Visible Light Communication Based Indoor Localization

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Visible Light Communication
	2.1 System Model
		2.1.1 Transmitter
		2.1.2 Receiver
		2.1.3 Channel
	2.2 Modulation Techniques
	2.3 Noise Characteristic
Chapter 3: Positioning Algorithms and Systems
	3.1 Positioning Algorithms
		3.1.1 Triangulation
		3.1.2 Lateration
			3.1.2.1 Time-based Distance Estimation
			3.1.2.2 Distance Estimation Based on Signal Attenuation
		3.1.3 Angulation
		3.1.4 Scene Analysis
		3.1.5 Proximity
	3.2 Indoor Positioning Systems
		3.2.1 Assisted-GPS
		3.2.2 Bluetooth
		3.2.3 Radio Frequency Identification
		3.2.4 Geo-Magnetism
		3.2.5 Ultra-Wideband
		3.2.6 Wireless Local Area Network
		3.2.7 Inertial Navigation System
		3.2.8 Zigbee
		3.2.9 Visible Light Communication
Chapter 4: Visible Light Positioning Systems
	4.1 System Configuration and Channel Access Method
		4.1.1 Time Division Multiple Access
		4.1.2 Basic Framed Slotted ALOHA
	4.2 Positioning Algorithm for 2-D Scenario
	4.3 Linear Least Square Estimation
	4.4 Positioning Algorithm for a 3-D Scenario
Chapter 5: Filtering Techniques in Positioning
	5.1 Kalman Filter
		5.1.1 Derivation of Kalman Filter
		5.1.2 Kalman Filter in 2-D and 3-D Scenarios
	5.2 Particle Filter
		5.2.1 Principle of Particle Filter
		5.2.2 Particle Filter in 2-D and 3-D Scenarios
	5.3 Gaussian Mixture Sigma-Point Particle Filter
		5.3.1 Principle
		5.3.2 GM-SPPF in 2-D and 3-D Scenarios
	5.4 Positioning Performance and Discussions
Chapter 6: Three-Dimensional Positioning Based on Nonlinear Estimation and Multiple Receivers
	6.1 3-D Positioning Based on Nonlinear Estimation
		6.1.1 Trust Region Reflective Algorithm
		6.1.2 3-D Positioning Algorithm
		6.1.3 Simulation and Results
	6.2 3-D Positioning Based on Multiple Receivers
		6.2.1 3-D Positioning Algorithms
			6.2.1.1 Received Signal Strength Method
			6.2.1.2 Angle of Arrival Method
			6.2.1.3 Combined RSS and AoA Using Multiple Receivers
		6.2.2 Simulation and Results
Chapter 7: Impact of Multipath Reflections
	7.1 Impulse Response
	7.2 Deterministic Approach
	7.3 MMC Approach
	7.4 CDMMC Method
	7.5 Analysis of Impulse Response
	7.6 Power Intensity Distribution Analysis
	7.7 Positioning Accuracy
	7.8 Calibration Approaches
		7.8.1 Nonlinear Estimation
		7.8.2 Selection of LED Signals
		7.8.3 Decreasing the Distance Between LED Bulbs
Chapter 8: OFDM Based Positioning Algorithm
	8.1 OFDM in Communication
	8.2 OFDM for VLC
		8.2.1 PAM-DMT
		8.2.2 DCO-OFDM
		8.2.3 ACO-OFDM
	8.3 OFDM in VLC positioning
		8.3.1 System Model
		8.3.2 Positioning Algorithm
	8.4 Simulation and Analysis
		8.4.1 Performance Comparison of Single- and Multicarrier Modulation Schemes
		8.4.2 Effect of Signal Power on the Positioning Accuracy
		8.4.3 Effect of Modulation Order on the Positioning Accuracy
		8.4.4 Effect of Number of Subcarriers on the Positioning Accuracy
Chapter 9: Sensor Fusion
	9.1 Methods and Goals
	9.2 Inertial Navigation System
		9.2.1 Stable Platform Systems
		9.2.2 Strap-down Systems
	9.3 Inertial Sensors
		9.3.1 MEMS Accelerometer
		9.3.2 MEMS Gyroscope
	9.4 Realization by Kalman Filter
	9.5 Simulation and Results
Glossary
Index