
		Anthropology in the Bunker
		Conclusion
		References
	Redefining the Past to Become the Present: Culture Policy and U.S. Marine Corps Recruit Training
		Military Culture, Organizational Change and Policy Implementation
		Method
		Culture Policy, the Marine Corps and the Struggle for Autonomy
		Recruiting and Building Culturally Competent Marines—Devil Dog Style
			Recruiting the Fierce Warrior Who Delivers Humanitarian Aid
			Training the Honorable Marine at Parris Island Recruit Depot
			Values-Based Training at the Depots
			The Battle Over the Crucible
		Conclusion
		References
	Teaching Cultural Competence: Lessons Learned from Seven Countries
		Teaching Culture at the Individual Level
			What Should Military Students Learn?: The Culture Curriculum
			Who Should Receive Culture Education?: The Student
			How Should Culture Be Taught?: The Methodology
		Teaching Culture at the Institutional Level
Index