Victimology: A Comprehensive Approach to Forensic, Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Recent Updates on Victimology and Its Influence on Criminal Justice System
	Introduction
	Definition of Victim
	Definition of Victimology as It Evolves and History
	History of Victimology in Legal and Social Perspectives
	Theories of Victimization
		Victim Precipitation Theory
		Lifestyle and Exposure Theory
		Routine Activity Theory
		Deviant Place Theory
		Social Learning Theory
		Control Balance Theory
		General Theory of Crime
	Risk Factors/Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Victimization
		Genetic
		Neurotransmitters
		Mental Disorders
		Alcohol
	Social Factors
		Neighbourhood
		Peer Group/Spending Time with Delinquent/Personal Interaction
		Family Factors
		Immigration
	Cultural and Feminist View Points on Victimology Theories
	Influence of Criminal Justice System and Related Disciplines
	Future Directions
	References
Chapter 2: Working with Victims: Psychological Assessment of Victims and Mental Health of Professionals
	Introduction
		Types of Victims
		Needs of Victims
		Assessment
		Professionals Working in Trauma Settings
	References
		Additional Reading
Chapter 3: Sexual Abuse
	Introduction
		Sexual Abuse Stages
		Risk Factors
		Impact of Sexual Abuse
		Assessment
		Forensic Evaluation
		Management
	References
Chapter 4: Adult Molested as Child
	Introduction
		Effects on Physiological Markers
			Overall Risk Factors Associated with CSA
			Gastroenterology and Gynaecological Difficulties Associated with Childhood Abuse
			Orthopaedic and Neurology-Related Issues in Early Onset Trauma
			Obesity and Body Mass Index (BMI) Problems in Adults with Abuse History
		Mental Health Concerns
			Neuropsychological Findings (Structural and Functional Changes)
			Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults with Sexual Abuse Trauma
			Attachment-Related Findings with People with Early Onset Trauma
			Personality Pathology Among Adults with Sexual Abuse History
		Interpersonal Relationships
		Behavioural and Personality-Related Concerns
		Socioeconomic/Environmental Context
		Social Issues of CSA Disclosure
		Forensic and Legal Aspects of Sexual Abuse
		Management of CSA
		Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Intimate Partner Violence and Victims
	Introduction
	Types of Intimate Partner Violence
		Prevalence
	Risk Factors for IPV
		Individual Factors
		Gender
		Cultural Factors
		Social Factors
	Theories of IPV
	Feminist Theory
		Attachment Theory
		Cycle of Violence
		Exchange Theory
		Identity Theory
		Social Learning Theory
		Victim-Blaming Theory
	Causes of IPV
	Consequences of IPV
	Forensic Assessment and Investigations
	Prevention
		Intervention
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Child Maltreatment and Forensic Interview Room in Turkey
	Introduction
	Forensic Interview
	Repeated Interviewing of Children
	Cognitive Interview (CI)
	Memory
	The Importance of Interviewer
	Forensic Examination of the Child
	Interview Protocols
		Memorandum of Good Practice
		Achieving Best Evidence (ABE)
		NICHD Protocol
		RATAC Protocol
	Child Sexual Abuse in Turkish Penal Code
	How Safe to Take the Child to Courthouse
	Child Forensic Interview Centres in Turkey
		Child Protection Unit
		Child Monitoring Centres
		Child-Friendly Forensic Interview Room
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Cyberbullying
	Introduction
	Background
		Cyberbullying in Canada
		Cyberbullying in Europe
		Cyberbullying in Asia
		Cross-Cultural Differences in Cyberbullying Involvement
	Youths’ Characteristics and Risk Factors for Cyberbullying
		Parents as Risk Factors
		Schools as Risk Factors
	Negative Psychosocial and Academic Outcomes Associated with Youths’ Involvement in Cyberbullying
	Theoretical Frameworks
	Solutions and Recommendations
	Future Research Directions
	Summary and Conclusion
	References
		Key Terms & Definitions
		Additional Reading
Chapter 8: Victims of War and Terrorism
	Consequences of War
	Population Displacement
	Limited Access to Healthcare Facilities
	Women and Children
	Mental Health
	Prevention Strategies for War
	Terrorism
	Types of Terrorism
		Causes of Terrorism
			Psychological Perspective
			Ideological Perspective
			Strategic Approach
	Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with Terrorism
	Theories of Terrorism
	Psychoanalytic Views of Terrorism
	Identity Theory
	Narcissism Theory
	Paranoia Theory
	Absolutist/Apocalyptic Theory
	Psychopathological Theory of Terrorism
	Sociological Theories of Terrorism
	Rational Choice Theory
	Social Learning Theory
	Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
	Theory of Relative Deprivation
	Oppression Theory
	National Cultural Theory
	Humiliation-Revenge Theory
	Cognitive Theories of Terrorism
	Group Process Theory
	Psychological Processes of Victims of Terrorism
	Identifying Vulnerable Populations at Risk
	Secondary and Community Consequences of Terrorism
	Prevention Strategies for Terrorism
	Psychological Rehabilitation of Victims of War and Terrorism
	Rehabilitation of a Terrorist
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Trauma-Informed Psychological Supports When Natural Disasters Come
	Introduction
	Natural Disasters
	Best Practices in Crisis Intervention
	Victims and Emotional Stages
	School and Community Interventions
	The Role of Counselors During Disaster
	Psychological First Aid and the Counselor’s Role
	Victimization During and After Calamities
	Alexithymia
	Trauma-Informed Counseling Strategies
	Resilience Post Disaster
	Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Natural Disaster
	Forensic Aspects of Natural Disaster
	Treatment for Victims
	The Stages of TF-CBT
	Traumatic Memory and TF-CBT
	Challenges for Psychologists and Clinicians
	Compassion Fatigue and Burnout
	Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS) and Vicarious Trauma
	Secondary Stress and Burnout Interventions and Recommendations
	Summary
	References
Chapter 10: Victimization at School and Workplace
	Introduction
	Prevalence Rates
		Causes
	Consequences
	Consequences of School Victimization
	Interventions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Human Trafficking: Vulnerability, Impact, and Action
	Introduction
	Defining Human Trafficking
	Forms of Human Trafficking
		Sexual Exploitation
		Forced Labour
		Forced Marriage
		Forced Removal of Organs
	Methods of Coercing Victims of Trafficking
	Factors of Vulnerability for Human Trafficking
	Victims of Trafficking as Vulnerable Subjects
		Children
		Gender
		Poverty
		Social and Cultural Exclusion
		Limited Access to Education
		Political Instability, War and Conflict
		Demand
		Family and Community-Based Factors
		Personality Factors
	Theories on Human Trafficking
		Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model
		Conflict Theory and Structural-Functional Theory
		Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
		Labelling Theory
	Impact of Trafficking on Victims
		Physical Impact
		HIV/AIDS
		Mental Health Impact
		Impact on Child Victims
		Substance Use
		Behavioural Impact
		Stigma
		Economic and Societal Impact
		Gender Equity and Human Rights
	Identifying Signs of Human Trafficking
		Red Flags of Trafficking
	Profile of a Trafficker
	Preventing Human Trafficking
		Principles of Prevention
	Psychological Interventions for Trafficking-Related Trauma
		PTSD Treatment Among Victims of Human Trafficking
			Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
			Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PE)
			Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (TF-CBT)
			Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
			Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT)
			Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET)
			Somatic Experiencing (SE)
			Alternative Treatment Approaches
	Forensic Medical Evaluation of Human Trafficking Victims
	Forensic Psychiatric Evaluation of Human Trafficking Victims
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Crimes Against Persons
	Introduction
	Types of Crimes
		Definitions and Categories of Crimes
	Crimes Against Persons
	Crime Against Persons: Why Would Anyone Do It?
	Crimes Against Persons: Theories that Attempt to Explain Why a Human Hurts Another Human
	Victims of Crime: Who Are They?
	Risk Factors for Victimization: What Makes an Individual Vulnerable to Being a Victim of Crime
	Interventions for Victims and Perpetrators of Personal Crime
	Interventions for Victims of Crime
	Interventions for Perpetrators of Crime
	Associated Methods of Investigation Used in the Forensic Investigations of Personal Crime
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Psychological Factors in Property Crimes: Theories, Traits, and Treatment
	Causes and Risk Factors of Criminal Behavior
		Low Birth Weight
	Human Nature, Mental Health, and Crime
		Crime and Personality
			Personality and Personality Traits
		Big Five and Criminal Behavior
		Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism Factors and Criminal Behavior
		Influence of Self-Control
		Aggression: Core Emotion in Crime
		Influence of Cognitive Distortion
			Mental Health of Victims
			The Psychological Impact of Victimization
		Forensic Procedures After Property Crime and Its Legal Aspects
	The Prevention Methods and Interventions for Victims at the Individual Level and Society at Large
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Elder Abuse and Victims with Disabilities
	Elder Abuse
		Physical Abuse
		Sexual Abuse/Assault
		Psychological/Emotional Abuse
		Financial Abuse/Material Exploitation
		Neglect
		Abandonment
		Self-neglect
	Older Victims with Disabilities
	Forensic Assessment and Procedures: Legal Concerns and Beyond
	How Do We Deal with Crimes Among Elderly Population?
	From Alpha to Omega: What Is Still Missing in Elder Abuse?
	References
Chapter 15: Secondary Victimization of Sexually Assaulted Women
	Introduction
		Women Victimization
		Consequences of Victimization
		Trauma After Rape
	Secondary Victimization After Rape
	Primary and Secondary Victimization at Social Networks
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16: Revictimization: Towards a New Theoretical Concept
	Introduction
	Prevalence of Revictimization
	Revictimization Theories
		Re-enactment Theory
		Underdeveloped Detection of Danger as Reason for Revictimization
	Ecological System Theory
	Revictimization in Sexual Violence and Intimate Partner Violence
		Revictimization in Sexual Violence
		Childhood Sexual Abuse and Revictimization
	Adolescence Sexual Victimization and Revictimization
		Childhood Physical Abuse and Sexual Revictimization
	Relation Between Sexual and Physical Abuses and Revictimization
	Intimate Partner Violence and Revictimization
	Common Factors for Sexual Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence
	Towards a New Theoretical Concept
	References
Chapter 17: Early Childhood Violence Exposure and Subsequent Antisocial Behavior: Canadian Indigenous Young Offenders Case Study
	Introduction
		Characteristics of Psychiatric Disorders
	Background
		Factors Associated with Juvenile Delinquency
		Juvenile Delinquency
			Violent Behavior
		Canadian Aboriginal Young Offenders’ Perspective
		Criminogenic Hypothetical Analysis
		Intergenerational Trauma in Aboriginal Young Generation
			The Genesis of Emotional Dysregulation
		IRS and Intergenerational Violence Among Indigenous Youth
		Psychopathological Analysis of Conduct Disorder and Violence
			Origin of Canadian Indigenous Youth’s Violence
			Family Dynamic, Parenting Style, and CD
		Hypothetical Psychopathology Pathways
		Conduct Disorder in Youth and Violent Behavior
		Etiology
		Brain Structure and CD
	Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 18: Understanding Adolescent Behavior and Victimization of Special Populations Through Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory
	Introduction
	Developmental Victimology
	Bronfenbrenner and the Bioecological Theory
	Adolescents and Child Development
	Parental Influences as Social Cultural Factor on Adolescent Development and Behavior
	Brain-Based Activity and Deviant Behavior
	Bronfenbrenner and Social Cultural Factors
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Working with Victims: Psychological Assessment of Victims
	Introduction
	Trauma
	Trauma, Stress and Diagnosistic Framework
	Victim Assessment
	Psychological Tests
	References
Chapter 20: Forensic Investigations and Victims
	Medical Analysis and Investigations
	Criminal Profiling
	Psychological Autopsy
	Fingerprint Matching
	Ballistic Analysis
	Report Writing of Forensic Investigations and Court Proceedings
	Guidelines and Policies for Sexual Abuse Investigation
	References
Chapter 21: Medical and Psychological Management of Victimization
	Types of Crime and Victimization
	Impact of Victimization
	Mental Health Consequences of Victimization
	General Guidelines for Working with Victims of Violent Crimes
	Mental Health Interventions for Victims of Violent Crime
		The Immediate Aftermath of Victimization
			Psychological Debriefing
			Psychological First Aid
	Psychological Approaches to Trauma
		Cognitive Behavioural Approaches
		Prolonged Exposure Therapy
		Cognitive Processing Therapy
		Trauma-Focused CBT
		Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR)
		Other Therapies
	Pharmacological Intervention for Trauma
	Research Evidence and Treatment Guidelines
	Conclusion
	References
Index