Vitellogenin in Fishes- Diversification, Biological Properties, and Future Perspectives

Foreword I
Foreword II
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
1: Vitellogenin: Outline and History
	1.1	 Introduction
		1.1.1	 History and Evolution
	1.2	 Vitellogenins in Male Fish
	1.3	 Chemical Composition of Vitellogenin
		1.3.1	 Isolation of Vitellogenins
		1.3.2	 Quantification of Vitellogenins
			1.3.2.1	 Synthesis and Expression of Vitellogenins in Fishes
			1.3.2.2	 Lipidation
			1.3.2.3	 Glycosylation
			1.3.2.4	 Transfer and Uptake of Proteins to Oocytes
			1.3.2.5	 Changes in Liver Cells and Its Organelles
		1.3.3	 Localization of Vitellogenins
			1.3.3.1	 Response of Vitellogenin to Hormones
	1.4	 Immunogenicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Vitellogenins
	1.5	 Antioxidant Activity of Vitellogenins
	1.6	 Response of Vitellogenins to Contaminants and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
		1.6.1	 Retinoids and Carotenoids
		1.6.2	 Vitellogenins in Aquaculture
	1.7	 The Role of Ascorbic Acid in Vitellogenesis
	1.8	 Sex Identification in Fishes by Vitellogenins
	1.9	 Vitellogenins as Carrier Compound
	1.10	 Application of Vitellogenins
	References
2: Previtellogenesis and Vitellogenesis
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Previtellogenesis
	2.3	 Vitellogenesis
	2.4	 Vitellogenesis and Previtellogenesis in Invertebrate
	2.5	 Vitellogenesis and Previtellogenesis in Vertebrates
	2.6	 Synthesis of Vitellogenin
	2.7	 Mode of Action
	2.8	 Conclusion
	References
3: Diversification and Classification of Vitellogenin in Fishes
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 General Characteristic of Vitellogenins
	3.3	 Diversification and Classification of Vitellogenin
	3.4	 Classification of Vitellogenin Based on Degradation
		3.4.1	 Single Vtg Model
		3.4.2	 Multiple Vtg Model
	3.5	 Formation of Vitellogenin
	3.6	 Cleaving or Degradation of Vitellogenin
		3.6.1	 The First Proteolysis
		3.6.2	 The Second Proteolysis
		3.6.3	 The Third Proteolysis
	3.7	 Classification of Vtg Based on Phosvitin
		3.7.1	 Classification Based on Molecular Evolution of Vtgs
	3.8	 Distribution of Diverse Vitellogenin in Different Fishes
		3.8.1	 Distribution of Vitellogenin Within the Fish Body
		3.8.2	 Distribution of Vitellogenin Proteins in Intraovarian Embryo
	3.9	 Conclusion
	References
4: State of the Art of Multiple Vitellogenin System in Fishes
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 General Process of Vitellogenesis
	4.3	 Vitellogenesis in Fish
	4.4	 Detection of Fish Vitellogenin
	4.5	 Multiplicity of Vitellogenin
	4.6	 Conclusion
	References
5: Tools for Identification and Characterization of Vitellogenin in Fishes
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Vtg Synthesis
	5.3	 Structure, Expression, and Activation of Vtg
	5.4	 Molecular Cloning of Vtg Genes
	5.5	 Tools for Identification and Characterization of Vtg
	5.6	 Conclusion and Future Perspectives of Vtg
	References
6: Functional Aspects of Vitellogenin in Oogenesis and Its Regulatory Mechanism
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Identifies the Egg Type and Reproduction Mode
	6.3	 Eggs and Embryos Get Free Amino Acids from Vtgs and Yps
	6.4	 Vitellogenin Functioning as Lipid and Mineral Transporting Agents
	6.5	 In Eggs and Embryos, Vtgs and Yps Are Maternal Immune-Related Factors
	6.6	 Vtgs and Yps Are Antioxidant Reagents in Eggs and Embryos
	6.7	 Alternative Functions of Vitellogenins
	6.8	 Regulatory Mechanism of Vitellogenin Synthesis
	6.9	 Hormonal Regulation of Vitellogenesis in Fishes
	6.10	 The Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis
	6.11	 Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis (HPG)
		6.11.1	 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones (GnRH)
		6.11.2	 Gonadotropins (GTH)
		6.11.3	 Gonadal Hormones
	6.12	 Molecular Regulation of Vitellogenesis
	6.13	 Conclusion
	References
7: Role of Vitellogenin as Immunocompetent Molecule
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Classification
	7.3	 Occurrence of Vitellogenin
	7.4	 Maternal Immunity in Fishes
	7.5	 Vitellogenin: An Immunocompetent Protein
	7.6	 Vitellogenin as PAMP Recognition Molecule
	7.7	 Vitellogenin as Defense Molecule
	7.8	 Antibacterial Potential of Vitellogenin
	7.9	 Antiviral
	7.10	 Antioxidant
	7.11	 Conclusion
	References
8: Vitellogenesis and Reproductive Strategies in Fishes
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Vitellogenesis
	8.3	 Vitellogenin
	8.4	 Vitellogenin as a Defense Molecule
	8.5	 Fish Reproduction
	8.6	 Reproductive Strategies in Fishes
	8.7	 Hormones Involved in Fish Reproduction
	8.8	 Factors Affecting Reproduction in Fishes
		8.8.1	 Spermatogenesis
		8.8.2	 Sperm Quality
	8.9	 Factors Affecting Sperm Quality in Fishes
		8.9.1	 Oogenesis
		8.9.2	 Ovarian Maturation and Yolk Formation
		8.9.3	 Egg Yolk Composition
		8.9.4	 Quality of Egg
		8.9.5	 Factors Affecting the Egg Quality
	8.10	 Conclusion and Future Aspects
	References
9: Vitellogenin: As a Hormone
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Biological Actions of Growth Hormone in Fish
	9.3	 Nomenclature and Classification of Vitellogenin
	9.4	 Chemistry of Vitellogenins and Egg Yolk
	9.5	 Vitellogenin Structure and Product YPs
	9.6	 Regulation of Vitellogenesis
	9.7	 Endocrine Control of Vitellogenesis
	9.8	 Novel Functions of Vitellogenins
	9.9	 Applications and Perspectives of Vitellogenesis
	References
10: Vitellogenin Is a Biomarker
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Vitellogenesis in Fish
	10.3	 Variations in Vtg
	10.4	 Role of Vitellogenin in Immune Factors
	10.5	 The Effect of Endocrine Disruptors on Fish Reproduction
	10.6	 Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption
	10.7	 Biomarkers for EDC Assessments
	10.8	 Biomarker for Environmental Estrogens
	10.9	 Biomarker Properties
	10.10	 Vitellogenin (Vtg) Is a Biomarker for Estrogenic Activity Determination
	10.11	 Detection of Estrogenic Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
	10.12	 Methods of Vitellogenin Detection
		10.12.1 Indirect Method
		10.12.2 Immunological Methods
		10.12.3 Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion
		10.12.4 Mancini Method (Single Radial Immunodiffusion)
		10.12.5 Sensitive High-Throughput Immunoassays
		10.12.6 Nucleic Acid-Based Methods
	10.13	 Environmental Impact Analysis by Vtg Biomarker
	10.14	 Conclusions
	References
11: Fish Vitellogenin Induction and Its Related Egg Yolk Protein
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Egg Yolk Protein
	11.3	 Egg Shell Protein
	11.4	 Fish Vitellogenin
	11.5	 Fish Vitellogenin Induction in Egg Yolk Protein
	11.6	 Conclusion
	References
12: Vitellogenin Receptor in Fishes
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Vitellogenin in Fishes
	12.3	 Vitellogenin Receptor in Fishes
	12.4	 Conclusion
	References
13: Molecular Cloning and Induction of Vitellogenesis
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in Aquatic Environments
	13.3	 Induction of Vtg
	13.4	 Induction of Vtg by 17β-Estradiol
	13.5	 Induction of Vtg by Bisphenol-A
	13.6	 Molecular Cloning Aspects of Vtg Induction
	13.7	 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
14: Significance of Vitellogenin in Egg Yolk Production and Egg Quality
	14.1	 Vitellogenin
	14.2	 Significance of Vitellogenin in Fish Egg Yolk Production
	14.3	 Factors Affecting the Functions of Vitellogenin
	14.4	 Factors Involved in Enhancement of Vitellogenin in Fish
	14.5	 Conclusion
	References
15: Concentration of Vitellogenin and Disruption of the Endocrine System in Fish
	15.1	 Introduction
	15.2	 Vitellogenin
	15.3	 Concentration of Vitellogenin
	15.4	 Endocrine System of Fish
	15.5	 Endocrine Disruption in Fish
	15.6	 Endocrine Disruptors
	15.7	 Conclusion
	References
16: Biological Activities of Vitellogenin and Its Mechanism
	16.1	 Introduction
	16.2	 Vitellogenin
	16.3	 Biological Activities of Vitellogenin
	16.4	 Immune-Relevant Activities of Vtg
	16.5	 Antimicrobial-Relevant Activities
	16.6	 Antioxidant-Relevant Activities
	16.7	 Reproductive-Relevant Activity
	16.8	 Mechanism of Vitellogenin
	16.9	 Conclusion
	References
17: Multivalent Properties of Vitellogenin in Marine and Freshwater Fishes
	17.1	 Introduction
	17.2	 Significance of Vitellogenin Studies
	17.3	 From: Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, 1996
	17.4	 Characterization of Fish Vitellogenin
	17.5	 Classification of Vitellogenin
	17.6	 Endocrine Control of Vitellogenesis
	17.7	 Function of Vitellogenin (Vtg) in Ovarian Follicles and Embryonic Development
	17.8	 Strategies for Endocrine Disruption in Fish Reproduction
	17.9	 The Role of Estrogen and Its Receptors in Vitellogenesis Regulation
	17.10	 Role of Vitellogenin and Its Receptor in Fish Reproduction
	17.11	 Vitellogenin as a Biomarker for Endocrine Disruption in Aquatic Environments
	17.12	 Our Studies on Vitellogenin Expression in Fish Exposed to Estrogenic Compounds
	References
18: Effect of Vitellogenin in the Growth of Ornamental Fishes
	18.1	 Introduction
	18.2	 Vitellogenesis
	18.3	 The Abundance of Fish Vitellogenins
	18.4	 Composition of Egg Yolks and Diet of Broodstock
	18.5	 Role of Vitellogenins in Ornamental Fish
	18.6	 Oocyte Competence Acquisition
	18.7	 Oocyte Maturation
	18.8	 Stress and Ovarian Atresia
	18.9	 Experimental Evaluation of Vitellogenin as a Predictive Biomarker for Reproductive Disruption
	18.10	 Future Research Directions
	References
19: Future Prospective of Vitellogenin Research
	19.1	 Introduction
	19.2	 Chronicles of Vitellogenin
	19.3	 Vitellogenin in Fishes
	19.4	 Types of Vitellogenin
	19.5	 Functions of Vtg
	19.6	 Vtg as Biomarker
	19.7	 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDC)
	19.8	 Implications of the Study
		19.8.1	 Immune Role of Vtg
	19.9	 Impact of EDC on Reproduction
	19.10	 Multiplicity of Vtg
	19.11	 Knock Out of Multiple Vtg
	19.12	 Binding Affinity of Vtg and Its Receptor
	19.13	 Role of Vtg as Biomarker
	19.14	 Advance Technologies Used to Improve Egg Quality
	19.15	 Oil Globules in Embryo Development
	19.16	 Future Prospective
		19.16.1	 Vitellogenesis Process
		19.16.2	 EDC-Based Studies
		19.16.3	 Generation of Multiple Vtg Model
		19.16.4	 Binding Affinity to Vtg Receptors
		19.16.5	 Vtg Act as Biomarker
	19.17	 Advance Technologies for Egg Quality Improvement
	19.18	 Coupling Vtg Model to Bioenergetic Model
	19.19	 Conclusion
	References