Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease: Molecules Today, More Cures Tomorrow, Tokyo, May 10–14, 1993 (1993 ISVHLD)

Front Matter....Pages i-xxii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
What a Dumb Way to Designate Germs....Pages 3-4
Recollections of a Hepatitis Investigator—1940–1993....Pages 5-6
The Hepatitis Viruses: Accomplishments and Problems....Pages 7-9
How Far Have We Come, and Where Are We Going? 3 Years After 1990....Pages 10-11
How Far Have We Come and Where Are We Going? Pathogen-oriented Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Japan in 1993....Pages 12-15
Front Matter....Pages 17-17
The Hepatitis Viruses: An Overview....Pages 19-21
Recent Advances in Understanding the Molecular Virology of Hepatoviruses: Contrasts and Comparisons with Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 22-27
Hepatocarcinogenic Mechanisms in Hepadnavirus-infected Hosts....Pages 28-32
The Hepatitis C Virus: Genetic Organization, Persistence, and Vaccine Strategies....Pages 33-37
The Molecular Biology of Hepatitis Delta Virus: Recent Advances....Pages 38-41
Molecular and Serological Characteristics of Hepatitis E Virus....Pages 42-45
Classification and Taxonomy of Hepatitis Viruses: Summary of a Workshop....Pages 47-49
Taxonomic Classification of Hepatitis A Virus....Pages 50-53
Classification and Taxonomy of the Hepadnaviruses—Current Status....Pages 54-56
Derivation of a Rational Nomenclature for Hepatitis C Virus by Phylogenetic Analysis of the NS-5 Region....Pages 57-62
The Taxonomy of Hepatitis Delta Virus....Pages 63-64
Hepatitis E Virus: Some Characteristics Relevant to Virus Classification....Pages 65-67
Front Matter....Pages 69-69
New Agent(s) to Cause Hepatitis?: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 71-72
Candidate Hepatitis F Virus in Sporadic Non-A, Non-B Acute Liver Failure: Exclusion in Liver of Hepatitis Viruses A, E, C and B by Polymerase Chain Reaction....Pages 73-76
Non-A, Non-B, Non-C, Non-E Acute Hepatitis: Does it Really Exist?....Pages 77-79
Front Matter....Pages 69-69
Clinical and Laboratory Features of Acute Community-acquired Non-A, Non-B, Non-C Hepatitis....Pages 80-84
Chronic Non-A, Non-B, Non-C Hepatitis in French Blood Donors Assessed with HCV Third-generation Tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction....Pages 85-86
Evidence for Parenterally Transmitted non-A, non-B, non-C, non-D, non-E Hepatitis in Russia....Pages 87-88
Front Matter....Pages 89-89
Molecular Biology of Hepatitis B Virus....Pages 91-91
Expression of Defective Hepatitis B (HBV)-DNA, Synthesized from a Singly Spliced HBV-RNA, Leads to Cytoplasmic Accumulation of Capsid and X Proteins....Pages 92-96
Methods for the Purification of Enzymatically Active Reverse Transcriptase of Duck Hepatitis B Virus....Pages 97-100
Some Aspects of Hepatitis C Virus: A Review and a Hypothesis....Pages 101-103
In Vivo and In Vitro Replication, Expression, Processing, and Assembly of Hepatitis C Virus: Summary of a Speciality Session....Pages 104-105
Molecular Biology of Pestiviruses and Comparison with HCV....Pages 106-110
Virus-like Particles in the Liver of an Owl Monkey Inoculated with Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 111-114
Useful Markers for Predicting in Vivo Infectivity of Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 115-117
HCV-specific Translation Initiation....Pages 118-120
Translation Initiation Mechanism on Hepatitis C Virus RNA....Pages 121-124
Mapping of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site at the 5′ End of the Hepatitis C Virus Genome....Pages 125-131
Secondary Structure and Protein-binding Activities of the 5′ Nontranslated Region of the Hepatitis C Virus Genome....Pages 132-135
Hepatitis C Virus Polyprotein Processing....Pages 136-139
Processing Mechanisms of Nonstructural Proteins of Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 140-143
Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization of Processed Core Protein of Hepatitis C Virus in COS Cells....Pages 144-146
The Physical State of the Negative Strand of Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Serum....Pages 147-149
Front Matter....Pages 151-151
Cellular Immune Responses to Hepatitis Viruses: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 153-154
Front Matter....Pages 151-151
Studies of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activity in Tamarins with Acute Hepatitis A Virus Infection....Pages 155-157
Adoptive Transfer of Immunity to Hepatitis B Through Bone Marrow Transplantation from Immunized Donors....Pages 158-161
Peptide Recognition and Competition, T Cell Receptor Usage, and HLA Restriction Elements of T Cell Clones Specific to a Determinant of Hepatitis B Virus Core and e Antigens in Chronic Type B Hepatitis....Pages 162-167
A Method to Detect Hepatitis B Virus-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Patients with Acute and Chronic HBV Infection....Pages 168-172
The Role of the Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Response in Hepatitis B Virus Immunobiology and Pathogenesis....Pages 173-177
Variable Region Usage in T Lymphocytes Infiltrating Liver Tissues of Chronic Liver Diseases....Pages 178-181
In Vitro Immune Responses Specific for NS3 Regional Peptide (C7) and Core Regional Peptide (C11) of HCV in Chronic Hepatitis C....Pages 182-185
Recognition of Hepatitis C Virus Nucleocapsid Protein-derived Peptides by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes....Pages 186-189
Hepatitis C Virus-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Restricted by HLA-A2 are Present in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C....Pages 190-194
In Vitro Studies on the Effects of Hepatitis C Virus on Hemopoiesis....Pages 195-199
Pathobiology of Fulminant Hepatitis....Pages 200-203
Autoimmune Hepatitis....Pages 205-209
HCV in Autoimmune and Extrahepatic Syndromes: Synopsis of a Speciality Session....Pages 210-212
Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Cryoglobulinemia in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C and Other Causes of Chronic Liver Diseases....Pages 213-217
Clinical, Immunological, and Virological Features of HCV-associated Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis....Pages 218-221
Is Hepatitis C Virus Infection a Trigger of Porphyria Cutanea Tarda?....Pages 222-224
Contribution of Hepatitis C Virus Infection to the Development of Sjögren’s Syndrome in Japan....Pages 225-228
Reactivity of Sera from Japanese Patients with Type 2 Autoimmune Hepatitis to Peptides Derived from Host Genes, Cytochrome HLD8-2 and GOR....Pages 229-231
Front Matter....Pages 233-233
The Meanings of Mutations in and Around Pre-C/C and Pre-S/S Regions of HBV: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 235-237
Genetic and Biological Characterization of Two Hepatitis B Virus Variants: A Precore Mutant Implicated in Fulminant Hepatitis and a Surface Mutant Resistant to Immunoprophylaxis....Pages 238-242
Front Matter....Pages 233-233
Vaccine-associated Mutants of Hepatitis B Virus....Pages 243-247
A Novel Antibody Escape Variant (Ala 144) of Hepatitis B Virus in an Identical Twin Before Selection in the Mother....Pages 248-251
Hepatitis B Virus Variants with Altered a Determinants Causing Infections in Immunized Children....Pages 252-255
Hepatitis B Virus Precore Mutants....Pages 256-260
Wild-type and HBeAg-minus HBV Fluctuations: Cause or Effect of Chronic Hepatitis B Pathogenic Mechanisms?....Pages 261-264
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of the Precore Region in Patients with Fulminant Hepatitis B in the USA....Pages 265-268
Base Pairing in the Pregenome Encapsidation Signal of HBV: A Clue for the Prevalence of Naturally Occurring HBeAg-minus Precore Mutations....Pages 269-272
Core Protein Evolution After Selection of Hepatitis B Precore Mutants and Correlation with Disease Severity....Pages 273-276
Mutations in the Core Nucleotide Sequence of Hepatitis B Virus Correlate with Severe Liver Damage....Pages 277-282
Diversity of the Classification and Nomenclature Systems for Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes: A Proposed Solution to the Present Confusion....Pages 283-285
The Molecular Diversity of Hepatitis C Virus and Its Clinical Significance: Summary of a Satellite Symposium....Pages 286-291
Molecular Evolutionary Classification of Hepatitis C Viruses and their Divergence Times....Pages 292-295
Sequence Analysis of the 5′ Noncoding Region Reveals the Existence of Multiple Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Quebec, Canada....Pages 296-300
Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes: An Investigation of Type-specific Differences in Geographic Origin and Disease....Pages 301-305
A Distinct Genetic Group of Hepatitis C Virus Circulating Within the Former Soviet Union....Pages 306-309
Sequence Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Obtained from Indonesian Patients and Identification of Novel Sequence Variants....Pages 310-313
Low Prevalence of Anti-E1 Antibodies Reactive to Recombinant Type 1b E1 Envelope Protein in Type 2, 3, and 4 HCV Sera, but High Prevalence in Subtypes 1a and 1b....Pages 314-316
The Use of a Line Probe Assay as a Tool to Detect New Types or Subtypes of the Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 317-319
Distinct Subtypes of Hepatitis C Virus Defined by Antibodies Directed to the Putative Core, NS4, and NS5 Region Polypeptides....Pages 320-324
Sequencing and Genotyping of Hepatitis C Virus in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 2....Pages 325-328
Front Matter....Pages 233-233
Hepatitis C Virus Hypervariable Region May Confer Escape from Immunosurveillance....Pages 329-333
Front Matter....Pages 335-335
New Methods for HCV Diagnosis: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 337-338
Current and Future Status of Hepatitis C Virus Diagnosis: Summary of a Satellite Symposium....Pages 339-340
Antibody Profile of Blood Donors Infected with Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 341-345
Recombinant Proteins and Synthetic Peptides Containing Antigenic Epitopes of the Hepatitis C Virus Proteins and Development of a New Diagnostic Test Format....Pages 346-349
Earlier Detection of anti-HCV Seroconversion in Post-Transfusion NANBH by a Prototype HCV 3.0 ELISA....Pages 350-351
Blood Screening for Asymptomatic Hepatitis C Virus Carriers with Second-generation Hepatitis C Virus Antibody Assays....Pages 352-354
An Automated Diagnostic Assay for HCV....Pages 355-356
Replicative Level of HCV Determined by the Competitive Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay in Various Stages of Chronic HCV Infection....Pages 357-360
Three-band Nested Double PCR for Semiquantitation of Hepatitis C Virus in Donated Blood: Comparison with Antibody and Alanine Aminotransferase Level....Pages 361-364
Diagnosis and Epidemiology of HEV: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 365-366
Assay Development of Diagnostic Tests for Hepatitis E....Pages 367-370
Recombinant Antigens and Synthetic Peptides for Serodiagnosis of Hepatitis E Virus Infection....Pages 371-374
Hepatitis E Among Refugees in Kenya: Minimal Apparent Person-to-person Transmission, Evidence for Age-dependent Disease Expression, and New Serologic Assays....Pages 375-378
Front Matter....Pages 379-379
Viral Hepatitis in Africa in the 90s: Facing Realities....Pages 381-384
Viral Hepatitis in Asia: Summary of a Plenary Session....Pages 385-386
Hepatitis in the South Pacific....Pages 387-389
Global Perspective of Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease: The Western Pacific....Pages 390-393
Hepatitis in Indonesia....Pages 394-396
Viral Hepatitis in India....Pages 397-399
Front Matter....Pages 379-379
Viral Hepatitis in the Philippines: a Perspective....Pages 400-402
Perspective of Viral Hepatitis in Thailand....Pages 403-405
Etiology of Chronic Liver Disease in Nepal....Pages 406-408
Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV): A Cohort Study in Kathmandu, Nepal....Pages 409-411
Epidemiology of Hepatitis B and C in China....Pages 412-415
Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Nanjing, Southern China....Pages 416-418
Viral Hepatitis in Taiwan: Status in the 1990s....Pages 419-421
Relative Etiologic Role of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus in Chronic Liver Diseases Among Age-specific Groups in Korea....Pages 422-425
Viral Hepatitis in Japan....Pages 426-428
Viral Hepatitis in the Former Soviet Union....Pages 429-431
A Seroprevalence Study of Hepatitis E in Europe and the Middle East....Pages 432-434
Perspectives on Viral Hepatitis Elimination in Europe....Pages 435-438
Viral Hepatitis in North America....Pages 439-443
Transmission Patterns in Hepatitis C Virus Infection....Pages 445-449
Hepatitis C Virus Infections in U.S. Families....Pages 450-454
Sexual Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 455-458
Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Through Needlestick Accidents in Health Care Workers....Pages 459-462
HCV-positive, HIV-1-negative Mothers Transmit HCV....Pages 463-467
Prospective Study of Mother-to-infant Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 468-470
Serial Follow-up of Hepatitis C Virus RNA and Antibody in Infants Born to Hepatitis C Virus Positive but Human Immunodeficiency Virus Negative Mothers....Pages 471-473
Front Matter....Pages 379-379
Mother-to-Infant Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus—A Prospective Study....Pages 474-477
Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Health Care Workers....Pages 479-482
Evidence of HCV Infection by Means of RIBA in a Population of Drug Abusers....Pages 483-484
Serological Response to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in Serial Bleeds from Hemodialysis Patients....Pages 485-488
Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Anti-HCV-positive Hemodialyzed Patients: Significance and Therapeutic Implications....Pages 489-490
Hepatitis C After Kidney Transplantation....Pages 491-495
Front Matter....Pages 497-497
Prevention....Pages 499-500
Strategies for the Development of Hepatitis C and E Vaccine: Summary of a Breakfast Workshop....Pages 501-502
New Hepatitis A and B Vaccines: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 503-504
A New Vaccine for the Prevention of Hepatitis A: Summary of a Satellite Symposium....Pages 505-506
Toward Zero Occurrence of Post-transfusion Hepatitis: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 507-508
Hepatitis A Vaccine Development in Japan....Pages 509-513
Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of a Combined Hepatitis A and B Vaccine in Healthy Adults....Pages 514-516
Prevention of Hepatitis B Infection....Pages 517-519
Prevention of Hepatitis B in Asia....Pages 520-521
Implementation of Hepatitis B Virus Vaccination in Latin America: Current and Future Perspective of a Global Action....Pages 522-525
The Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Combined Tetravalent Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, and Hepatitis B Vaccine in Infants....Pages 526-529
Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus and its Prevention in Japan....Pages 530-532
Clinical Trial of a PreS2-containing Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine....Pages 533-535
The Use of a PreS2-containing Recombinant Vaccine for the Prevention of Maternal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus in Indonesian Neonates....Pages 536-539
Front Matter....Pages 497-497
Clinical Experience with the PreS1-containing Hepatitis B Vaccine (HG-3) in Different Nonresponder Groups....Pages 540-542
Immunogenicity of a Mammalian Cell-derived Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine Containing Pre S 2 and Pre S 1 Antigens: A Preliminary Report....Pages 543-546
Vaccination of Hepatitis E Virus....Pages 547-549
Posttransfusion Hepatitis in the United States....Pages 551-553
Prevention of Post-transfusion Hepatitis in Japan....Pages 554-557
Transfusion-associated Hepatitis (TAH) in Polytransfused Thalassemic Children Following the Introduction of Anti-HCV Donor Screening in Sardinia....Pages 558-561
Effect of Donor Blood Screening for Anti-HCV Antibody by the Second-generation Passive Hemagglutination Test on the Incidence of Post-Transfusion Hepatitis....Pages 562-564
Hepatitis C Viremia and Serologic Profile in Post-Transfusion Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis....Pages 565-568
Presence of Detectable HCV-RNA in the Absence of Positive HCV Serology in Blood Donors Infected with HTLV-I/II....Pages 569-573
Detection and Quantitation of HCV-RNA in Immune Globulins Produced by Cohn-Oncley Fractionation of Human Plasma....Pages 574-577
Immunoglobulin Safety Related to Testing for Antibody to Hepatitis C Virus....Pages 578-580
Front Matter....Pages 581-581
Cytokines in the Treatment of Human Diseases: Introduction and Summary of a Plenary Session....Pages 583-584
Cytokines in the Treatment of Human Disease: The Interferon System—from the Laboratory to the Clinic....Pages 585-590
Basic Research and Clinical Applications of Natural Interferon-β:Summary of a Satellite Symposium....Pages 591-593
Treatment of Hepatitis C with Interferon: Mechanism of Action of Interferon....Pages 594-600
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Interferon-β Treatment for Acute Hepatitis C....Pages 601-603
Outcome of Acute Hepatitis C and Role of Alpha Interferon Therapy....Pages 604-606
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C with Interferon-α....Pages 607-609
Changes in Levels of HCV-RNA and Hepatitis C Viral Antigen Associated with Interferon-alpha Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C....Pages 610-613
Predictors of Alpha Interferon Response in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C....Pages 614-616
Front Matter....Pages 581-581
High Virus Titer, Slow Virus Decrease, Genotype II, and Sequence Variability of E2/NS1 HVR Predict Poor Response to Interferon Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis C....Pages 617-620
More Reasons for Hope in the Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C....Pages 621-623
Breakthrough in Chronic Hepatitis C During Recombinant Alpha Interferon Therapy....Pages 624-626
Hepatitis C Viral RNA and Hepatic Cytokine Expression in Chronic Hepatitis C: Effects of Alpha Interferon Therapy....Pages 627-630
Relationship Between Serum 2-5AS Activity and the Reduction of HCV-RNA During Interferon Therapy....Pages 631-634
Long-term Histologic Improvement and Persistent HCV Replication in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Having Responded to Recombinant Alpha Interferon....Pages 635-637
Interferon Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis C and Liver Histology....Pages 638-641
Ribavirin or Alpha Interferon Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C: Assessment of Antiviral Efficacy....Pages 642-646
Non-interferon Treatment of Viral Hepatitis: Addendum to a Summary of a Breakfast Workshop....Pages 647-649
Effect of the Polysaccharide Sizofiran, an Immunotherapeutic Agent, on HBeAg-positive Chronic Hepatitis....Pages 650-653
Clinical Effect of an Immunostimulant Agent, Propagermanium, in Chronic Hepatitis B....Pages 654-657
Experience in Germany with Glycyrrhizinic Acid for the Treatment of Chronic Viral Hepatitis....Pages 658-661
Therapeutic Approach to the Chronic Active Liver Disease: Summary of a Satellite Symposium....Pages 662-665
Front Matter....Pages 667-667
Current Issues in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and the p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene —Summary of Plenary Session 5—....Pages 669-671
Viral Hepatocarcinogenesis: Addendum to a Summary of a Breakfast Workshop....Pages 672-673
Type C Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 674-675
Virus and Host Genes in HCC: Summary of a Specialty Session....Pages 676-678
Chemoprevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Summary of a Satellite Symposium....Pages 679-680
Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma....Pages 681-684
Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Prevention....Pages 685-689
Front Matter....Pages 667-667
Chronological Changes of Hepatitis B and C Virus Markers in Japanese Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma....Pages 690-693
Hepatitis B and C in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Brazil....Pages 694-696
Association Between Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection and Chinese Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study....Pages 697-700
A Study of the Prevalence of Anti-HCV in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Cirrhosis....Pages 701-702
Antibody Pattern of HCV Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Italy: A Case Control Study....Pages 703-705
Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Replication in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma....Pages 706-709
Close Correlation Between the Rate of Mortality Due to Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Carrier Rate of HCV, Especially HCV Genotype II (or 1b)....Pages 710-712
Type C Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Japan....Pages 713-715
Mechanisms of Activation of Cellular Gene Expression by Integrated HBV-DNA....Pages 717-722
The Role of Integrated Hepadnavirus Sequences in Hepatocellular Carcinoma....Pages 723-729
Analysis of HBV Integration Sites in Liver Tumors Without Accompanying Cirrhosis....Pages 730-733
Integrated Viral Sequences may Contribute in cis and in trans to Hepatocarcinogenesis in Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus-infected Woodchucks....Pages 734-737
Mitogenic Activity of Hepatitis B Virus HBx Gene in Vivo and in Vitro....Pages 738-742
Dual Control of Human Hepatitis B Virus X Protein....Pages 743-747
The AP1 Transcription Factor as a Model to Study the Modulation of Intracellular Signalling Pathways by the Hepatitis B Virus Transactivator pX....Pages 748-752
Contribution of HBV X Gene Expression to Hepatic Carcinogenesis....Pages 753-756
Rate of Persistence, Structure, and Expression of HBV Genome in HCC Developing in HBsAg-negative Patients....Pages 757-762
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Genes in HCC in Japan and Australia....Pages 763-766
Duck Hepatocellular Carcinoma from a High Incidence Area: Analysis for Duck Hepatitis B Virus Infection and p53 Mutation....Pages 767-770
Image Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma....Pages 771-773
Front Matter....Pages 667-667
Noninvasive Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma....Pages 774-777
Front Matter....Pages 779-779
Where Are We Going?—Toward Continued Victory over Viruses....Pages 781-781
From Here to 1996....Pages 782-782
Jazz and All That HCV: From Molecules to More Cures....Pages 783-784
Something Perhaps Unique to the 1993 ISVHLD: Statistics and Acknowledgments....Pages 785-789
Back Matter....Pages 791-802