Virtue Ethics and Consequentialism in Early Chinese Philosophy

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 13
Usage......Page 15
I.A. Brief Description......Page 17
I.B. Three Objections......Page 25
I.B.1. Was There Argumentation in Ancient China?......Page 26
I.B.2. Was There Virtue Ethics in Ancient China?......Page 31
I.B.3. Ruism: Old and New......Page 39
II.A. What Is It?......Page 45
II.B.1. Flourishing......Page 53
II.B.2. The Virtues......Page 55
II.B.3. Ethical Cultivation and Philosophical Anthropology......Page 59
III. Argumentation......Page 75
2 Kongzi and Ruism......Page 81
I.A. One Traditional View......Page 86
I.B.1. Analects 4.15 and the “One”......Page 88
I.B.2. Analects 13.3 and “Correcting Names”......Page 98
I.C. A Particularist Hermeneutic......Page 113
II.A. Flourishing......Page 115
II.A.1. Ritual......Page 117
II.A.2. Living Well......Page 128
II.B. The Virtues......Page 133
II.C. Philosophical Anthropology......Page 142
II.D. Ethical Cultivation......Page 144
III. Argumentation and the Analects......Page 150
IV. Conclusion......Page 153
3 Mozi and Early Mohism......Page 155
I. Textual Issues......Page 156
II.A. Why Consequentialism?......Page 158
II.B. Mohism and “Divine Command Theory”......Page 161
II.C. Rules and Consequences......Page 165
III. The Three Gauges or Standards......Page 167
III.A. Precedent: The “Expert Testimony” of the Sages......Page 169
III.B. Evidence of the Eyes and Ears......Page 173
III.C. Application and Consequences......Page 174
IV.A. Rejection of Custom......Page 177
IV.B. The “State of Nature” Argument......Page 178
IV.C. The Basic Structure of Society......Page 182
IV.D.1. Anti-Ruism......Page 186
IV.D.2. “Just War Theory”......Page 190
V.A. Introduction......Page 195
V.B. The Caretaker Argument......Page 196
V.C. The Ruler Argument......Page 205
V.D. The Historical Precedent Argument......Page 207
V.E. The Filial Piety Argument......Page 208
V.F. The Practicability Argument......Page 210
VI. Conclusion......Page 213
4 Mengzi......Page 215
I. Yang Zhu on Human Nature......Page 216
II. Textual Issues......Page 227
III. Mengzi on Human Nature......Page 230
IV. Ethical Cultivation......Page 243
IV.A. Passive Cultivation......Page 244
IV.B.1. Inner-Directed......Page 246
IV.B.2. Outer-Directed......Page 250
V. Mengzi on the Virtues......Page 262
V.A.1. Mengzi......Page 263
V.A.2. Two Contrasts......Page 266
V.A.3. Mengzi, Aquinas, and Wang......Page 272
V.B. Righteousness......Page 273
V.B.1. Conceptual Clarification......Page 275
V.B.2. “Xiu” and “Wu” as Shame Terms......Page 278
V.B.3. Philosophical Issues Raised by Shame......Page 282
V.C. Propriety......Page 286
V.D. Wisdom......Page 289
VI. Mengzi’s Arguments......Page 293
VI.A. Against Gaozi: A Young Philosopher Makes His Mark......Page 294
VI.A.1. Human Nature: Mengzi 6A1–3......Page 295
VI.A.2. Internality versus Externality: Mengzi 6A4–5......Page 303
VI.B. Against the Mohists: 1A1, 6B4, and 3A5......Page 317
VII. Conclusion......Page 328
I. The Road Traveled......Page 331
II.A. Monism versus Pluralism......Page 341
II.B. Sexism versus Feminism......Page 346
II.C. Epistemological Optimism versus Fallibilism......Page 348
II.D. Virtue and Procedural Justice......Page 351
III. The Road Ahead......Page 353
III.A.1. Mengzian Naturalism......Page 354
III.A.2. Responses to Some Common Objections to Mengzi’s View......Page 357
III.B. The Virtues......Page 366
III.C.1. Ritual......Page 370
III.C.2. Living Well......Page 371
I.A. The Problem in Brief......Page 377
I.B.1. Did the Mohists Care whether Ghosts Exist?......Page 383
I.B.2. Did the Mohists Discuss Beliefs?......Page 384
I.B.3. Did the Mohists Discuss “Truth” Per Se?......Page 388
I.C.1. Precedent......Page 389
I.C.2. Evidence......Page 390
I.C.4. The Mohists and the Monster in the Loch......Page 391
II. More on Impartial Caring......Page 393
Bibliography......Page 397
Index of Names and Subjects......Page 417