Volcanic Debris Avalanches: From Collapse to Hazard

Foreword
Contents
About the Editors
1 Volcanic Debris Avalanches: Introduction and Book Structure
	Abstract
	Acknowledgements
	References
2 A Historical Perspective on Lateral Collapse and Volcanic Debris Avalanches
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Regional Case Studies
		2.1 Africa
		2.2 New Zealand
		2.3 Papua New Guinea
		2.4 Indonesia
			2.4.1 Galunggung
			2.4.2 Papandayan
			2.4.3 Raung
		2.5 Japan
			2.5.1 Bandai
			2.5.2 Yatsugatake
			2.5.3 Unzen
		2.6 Kamchatka and Kurils
			2.6.1 Bezymianny
			2.6.2 Shiveluch
			2.6.3 Kharimkotan
		2.7 Alaska and Cascade Range
			2.7.1 Mageik
			2.7.2 Augustine
			2.7.3 Shasta
			2.7.4 Chaos Crags
		2.8 Mexico
		2.9 South America
			2.9.1 Chimborazo
			2.9.2 San Pedro
			2.9.3 Socompa
			2.9.4 Tata Sabaya
		2.10 Submarine Debris-Avalanche Deposits from Oceanic Shield Volcanoes
	3 Post-1980 Research
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Deposits
		4.2 Source Areas
		4.3 Lateral Collapse Spectrum
	5 Summary
	Acknowledgements
	References
3 Terminology and Strategy to Describe Large Volcanic Landslides and Debris Avalanches
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Definitions of the Phenomena
		2.1 The Initiation Phase
			2.1.1 Eyewitness, Time-Scale, Dimension, and Definition
			2.1.2 Terminology
		2.2 The Transport Phase
			2.2.1 Eyewitness, Time-Scale, Dimension, and Definition
			2.2.2 Terminology
	3 Descriptive Strategy for the Volcanic Landslide Scar
		3.1 Terminology
		3.2 Metrics
		3.3 Morphology
		3.4 Geological Elements and Distinction from Other Volcanic Depressions
	4 Descriptive Strategy for the Volcanic Debris Avalanche Deposit
		4.1 Terminology of the Fundamental Elements
		4.2 Deposit Facies
			4.2.1 First-Order Classification
			4.2.2 Lithology
		4.3 Deposit Structures
			4.3.1 Basal Structures
			4.3.2 Internal Structures
			4.3.3 Topography
		4.4 Metrics and Morphology
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Distribution and Geometric Parameters of Volcanic Debris Avalanche Deposits
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 New Global Database for VDADs
		2.1 Global Distribution of VDADs
		2.2 Recurrence Intervals of VDADs Since 1500 AD
	3 Deposit Morphometric Characteristics Scheidegger (1973)
	4 Summary and Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
5 Factors Contributing to Volcano Lateral Collapse
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Instability Factors
		2.1 Basement, Tectonics, and Faults
		2.2 Sloping Substrate and Gravitational Spreading
		2.3 Hydrothermal Alteration
		2.4 Dikes and Magma Intrusions
		2.5 Past and Present Climate Implications
	3 The Instability of Volcanic Islands
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
6 Climatic Influence on Volcanic Landslides
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Climatic Variability
		2.1 Quaternary Paleoclimate and Its Drivers
			2.1.1 Glacial Periods
			2.1.2 Interglacial Periods
		2.2 Near-Future Climate Trends
	3 Landslide Ages and Uncertainties
		3.1 Dating Terrestrial Volcanic Landslides
		3.2 Dating Volcanic Island Landslides
	4 Climatic Drivers of Landslides and Field Examples
		4.1 Volcanic Flank and Edifice Collapse
		4.2 Shallow Volcanic Landslides and Debris Flows
		4.3 Volcanic Islands Landslides
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
7 Volcanic Debris Avalanche Transport and Emplacement Mechanisms
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Morphological Features
		2.1 Hummocks, Ridges, and Flowbands
		2.2 Faults and Folds
	3 Processes Acting During VDA Emplacement
		3.1 Disintegration, Dynamic Fragmentation, and Mechanical Fluidization
		3.2 Substrate Entrainment and Deformation
			3.2.1 Matrix Mobility
	4 Flow Regimes and Emplacement Mechanisms
		4.1 Plug Flow in Valley-Confined Settings
			4.1.1 The Iwasegawa and Kaida VDADs
			4.1.2 Initiation and Transport
			4.1.3 Topographic Runout Conditions
			4.1.4 Summary
		4.2 Translational Slide
			4.2.1 Socompa, Mombacho, Parinacota and Iriga VDADs
			4.2.2 Substrate Deformation and Eventual Flank Collapse
			4.2.3 Observations from Analogue Experiments
			4.2.4 Influence of Localised Topography
			4.2.5 Summary
		4.3 Sliding Along Multiple Shear Zones
			4.3.1 The Pungarehu VDAD
			4.3.2 Progressive Disaggregation, Lithology, and Strength Stratification of Source Materials
			4.3.3 Summary
	5 Formation of Flowbands and Digitate Deposit Shapes
		5.1 Tutupaca and Other VDADs
		5.2 Analogue Experiments of VDA Related Granular Flows
		5.3 Hypotheses on Flowband Formation (Finger Morphology)
	Sec29
		6.1 Dewatering and Transition into Lahar
		6.2 Secondary Slides
	Sec32
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Sedimentology of Volcanic Debris Avalanche Deposits
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Source Characteristics
	3 Characteristics of Volcanic Debris Avalanche Deposits
		3.1 Surficial Geomorphic Features
		3.2 Components of VDADs
		3.3 Proximal to Distal Variations in Depositional Features
			3.3.1 Nomenclature
		3.4 Relationship of VDA Trigger and Composition
		3.5 Distinction from Deposits of Non-Volcanic Dry Landslides
	4 From Outcrop to Micro-Textural Analysis
		4.1 Grain Size Distributions of VDADs
		4.2 Grain Shape Analyses
		4.3 Microtextural Analysis
		4.4 Imaging 3D Microfabrics
		4.5 Reconstructing Flow Directions and Cataclasis
	5 Transformation of VDA(D) into Lahar
		5.1 Direct Transformation of VDAs into Cohesive Debris Flows
		5.2 Post-Emplacement Debris-Flow Generation
		5.3 Debris Flows from Different Volcano-Related Processes
			5.3.1 Reworking of VDADs
			5.3.2 Debris Flows Associated with Crater Lakes and Eruptive Activity
			5.3.3 Debris Flows Generated from VDAD Dams
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
9 Volcanic Debris-Avalanche Deposits in the Context of Volcaniclastic Ring Plain Successions—A Case Study from Mt. Taranaki
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Mt. Taranaki
		2.1 Geological Setting and Eruptive Products
		2.2 Paleogeomorphology of the Taranaki Peninsula
	3 Ring Plain Stratigraphy and Lithofacies Elements
		3.1 Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Characteristics of Mt. Taranaki Debris-Avalanche Deposits
		3.2 Lahar (Debris-Flow and Hyperconcentrated-Flow) and Fluvial Deposits
		3.3 Primary Volcanic Deposits (Lavas, Tephras and Pyroclastic Flow Deposits)
		3.4 Aeolian Sands, Marine Terraces, Peats and Paleosols
	4 Characterisation of Paleo-River Systems and Lahar Channels
		4.1 The Opunake and Lizzie Bell Paleo-River Systems
	5 Summary of Mt. Taranaki Field Evidence
	6 Frequency of Volcanic Mass-Flows
	7 Factors Influencing Ring Plain Accumulation
	8 Volcaniclastic Ring Plain Successions Elsewhere
		8.1 Active and Quaternary Volcanoes
			8.1.1 Mount St. Helens and Cascade Volcanoes, USA
			8.1.2 Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand
			8.1.3 Campanian Plain and Vulsini/Vico Volcanic Districts, Italy
		8.2 Ancient Successions
			8.2.1 Cascade Range, USA
			8.2.2 Börzsöny Mountains, Pannonian Basin, Hungary
			8.2.3 Honshu, Japan
			8.2.4 Older Examples
	9 Summary and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
10 Volcanic-Island Lateral Collapses and Their Submarine Deposits
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Volcanic-Island Flank Collapses: An Overview of Global Observations
	3 Methods and Data Types Available for Offshore Investigations of Lateral-Collapse Deposits
	4 Historical Volcanic-Island Collapses
	5 Failure and Emplacement Processes
		5.1 Deposit Morphological Characteristics
		5.2 Evidence of Substrate Interaction, Deformation and Secondary Failure
		5.3 Volume Reconstructions and Primary-Failure Dimensions
	6 Timing, Triggers and Differences Between Volcano-Tectonic Settings
		6.1 Driving Factors and Collapse Timing
		6.2 Turbidites and Multi-stage Versus En-Masse Collapse
	7 Tsunami Hazards from Volcanic-Island Lateral Collapses
	8 Summary and Future Research Directions
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Computer Simulation of a Volcanic Debris Avalanche from Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Computer Simulation of Volcanic Debris Avalanches
	3 Geological Setting of Mt. Taranaki/Egmont Volcano
	4 Debris Avalanche Nomenclature
	5 The Opua Formation
		5.1 Granulometry
		5.2 Microcracks
		5.3 Geomorphology
		5.4 Hummocks/Mounds Distribution
			5.4.1 Opua 1
			5.4.2 Opua 2
			5.4.3 Opua 3
			5.4.4 Opua 4
		5.5 Density Map of Mounds
	6 Titan2D Modelling
		6.1 Titan2D Application
		6.2 Titan2D Results
	7 Discussion
		7.1 Mound Formation
		7.2 Concept of Emplacement
		7.3 Titan2D Comparison
	8 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
12 Cyclic Growth and Destruction of Volcanoes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Growth and Collapse Cycles at Stratovolcanoes
	3 Debris-Avalanche Frequency, Magnitude and Distribution at Repeatedly Collapsing Volcanoes
		3.1 Mt. Taranaki (Egmont Volcano)
			3.1.1 Setting
			3.1.2 Debris-Avalanche Record
		3.2 Mt. Ruapehu
			3.2.1 Setting
			3.2.2 Debris-Avalanche Record
		3.3 Augustine Volcano
			3.3.1 Setting
			3.3.2 Debris-Avalanche Record
		3.4 Shiveluch Volcano
			3.4.1 Setting
			3.4.2 Debris-Avalanche Record
		3.5 Colima Volcanic Centre
			3.5.1 Setting
			3.5.2 Debris-Avalanche Record
		3.6 Stromboli Volcano
			3.6.1 Setting
			3.6.2 Debris-Avalanche Record
		3.7 Other Examples
	4 Relationship Between Magmatic Processes and Edifice Failures
		4.1 Collapse-Induced Changes in Volcanic Activity
		4.2 Interactions Between Failures and Explosive Eruptions
		4.3 Relationship Between Tectonics, Intrusions and Edifice Failure/instability
		4.4 Implications for Growth and Collapse Cycles at Repeatedly Collapsing Volcanoes
			4.4.1 Shiveluch
			4.4.2 Stromboli
			4.4.3 Colima Volcanic Complex
			4.4.4 Mt. Taranaki
			4.4.5 Mt. Ruapehu
	5 Correlation of Edifice Failures with Prevailing Climate Conditions
	6 Long-Term Edifice Growth Rates and Collapse Return Intervals
	7 The Role of Trigger Mechanism for Collapse Frequency and Volume
	8 Hazard Implications of Cyclic Growth and Collapse
	9 Summary and Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References